View source for Slow loris

{{Short description|Genus of primates from Southeast Asia}}
{{distinguish|Slowloris (cyber attack)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Slow lorises
| image = Nycticebus coucang 002.jpg
| image_caption = [[Sunda slow loris]]{{Clear}}''Nycticebus coucang''
| status = CITES_A1
| status_system = CITES
| status_ref = <ref name=CITES_Apps/>
| taxon = Nycticebus
| authority = [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812{{Sfn|Groves|2005|pp=122–123}}
| type_species = ''[[Sunda slow loris|Tardigradus coucang]]''<ref>{{MSW3|id=12100112}}</ref>
| type_species_authority = [[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1785
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Nycticebus bancanus|N. bancanus]]'' <small>[[Marcus Ward Lyon Jr.|Lyon]], 1906</small>
* ''[[Bengal slow loris|N. bengalensis]]'' <small>([[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1800)</small>
* ''[[Nycticebus borneanus|N. borneanus]]'' <small>[[Marcus Ward Lyon Jr.|Lyon]], 1906</small>
* ''[[Sunda slow loris|N. coucang]]'' <small>([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1785)</small>
* ''[[Sumatran slow loris|N. hilleri]]'' <small>[[Witmer Stone|Stone]] & [[James A. G. Rehn|Rehn]], 1902</small>
* ''[[Javan slow loris|N. javanicus]]'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812</small>
* ''[[Nycticebus kayan|N. kayan]]'' <small>Munds, Nekaris & Ford, 2013</small>
* ''[[Nycticebus menagensis|N. menagensis]]'' <small>([[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1893)</small>
* {{extinct}}[[Nycticebus linglom|''N. linglom'']] <small>Mein & Ginsburg, 1997</small>}}
| range_map = Slow loris area.png
| range_map_alt = Range map showing ranges of several species: the Sunda slow loris complex (''N. coucang'') in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia; the Bengal slow loris (''N. bengalensis'') in east India, China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia; and the pygmy slow loris (''X. pygmaeus'') in Vietnam and Laos.
| range_map_caption = Distribution of ''Nycticebus'' and ''Xanthonycticebus''{{Clear}}'''{{color|#e41a1c|red}}''' = ''X.&nbsp;pygmaeus'';{{Clear}}'''{{color|#377eb8|blue}}''' = ''N.&nbsp;bengalensis'';{{Clear}}'''{{color|#a65628|brown}}''' = ''N.&nbsp;bancanus'', ''N.&nbsp;borneanus'', ''N.&nbsp;coucang'', ''N.&nbsp;javanicus'', ''N.&nbsp;kayan'' & ''N.&nbsp;menagensis''
| synonyms = * ''Tardigradus'' <small>[[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]] 1784: ([[Slender loris|preoccupied]])</small>
* ''Loris'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]] 1796</small>
* ''Lori'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]] 1799</small>
* ''Stenops'' <small>[[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]] 1811</small>
* ''Bradycebus'' <small>[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]] and [[Frédéric Cuvier|F. Cuvier]] 1820: ''([[nomen nudum]])''</small>
* ''Bradylemur'' <small>[[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|de Blainville]] 1839</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Table2b>{{cite web|title=Table 2 b: taxonomic names and synonyms used by several authors: genus, species, subspecies, populations|url=http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/population_database/tables/02b-synonyms.pdf|website=Loris and potto conservation database|publisher=www.loris-conservation.org|access-date=30 April 2013|page=3|date=4 February 2003|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418172021/http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/population_database/tables/02b-synonyms.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Synonyms of Slow Lorises (Nycticebus)|url=http://eol.org/pages/42022/names/synonyms|website=Encyclopedia of Life|publisher=eol.org|access-date=30 April 2013|archive-date=5 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205231937/http://eol.org/pages/42022/names/synonyms|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''Slow lorises''' are a group of several [[species]] of [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]] [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhine]] [[primate]]s that make up the [[genus]] '''''Nycticebus'''''. Found in [[Southeast Asia]] and nearby areas, they range from [[Bangladesh]] and [[Northeast India]] in the west to the [[Sulu Archipelago]] in the [[Philippines]] in the east, and from [[Yunnan]] province in China in the north to the island of [[Java]] in the south. 

Although many previous classifications recognized as few as a single all-inclusive species, there are now at least eight that are considered valid: the [[Sunda slow loris]] (''N.&nbsp;coucang''), [[Bengal slow loris]] (''N.&nbsp;bengalensis''), [[Javan slow loris]] (''N.&nbsp;javanicus''), [[Philippine slow loris]] (''N.&nbsp;menagensis''), [[Bangka slow loris]] (''N.&nbsp;bancanus''), [[Bornean slow loris]] (''N.&nbsp;borneanus''),  [[Kayan River slow loris]] (''N.&nbsp;kayan'') and Sumatran slow loris (''N. hilleri''). A ninth species, the [[pygmy slow loris]] (''X.&nbsp;pygmaeus''), was recently moved to the new genus ''[[Xanthonycticebus]]''.<ref name=Xanth/> After the pygmy slow loris, the group's closest relatives are the [[slender loris]]es of southern India and Sri Lanka. Their next closest relatives are the African [[Lorisidae|lorisids]], the [[potto]]s, [[false potto]]s, and [[angwantibo]]s. They are less closely related to the remaining [[Lorisoidea|lorisoids]] (the various types of [[galago]]), and more distantly to the [[lemur]]s of [[Madagascar]]. Their evolutionary history is uncertain since their [[fossil]] record is patchy and [[molecular clock]] studies have given inconsistent results.

Slow lorises have a round head, a narrow snout, large eyes, and a variety of distinctive coloration patterns that are species-dependent. Their arms and legs are nearly equal in length, and their [[torso]] is long and flexible, allowing them to twist and extend to nearby branches. The hands and feet of slow lorises have several adaptations that give them a pincer-like grip and enable them to grasp branches for long periods of time.  Slow lorises have a toxic bite, a trait rare among mammals and unique among the primates.<ref>{{Cite web | author= Basic Biology | date= 2015 | title= Primates | url= https://basicbiology.net/animal/mammals/primates | access-date= 6 March 2020 | archive-date= 13 January 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200113101718/https://basicbiology.net/animal/mammals/primates | url-status= live }}</ref>  The [[toxin]] is obtained by licking a sweat [[gland]] on their arm, and the [[secretion]] is activated by mixing with [[saliva]]. Their toxic bite, once thought to be primarily a deterrent to predators, has been discovered to be primarily used in disputes within the species.

The secretion from the arm contains a chemical related to [[Fel d 1|cat allergen]], but may be augmented by secondary toxins from the diet in wild individuals. Slow lorises move slowly and deliberately, making little or no noise, and when threatened, they stop moving and remain motionless. Their only documented predators—apart from humans—include snakes, [[changeable hawk-eagle]]s and [[orangutan]]s, although [[Felidae|cat]]s, [[viverrid]]s and [[sun bear]]s are suspected. Little is known about their social structure, but they are known to communicate by [[Territory (animal)#Spraying|scent marking]]. Males are highly territorial. Slow lorises reproduce slowly, and the infants are initially parked on branches or carried by either parent. They are [[omnivore]]s, eating small animals, fruit, [[Gum (botany)|tree gum]], and other vegetation.

Each of the slow loris species that had been identified prior to 2012 is listed as either "[[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]]" or "[[Endangered species|Endangered]]" on the [[IUCN Red List]]. The three newest species are yet to be evaluated, but they arise from (and further reduce the ranks of) what was thought to be a single "vulnerable" species. All four of these are expected to be listed with at least the same, if not a higher-risk, conservation status. All slow lorises are threatened by the [[wildlife trade]] and [[habitat loss]]. Their habitat is rapidly disappearing and becoming [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmented]], making it nearly impossible for slow lorises to [[Biological dispersal|disperse]] between forest fragments; unsustainable demand from the [[exotic pet]] trade and from [[traditional medicine]] has been the greatest cause for their decline.

==Taxonomy and systematics==
Although many previous classifications recognized as few as a single all-inclusive species, there are now at least eight that are considered valid: 
{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=[[Nycticebus]] |authority-name=[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É Geoffroy]] |authority-year=1812 |species-count=eight|narrow-percent=75}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Bangka slow loris]] |binomial=N. bancanus
|image= |image-size=123px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Marcus Ward Lyon Jr.|Lyon]] |authority-year=1906 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=[[Borneo]] and [[Bangka Island]]s in southeastern Asia |range-image= |range-image-size=172px
|size=About {{convert|26|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with no tail<ref name="KayanPaper"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNBangkaslowloris"/>
|hunting=Insects, gum, nectar, and fruit<ref name="PrimatesPerspective2833"/>
|iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNBangkaslowloris"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Bengal slow loris]] |binomial=N. bengalensis
|image=File:Captive N. bengalensis from Laos with 6-week baby.JPG |image-size=123px |image-alt=Brown and white loris
|authority-name=[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]] |authority-year=1800 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Bengal Slow Loris area.png |range-image-size=172px
|size={{convert|26|–|38|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with [[vestigial]] tail<ref name="ADWBengalslowloris"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCN_N._bengalensis"/>
|hunting=Resin and gum, as well as nectar, fruit, invertebrates, bark, and bird eggs<ref name="ADWBengalslowloris"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCN_N._bengalensis"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Bornean slow loris]] |binomial=N. borneanus
|image=File:Nycticebus borneanus (Nycticebus coucang borneanus) - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02519.JPG |image-size=180px |image-alt=Gray loris
|authority-name=[[Marcus Ward Lyon Jr.|Lyon]] |authority-year=1906 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Borneo |range-image= |range-image-size=172px
|size=About {{convert|26|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with no tail<ref name="KayanPaper"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNBorneanslowloris"/>
|hunting=Insects, gum, nectar, and fruit<ref name="PrimatesIndonesia25"/>
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNBorneanslowloris"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Javan slow loris]] |binomial=N. javanicus
|image=File:Coucang.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Light brown loris
|authority-name=[[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É Geoffroy]] |authority-year=1812
|range=[[Java]] in southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Javan Slow Loris area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|28|–|31|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with vestigial tail<ref name="PrimatesIndonesia2122"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCN_N._javanicus"/>
|hunting=Nectar, gum, insects, fruit, lizards, and eggs<ref name="PrimatesIndonesia2122"/>
|iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCN_N._javanicus"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Kayan River slow loris]] |binomial=N. kayan
|image=File:Slow Loris.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Brown loris
|authority-name=[[Rachel A. Munds|Munds]], [[K. Anne-Isola Nekaris|Nekaris]], [[Susan M. Ford (zoologist)|Ford]] |authority-year=2013
|range=Borneo |range-image= |range-image-size=172px
|size=About {{convert|27|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with no tail<ref name="KayanPaper"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNKayanslowloris"/>
|hunting=Unknown<ref name="PrimatesIndonesia30"/>
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNKayanslowloris"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Philippine slow loris]] |binomial=N. menagensis
|image=File:Nycticebus menagensis.png |image-size=120px |image-alt=Gray photo of a loris
|authority-name=[[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]] |authority-year=1893
|range=Borneo and nearby islands |range-image=File:Range Nycticebus menagensis.png |range-image-size=172px
|size=About {{convert|27|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with no tail<ref name="KayanPaper"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCN_N._menagensis"/>
|hunting=Insects, nectar, gum, and fruit<ref name="SlowLorisCranium"/>
|iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCN_N._menagensis"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Sumatran slow loris]] |binomial=N. hilleri
|image= |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Witmer Stone|Stone]] and [[James A. G. Rehn|Rehn]] |authority-year=1902 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=[[Sumatra]] in southeastern Asia |range-image= |range-image-size=172px
|size={{convert|26|–|30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with no tail<ref name="SlowLoris2007"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCNSumatranslowloris"/>
|hunting=Insects, nectar, gum, and fruit<ref name="IUCNSumatranslowloris"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCNSumatranslowloris"/>
}}
{{Species table/row
|name=[[Sunda slow loris]] |binomial=N. coucang
|image=File:Nycticebus coucang 004.jpg |image-size=130px |image-alt=Brown loris
|authority-name=[[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]] |authority-year=1785 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=Southeastern Asia |range-image=File:Sunda Loris area.png |range-image-size=180px
|size={{convert|27|–|38|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, with no tail<ref name="ADWSundaslowloris"/>
|habitat=Forest<ref name="IUCN_N._coucang"/>
|hunting=Sap, gum, nectar, stems, and fruit, as well as arthropods and insects<ref name="ADWSundaslowloris"/>
|iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown
|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}<ref name="IUCN_N._coucang"/>
}}
{{Species table/end}}

Other than the [[pygmy slow loris]] in sister genus ''[[Xanthonycticebus]]'',<ref name=Xanth/> the group's closest relatives are the [[slender loris]]es of southern India and Sri Lanka. Their next closest relatives are the African [[Lorisidae|lorisids]], the [[potto]]s, [[false potto]]s, and [[angwantibo]]s. They are less closely related to the remaining [[Lorisoidea|lorisoids]] (the various types of [[galago]]), and more distantly to the [[lemur]]s of [[Madagascar]]. Their evolutionary history is uncertain since their [[fossil]] record is patchy and [[molecular clock]] studies have given inconsistent results.

===Evolutionary history===
{{cladogram|align=left
|title=Closest living relatives of slow lorises{{Sfn|Perelman|Johnson|Roos|Seuánez|2011|loc=figs. 1, 2}}{{Sfn|Seiffert|Simons|Ryan|Attia|2005|loc=fig. 3}}<ref name=Xanth/>
|clades={{clade|style=font-size:85%; line-height:90%; width:40em;
|label1=[[Lemuriformes]]
|1={{clade
  |label1=[[Lorisoidea]]
  |1={{clade
     |label1=[[Lorisidae]]
     |1={{clade
        |label1=[[Perodicticinae]]
        |1={{clade
           |1=[[Angwantibo]]s (''Arctocebus'')
           |2=[[Potto]]s (''Perodicticus'')
           }}
        |label2= [[Lorisinae]]
        |2={{clade
           |1=[[Slender loris]]es (''Loris'')
           |2={{clade
              |1='''Slow lorises (''Nycticebus'')'''
              |2=[[Pygmy slow loris]] (''Xanthonycticebus'')
              }}
           }}
        }}
     |2=[[Galago]]s (Galagidae)
     }}
  |2=[[Lemur]]s (Lemuroidea)
  }}
}}
}}

Slow lorises (genus ''Nycticebus'') are [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhine]] [[primate]]s and are related to other living [[Lorisoidea|lorisoids]], such as the [[pygmy slow loris]] (''Xanthonycticebus''), [[slender loris]]es (''Loris''), [[potto]]s (''Perodicticus''), [[false potto]]s (''Pseudopotto''), [[angwantibo]]s (''Arctocebus''), and [[galago]]s (family Galagidae), and to the [[lemur]]s of [[Madagascar]].{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}}<ref name=Xanth/> They are most closely related to the pygmy slow loris, followed by the slender lorises of [[South Asia]], the angwantibos, pottos and false pottos of [[Central Africa|Central]] and [[West Africa]].{{Sfn|Perelman|Johnson|Roos|Seuánez|2011|loc=figs. 1, 2}}{{Sfn|Seiffert|Simons|Ryan|Attia|2005|loc=fig. 3}}<ref name=Xanth/> Lorisoids are thought to have evolved in Africa, where most living species occur;{{Sfn|Seiffert|Simons|Attia|2003|p=421}}{{Sfn|Seiffert|Simons|Ryan|Attia|2005|p=11400}} later, one group may have migrated to Asia and evolved into the slender and slow lorises of today.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|pp=93–94}}

Lorises first appear in the Asian fossil record in the [[Miocene]], with records in [[Thailand]] around 18 million years ago (mya){{Sfn|Mein|Ginsburg|1997|pp=783, 805–806}} and in [[Pakistan]] 16&nbsp;mya.{{Sfn|Flynn|Morgan|2005|p=100}} The Thai record is based on a single tooth that most closely resembles living slow lorises and that is tentatively classified as a species of ''Nycticebus''. The species is named [[? Nycticebus linglom|?&nbsp;''Nycticebus linglom'']], using [[open nomenclature]] (the preceding "?" indicates the tentative nature of the assignment).{{Sfn|Mein|Ginsburg|1997|pp=805–806}}

Several lorises are found in the [[Sivalik Hills|Siwalik]] deposits of Pakistan, including ''[[Nycticeboides]]'' and ''[[Microloris]]''; they date from 16 to 8 mya Most are small, but an unnamed form dating to 15–16&nbsp;mya is comparable in size to the largest living slow lorises.{{Sfn|Flynn|Morgan|2005|pp=100–107}} Molecular clock analysis suggests that slow lorises may have started [[speciation|evolving into distinct species]] about 10&nbsp;mya.{{Sfn|Perelman|Johnson|Roos|Seuánez|2011|loc=table 1, fig. 2}} They are thought to have reached the islands of [[Sundaland]] when the [[Sunda Shelf]] was exposed at times of low sea level, creating a [[land bridge]] between the mainland and islands off the coast of Southeast Asia.{{Sfn|Groves|1971|p=52}}

====Discovery and taxonomy====
{{Quote box
| quote = ... it had the face of a bear, the hands of a monkey and moved like a sloth ...
| source = American zoologist [[Dean Conant Worcester]], describing the Bornean slow loris in 1891.{{Sfn|Worcester|Bourns|1905|pp=683–684}}
| align = right
}}
The earliest known mention of a slow loris in scientific literature is from 1770, when Dutchman Arnout Vosmaer (1720–1799) described a specimen of what we know today as ''N.&nbsp;bengalensis''<!--not coucang: Osman Hill writes of the "Bengalese race of slow loris", our N. bengalensis--> that he had received two years earlier. The French naturalist [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]], later questioned Vosmaer's decision to affiliate the animal with sloths, arguing that it was more closely aligned with the lorises of [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] (now Sri Lanka) and Bengal.{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953b|p=45}}  The word "loris" was first used in 1765 by Buffon as a close equivalent to a Dutch name, ''loeris''.  This [[etymology]] was later supported by the [[physician]] [[William Baird (physician)|William Baird]] in the 1820s, who noted that the Dutch word ''loeris'' signified "a clown".{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953b|pp=44–45}}

In 1785, the Dutch physician and naturalist [[Pieter Boddaert]] was the first to officially [[species description|describe]] a species of slow loris using the name ''Tardigradus coucang''.{{Sfn|Boddaert|1785|p=67}}{{Sfn|Elliot|1913|p=21}}{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953b|p=46}} This species was based on the "tailless maucauco" described by [[Thomas Pennant]] in 1781, which is thought to have been based on a Sunda slow loris, and on Vosmaer's description of a Bengal slow loris.{{Sfn|Pocock|1939|p=171}} Consequently, there has been some disagreement over the identity of ''Tardigradus coucang''; currently the name is given to the Sunda slow loris.{{Sfn|Thomas|1922}}{{Sfn|Groves|1971|p=49}} The next slow loris species to be described was ''Lori bengalensis'' (currently ''Nycticebus bengalensis''), named by [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] in 1800.{{Sfn|Lacépède|1800|p=68}}{{Sfn|Husson|Holthuis|1953|p=213}}

In 1812, [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]] named the genus ''Nycticebus'',{{Sfn|Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|1812|p=163}} naming it for its [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]] behavior.  The name derives from the {{langx|grc|νυκτός|(nyktos)}}, [[genitive case|genitive]] form of {{lang|grc|νύξ}} ({{transliteration|grc|nyx}}, "night"), and {{lang|grc|κῆβος}} ({{transliteration|grc|kêbos}}, "monkey").<ref>{{LSJ|nu/c|νύξ|ref}}</ref><ref>{{LSJ|kh{{=}}bos|κῆβος|shortref}}</ref>{{Sfn|Palmer|1904|p=465}} Geoffroy also named ''Nycticebus javanicus'' in this work.{{Sfn|Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|1812|p=164}} Later 19th-century authors also called the slow lorises ''Nycticebus'', but most used the species name ''tardigradus'' (given by Linnaeus in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturæ'']]) for slow lorises, until [[mammalogy|mammalogists]] [[Witmer Stone]] and [[James A. G. Rehn]] clarified in 1902 that Linnaeus's name actually referred to a slender loris.{{Sfn|Stone|Rehn|1902|pp=136–139}}

Several more species were named around 1900, including ''Nycticebus menagensis'' (originally ''Lemur menagensis'') by [[Richard Lydekker]] in 1893{{Sfn|Lydekker|1893|pp=24–25}} and ''Nycticebus pygmaeus'' by [[J. Lewis Bonhote|John James Lewis Bonhote]] in 1907.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Jaffe|2007|pp=187–196}} However, in 1939 [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] consolidated all slow lorises into a single [[species]], ''N.&nbsp;coucang'',{{Sfn|Pocock|1939|p=165}} and in his influential 1953 book ''Primates: Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy'', primatologist [[William Charles Osman Hill]] also followed this course.{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953a|pp=156–163}} In 1971 [[Colin Groves]] recognized the [[pygmy slow loris]] (''N.&nbsp;pygmaeus'') as a separate species,{{Sfn|Groves|1971|p=45}} and divided ''N.&nbsp;coucang'' into four [[subspecies]],{{Sfn|Groves|1971|pp=48–49}} while in 2001 Groves opined there were three species (''N.&nbsp;coucang'', ''N.&nbsp;pygmaeus'', and ''N.&nbsp;bengalensis''), and that ''N.&nbsp;coucang'' had three subspecies (''Nycticebus coucang coucang'', ''N.&nbsp;c.&nbsp;menagensis'', and ''N.&nbsp;c.&nbsp;javanicus'').{{Sfn|Groves|2001|p=99}}

[[File:Slow Loris.jpg|thumb|The Kayan River slow loris<ref name="KayanSlowLoris">{{cite web|last=Nekaris|first=Anna|title=Experts gather to tackle slow loris trade|url=http://www.nocturama.org/tag/nycticebus-kayan/|website=Prof Anna Nekaris' Little Fireface Project|publisher=nocturama.org|access-date=30 April 2013|date=23 January 2013|quote=Anna Nekaris, ... who described the new Kayan slow loris, presented the results of her research highlighting the differences between the species.|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201181531/http://www.nocturama.org/tag/nycticebus-kayan/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ITIS-kayan>{{ITIS |id=944112|taxon=''Nycticebus kayan''|access-date=28 January 2016}}</ref> (''[[Nycticebus kayan|N.&nbsp;kayan]]'') was distinguished from ''[[Nycticebus menagensis|N. menagensis]]'' in 2012.]]
In 2006, the Bornean slow loris was elevated to the species level (as ''Nycticebus menagensis'') based on [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular analysis]] of [[Nucleic acid sequence|DNA sequences]] of the [[D-loop]] and the [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] gene.{{Sfn|Chen|Pan|Groves|Wang|2006|p=1198}}  In 2008, Groves and Ibnu Maryanto confirmed the promotion of the fifth species, the Javan slow loris, to species status, a move that had been suggested in previous studies from 2000.  They based their decision on an analysis of cranial [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] and characteristics of [[fur|pelage]].{{Sfn|Groves|Maryanto|2008|p=120}}  Species differentiation was based largely on differences in morphology, such as size, fur color, and head markings.{{Sfn|Chen|Pan|Groves|Wang|2006|p=1188}}

To help clarify species and subspecies boundaries, and to establish whether morphology-based classifications were consistent with evolutionary relationships, the [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] relationships within the genus ''Nycticebus'' were investigated by Chen and colleagues using DNA sequences derived from the [[mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial]] markers D-loop and cytochrome ''b''.{{Sfn|Chen|Pan|Groves|Wang|2006}} Previous molecular analyses using [[karyotype]]s,{{Sfn|Chen|Zhang|Shi|Liu|1993|pp=47–53}} [[restriction enzyme]]s,{{Sfn|Zhang|Chen|Shi|1993|pp=167–175}} and DNA sequences{{Sfn|Wang|Su|Lan|Liu|1996|pp=89–93}} were focused on understanding the relationships between a few species, not the phylogeny of the entire genus.{{Sfn|Chen|Pan|Groves|Wang|2006|p=1188}}  The analyses published in 2006 by Chen and colleagues' proved inconclusive, although one test suggested that ''N.&nbsp;coucang'' and ''N.&nbsp;bengalensis'' apparently share a closer evolutionary relationship with each other than with members of their own species, possibly due to [[Introgression|introgressive hybridization]] since the tested individuals of these two taxa originated from a region of [[sympatry]] in southern Thailand.{{Sfn|Chen|Pan|Groves|Wang|2006}}  This hypothesis was corroborated by a 2007 study that compared the variations in mitochondrial DNA sequences between ''N.&nbsp;bengalensis'' and ''N.&nbsp;coucang'', and suggested that there has been [[gene flow]] between the two species.{{Sfn|Pan|Chen|Groves|Wang|2007|pp=791–799}}

In 2012, two [[Synonym (taxonomy)|taxonomic synonyms]] (formerly recognized as subspecies) of ''N. menagensis''—''[[Nycticebus bancanus|N. bancanus]]'' and ''[[Nycticebus borneanus|N. borneanus]]''—were elevated to species status, and a new species—''[[Nycticebus kayan|N. kayan]]''—was also distinguished from the same.  Rachel Munds, Anna Nekaris and Susan Ford based these taxonomic revisions on distinguishable facial markings.{{Sfn|Munds|Nekaris|Ford|2013|p=46}}<ref name=2012BBC/>  With that, the ''N.&nbsp;menagensis'' [[species complex]] that had been collectively known as the Bornean slow loris became four species: the [[Philippine slow loris]] (''N. menagensis''),<ref name=ITIS-menagensis>{{ITIS |id=944109|taxon=''Nycticebus menagensis''|access-date=28 January 2016}}</ref> the [[Bornean slow loris]] (''N. borneanus''),<ref name=ITIS-borneanus>{{ITIS |id=944111|taxon=''Nycticebus borneanus''|access-date=28 January 2016}}</ref> the [[Bangka slow loris]] (''N. bancanus''),<ref name=ITIS-bancanus>{{ITIS |id=944110|taxon=''Nycticebus bancanus''|access-date=28 January 2016}}</ref> and the [[Kayan River slow loris]] (''N. kayan'').<ref name=ITIS-kayan/>

Nekaris and Nijman (2022) combined morphological, behavioural, karyotypical and genetic data and suggested that the pygmy slow loris is best placed in its own genus, ''Xanthonycticebus.''<ref name=Xanth>{{Cite journal |last1=Nekaris |first1=K. Anne-Isola |last2=Nijman |first2=Vincent |date=2022-03-23 |title=A new genus name for pygmy lorises, Xanthonycticebus gen. nov. (Mammalia, primates) |url=https://zse.pensoft.net/article/81942/ |journal=Zoosystematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=87–92 |doi=10.3897/zse.98.81942 |s2cid=247649999 |issn=1860-0743 |doi-access=free |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618095920/https://zse.pensoft.net/article/81942/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Anatomy and physiology==
[[File:Sunda Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang) skull.jpg|thumb|The skull of the Sunda slow loris]]
Slow lorises have a round head{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=80}} because their [[skull]] is shorter than in other living strepsirrhine.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=185}} Like other [[lorisidae|lorisids]], their snout does not taper towards the front of the face as it does in lemurs, making the face appear less long and pointed.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=186}} Compared with the slender lorises, the snout of the slow loris is even less pointed.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=80}} As with other members of Lorisidae, its interorbital distance is shorter than in lemurs.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=185–186}} The skull has prominent [[Sagittal crest|crests]] (ridges of bone).{{Sfn|Elliot|1913|p=21}} A distinguishing feature of the slow loris skull is that the [[occipital bone]] is flattened and faces backward. The [[foramen magnum]] (hole through which the spinal cord enters) faces directly backward.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=186–187}} The brains of slow lorises have more folds (convolutions) than the brains of galagos.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=216}}

[[File:Smit.Faces of Lorises.jpg|thumb|upright|Coloration patterns around the eyes differ between the slender lorises (middle two) and the slow lorises (top and bottom).]]
The ears are small,{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}} sparsely covered in hair, and hidden in the fur.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}}  Similar to the slender lorises, the fur around and directly above the eyes is dark.  Unlike the slender lorises, however, the white stripe that separates the eye rings broadens both on the tip of the nose and on the forehead while also fading out on the forehead.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}}  Like other strepsirrhine primates, the nose and lip are covered by a moist skin called the [[rhinarium]] ("wet nose"), which is a sense organ.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=54}}

The eyes of slow lorises are forward-facing, which gives [[stereopsis|stereo vision]]. Their eyes are large{{Sfn|Elliot|1913|p=21}}<ref name=2009Adam/> and possess a reflective layer, called the [[tapetum lucidum]], that improves low-light vision. It is possible that this layer blurs the images they see, as the reflected light may interfere with the [[Ray (optics)|incoming light]].{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=457–458}} Slow lorises have [[Monochromacy|monochromatic vision]], meaning they see in shades of only one color. They lack the [[opsin]] gene that would allow them to detect short wavelength light, which includes the colors blue and green.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=464–465}}

The [[dental formula]] of slow lorises is {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.3.3|lower=2.1.3.3|total=36}}, meaning that on each side of the mouth there are two upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular) [[incisor]]s, one upper and lower [[canine tooth]], three upper and lower [[premolar]]s, and three upper and lower [[Molar (tooth)|molars]], giving a total of 36&nbsp;permanent teeth.{{Sfn|Elliot|1913|p=21}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=246}} As in all other [[Crown group|crown]] strepsirrhines, their lower incisors and canine are procumbent (lie down and face outwards), forming a [[toothcomb]], which is used for [[Personal grooming|personal]] and [[social grooming]] and feeding.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=246}}{{Sfn|Martin|1979|pp=45–47}} The toothcomb is kept clean by the [[sublingua]] or "under-tongue", a specialized structure that acts like a toothbrush to remove hair and other debris.  The sublingua extends below the tip of the tongue and is tipped with [[keratin]]ized, serrated points that rake between the front teeth.{{Sfn|Osman Hill|1953b|p=73}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=421–423}}

Slow lorises have relatively large maxillary canine teeth, their inner (mesial) maxillary incisors are larger than the outer (distal) maxillary incisors, and they have a [[Diastema (dentistry)|diastema]] (gap) between the canine and the first premolar. The first [[mandibular first premolar|mandibular premolar]] is elongated, and the last molar has three [[Cusp (dentistry)|cusps]] on the [[Crown (tooth)|crown]], the shortest of which is near the back. The bony [[palate]] (roof of the mouth) only goes as far back as the second molar.{{Sfn|Elliot|1913|p=21}}

Slow lorises range in weight from the Bornean slow loris at {{convert|265|g}} to as much as {{convert|2100|g}} for the Bengal slow loris.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Starr|Collins|Wilson|2010|p=157}} Slow lorises have stout bodies,{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}} and their tails are only stubs and hidden beneath the dense fur.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}} Their combined head and body lengths vary by species, but range from {{convert|18|to|38|cm|in|abbr=on}} between all species.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}} The [[Trunk (anatomy)|trunk]] is longer than in other living strepsirrhines{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=303}} because they have 15–16 [[thoracic vertebrae]], compared to 12–14 in other living strepsirrhines.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=94–95}} This gives them greater mobility when twisting and extending towards nearby branches.<ref name=2009Adam/> Their other [[vertebrae]] include seven [[cervical vertebrae]], six or seven [[lumbar vertebrae]], six or seven [[sacral vertebrae]], and seven to eleven [[caudal vertebrae]].{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=94–95}}

[[File:Nycticebus pygmaeus 003.jpg|thumb|The eyes of slow lorises are large and have a reflective layer, called the [[tapetum lucidum]], to help them see better at night.]]
Unlike galagos, which have longer legs than arms, slow lorises have arms and legs of nearly equal length.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}} Their [[intermembral index]] (ratio of arm to leg length) averages 89, indicating that their forelimbs are slightly shorter than their hind limbs.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}} As with the slender lorises, their arms are slightly longer than their body,{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=94–95}} but the extremities of slow lorises are more stout.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}}

Slow lorises have a powerful grasp with both their hands and feet due to several specializations.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}}{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=58}} They can tightly grasp branches with little effort because of a special muscular arrangement in their hands and feet, where the thumb diverges at nearly 180° from the rest of the fingers, while the [[hallux]] (big toe) ranges between being perpendicular and pointing slightly backwards.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}}{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=58}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=348}} The toes have a large [[flexor digitorum longus muscle|flexor muscle]] that originates on the lower end of the [[Femur|thigh bone]], which helps to impart a strong grasping ability to the hind limbs.{{Sfn|Forbes|1896|p=34}}

The second digit of the hand is short compared to the other digits,{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}} while on the foot, the fourth toe is the longest.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=94–95}} The sturdy thumb helps to act like a clamp when digits three, four, and five grasp the opposite side of a tree branch.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}} This gives their hands and feet a pincer-like appearance.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}} The strong grip can be held for hours without losing sensation due to the presence of a [[rete mirabile]] (network of capillaries), a trait shared among all lorises.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=80}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=348}} Both slender and slow lorises have relatively short feet.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=94–95}} Like nearly all lemuriforms, they have a [[grooming claw]] on the second toe of each foot.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=94–95}}

Slow lorises have an unusually low [[basal metabolic rate]], about 40% of the typical value for placental mammals of their size, comparable to that of [[sloth]]s. Since they consume a relatively high-calorie diet that is available year-round, it has been proposed that this slow metabolism is due primarily to the need to eliminate toxic compounds from their food. For example, slow lorises can feed on ''[[Gluta]]'' bark, which may be fatal to humans.{{Sfn|Wiens|Zitzmann|Hussein|2006}}

==Distribution and diversity==
Slow lorises are found in South and [[Southeast Asia]].  Their collective range stretches from [[Northeast India]] through [[Indochina]], east to the [[Sulu Archipelago]] (the small, southern islands of the [[Philippines]]), and south to the island of [[Java]] (including [[Borneo]], [[Sumatra]], and many small nearby islands).{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=57}}  They are found in [[India]] (Northeastern states),{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=57}}{{Sfn|Choudhury|1988|pp=89–94}}{{Sfn|Choudhury|1992|pp=77–83}} [[China]] ([[Yunnan]] province), [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Burma]], Thailand, [[Malaysia]], the Philippines, [[Indonesia]],{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=57}} [[Brunei]],<ref name=IUCN_N._menagensis/> and [[Singapore]].<ref name=IUCN_N._coucang/>

There are currently seven recognized species. The [[Bornean slow loris]] (''N.&nbsp;menagensis''), found on Borneo and nearby islands, including the Sulu Archipelago,<ref name=IUCN_N._menagensis/> and in 2012 was split into four distinct species (adding ''N.&nbsp;bancanus'', ''N.&nbsp;borneanus'', and ''N.&nbsp;kayan'').{{Sfn|Munds|Nekaris|Ford|2013|p=46}} The [[Javan slow loris]] (''N.&nbsp;javanicus'') is only found on the island of Java in Indonesia.<ref name=IUCN_N._javanicus/>  The [[Sunda slow loris]] (''N.&nbsp;coucang'') occurs on Sumatra and the [[Malay Peninsula]], including Singapore and southern Thailand (the [[Isthmus of Kra]]).<ref name=IUCN_N._coucang/>  The [[Bengal slow loris]] (''N.&nbsp;bengalensis'') has the largest distribution of all the slow lorises{{Sfn|Swapna|Gupta|Radhakrishna|2008|pp=37–40}} and can be found in Bangladesh, Cambodia, southern China, Northeast India, Laos, Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam.<ref name=IUCN_N._bengalensis/>

Slow lorises range across [[Tropics|tropical]] and [[Subtropics|subtropical]] regions<ref name=2006CITES/> and are found in primary and secondary [[rainforest]]s, as well as [[bamboo]] groves and [[mangrove]] forests.{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=58}}{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=388}} They prefer forests with high, dense [[Canopy (biology)|canopies]],{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=82}}<ref name=2006CITES/> although some species have also been found in [[Disturbance (ecology)|disturbed habitats]], such as [[Theobroma cacao|cacao]] plantations and mixed-crop home gardens.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=388}} Due largely to their nocturnal behavior and the subsequent difficulties in accurately quantifying abundance, data about the population size or distribution patterns of slow lorises is limited. In general, encounter rates are low; a combined analysis of several field studies involving [[transect]] surveys conducted in South and Southeast Asia determined encounter rates ranging from as high as 0.74&nbsp;lorises per kilometer for ''N.&nbsp;coucang'' to as low as 0.1&nbsp;lorises per kilometer for ''N.&nbsp;bengalensis''.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Nijman|2007|p=212}}

==Behavior and ecology==
[[File:Captive N. bengalensis from Laos with 6-week baby.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=A small 6-week-old infant clings to its mothers back as she climbs vertically through the branches|Infants are either parked on branches or carried by one of their parents while they forage.]]
Little is known about the social structure of slow lorises, but they generally spend most of the night foraging alone.{{Sfn|Wiens|2002|pp=31–32}}{{Sfn|Rowe|1996|pp=16–17}} Individuals sleep during the day, usually alone but occasionally with other slow lorises.{{Sfn|Wiens|2002|pp=31–32}} Home ranges of adults may significantly overlap, and those of males are generally larger than those of females.{{Sfn|Rowe|1996|pp=16–17}}{{Sfn|Wiens|Zitzmann|2003|p=35}} In the absence of direct studies of the genus, primatologist Simon Bearder speculated that slow loris social behavior is similar to that of the [[potto]], another nocturnal primate.{{Sfn|Bearder|1987|p=22}}

Such a social system is distinguished by a lack of [[matriarchy]] and by factors that allow the slow loris to remain inconspicuous and minimize energy expenditure. Vocal exchanges and alarm calls are limited; [[urine marking|scent marking with urine]] is the dominant form of communication.{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=58}}{{Sfn|Bearder|1987|p=22}} Adult males are highly territorial and are aggressive towards other males.{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=58}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=83}} [[Animal communication|Vocalizations]] include an affiliative (friendly) call ''krik'', and a louder call resembling a crow's caw.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=387}} When disturbed, slow lorises can also produce a low buzzing hiss or growl. To make contact with other individuals, they emit a single high-pitched rising tone, and females use a high whistle when in [[estrus]].{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=58}}{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=83}}

[[File:Slow loris.jpg|thumb|In Indonesia, slow lorises are called ''malu malu'' or "shy one" because they freeze and cover their face when spotted.]]
Slow lorises are slow and deliberate climbers, and often hold on to branches with three of their four limbs.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=82–83}} To move between trees, they carefully grip the terminal branches of the neighboring tree and pull themselves across the small gap.{{Sfn|Phillips|Walker|2002|p=91}} They will also grip branches with only their hind feet, lift themselves upright, and quickly launch forward with their hands to catch prey.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=82–83}}

Due to their slow movement, all lorises, including the slow lorises, have a specially adapted mechanism for defense against [[predation]]. Their slow, deliberate movement hardly disturbs the vegetation and is almost completely silent. Once disturbed, they immediately stop moving and remain motionless.{{Sfn|Sussman|2003|p=84}} In Indonesia, slow lorises are called ''malu malu'' or "shy one" because they freeze and cover their face when spotted.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=393}}

If cornered, they may adopt a defensive posture by curling up and lunging at the predator.{{Sfn|Sussman|2003|p=84}} The [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]] name, ''buah angin'' ("wind monkey"), refers to their ability to "fleetingly but silently escape".{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=383}} Little is known about the predation of slow lorises. Documented predators include snakes, the [[changeable hawk-eagle]] (''Nisaetus cirrhatus''),{{Sfn|Hagey|Fry|Fitch-Snyder|2007|p=254}} and [[Sumatran orangutan]]s (''Pongo abelii'').{{Sfn|Utami|Van Hooff|1997}} Other potential predators include cats, [[sun bear]]s (''Helarctos malayanus''), [[binturong]]s (''Arctictis binturong''), and [[Asian palm civet]]s.{{Sfn|Alterman|1995|pp=422–423}}

Slow lorises produce a [[secretion]] from their brachial [[gland]] (a scent gland on the upper arm near the [[axilla]]) that is licked and mixed with their saliva. In tests, three predators—binturongs, [[clouded leopard]]s (''Neofelis nebulosa''), and sun bears—retreated or showed other signs of displeasure when presented with cotton swabs anointed with a mixture of the toxic secretion and the saliva, whereas the toxic secretion alone generated mild interest. Before stashing their offspring in a secure location, female slow lorises will lick their brachial glands, and then groom their young with their toothcomb, depositing the toxin on their fur. When threatened, slow lorises may also lick their brachial glands and bite their aggressors, delivering the toxin into the wounds. Slow lorises can be reluctant to release their bite, which is likely to maximize the transfer of toxins.  This toxic bite is a rare trait among mammals and unique to lorisid primates.{{Sfn|Alterman|1995|pp=421–423}} It may also be used for defense against other slow lorises and [[Parasitism|parasites]]. According to Nekaris, this adaptation—along with vocalizations, movement, and coloration patterns similar to those of [[Naja|true cobras]]—may have evolved through [[Müllerian mimicry]] to protect slow lorises when they need to move across the ground due to breaks in the canopy.{{Sfn|Nekaris|2014|p=185}}

The secretion from the brachial gland of captive slow lorises is similar to the allergen in cat [[dander]], hence the secretions may merely elicit an allergic reaction, not toxicosis.{{Sfn|Hagey|Fry|Fitch-Snyder|2007|p=265}} Loris bites cause a painful swelling,  and the single case of human death reported in the scientific literature was believed to have resulted from [[Anaphylaxis|anaphylactic shock]].{{Sfn|Wilde|1972}}

To protect itself, the Slow loris has also been observed to rub the venom on its fur to chemically defend itself from predators.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nekaris|first1=K. Anne-Isola|last2=Moore|first2=Richard S.|last3=Rode|first3=E. Johanna|last4=Fry|first4=Bryan G.|date=2013-09-27|title=Mad, bad and dangerous to know: the biochemistry, ecology and evolution of slow loris venom|url= |journal=Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases|volume=19|issue=1|pages=21|doi=10.1186/1678-9199-19-21|issn=1678-9199|pmc=3852360|pmid=24074353 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Nycticebus coucang 003.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Slow lorises have a special network of capillaries in their hands and feet that allow them to cling to branches for hours without losing sensation.]]
Studies suggest that slow lorises are [[polygynandry|polygynandrous]].{{Sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2010|p=52}} Infants are either parked on branches while their parents find food or else are carried by one of the parents.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=83}}  Due to their long [[gestation]]s (about six months), small litter sizes, low birth weights, long [[weaning]] times (three to six months),{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=384}} and long gaps between births, slow loris populations have one of the slowest growth rates among mammals of similar size.{{Sfn|Starr|Nekaris|Streicher|Leung|2010|p=22}} Pygmy slow lorises are likely to give birth to twins—from 50% to 100% of births, depending on the study; in contrast, this phenomenon is rare (3% occurrence) in Bengal slow lorises. A seven-year study of captive-bred pygmy slow lorises showed a skewed sex distribution, with 1.68&nbsp;males born for every 1&nbsp;female.{{Sfn|Pan|Chen|Groves|Wang|2007|pp=791–799}}

Breeding may be continuous throughout the year.{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=58}} Copulation often occurs while suspended with the hands and feet clinging to horizontal branches for support.{{Sfn|Fitch-Snyder|Schulze|Streicher|2003|p=124}} In captive Sunda slow lorises, mating primarily occurs between June and mid-September, with the [[Estrous cycle|estrus cycle]] lasting 29 to 45&nbsp;days and estrus lasting one to five days. Likewise, gestation lasts 185 to 197&nbsp;days, and the young weigh between {{convert|30|and|60|g|oz}} at birth. Females reach [[sexual maturity]] at 18 to 24&nbsp;months, while males are capable of reproducing at 17&nbsp;months. However, the fathers become hostile towards their male offspring after 12 to 14&nbsp;months and will chase them away.  In captivity, they can live 20 or more years.{{Sfn|Nowak|1999|p=58}}

===Diet===
Slow lorises are [[omnivore]]s, eating insects and other [[arthropod]]s, small birds and reptiles, eggs, fruits, [[gum (botany)|gums]], nectar and miscellaneous vegetation.{{Sfn|Rowe|1996|pp=16–17}}{{Sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}}{{Sfn|Menon|2009|p=28}} A 1984 study of the Sunda slow loris indicated that its diet consists of 71% fruit and gums, and 29% insects and other animal prey.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}}{{Sfn|Bearder|1987|p=16}} A more detailed study of another Sunda slow loris population in 2002 and 2003 showed different dietary proportions, consisting of 43.3% gum, 31.7% nectar, 22.5% fruit, and just 2.5% arthropods and other animal prey.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}} The most common dietary item was nectar from flowers of the Bertram palm (''[[Eugeissona tristis]]'').{{Sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}} The Sunda slow loris eats insects that other predators avoid due to their repugnant taste or smell.{{Sfn|Rowe|1996|pp=16–17}}

Preliminary results of studies on the pygmy slow loris indicate that its diet consists primarily of gums and nectar (especially nectar from ''[[Saraca dives]]'' flowers), and that animal prey makes up 30–40% of its diet.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}} However, one 2002 analysis of pygmy slow loris feces indicated that it contained 98% insect remains and just 2% plant remains.<ref name=nutrition/> The pygmy slow loris often returns to the same gum feeding sites and leaves conspicuous gouges on tree trunks when inducing the flow of [[exudate]]s.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}}{{Sfn|Tan|Drake|2001|p=37}} Slow lorises have been reported gouging for exudates at heights ranging from {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} to as much as {{convert|12|m|abbr=on}}; the gouging process, whereby the loris repetitively bangs its toothcomb into the hard bark, may be loud enough to be heard up to {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} away. The marks remaining after gouging can be used by field workers to assess loris presence in an area.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Starr|Collins|Wilson|2010|p=159}}

Captive pygmy slow lorises also make characteristic gouge marks in wooden substrates, such as branches.<ref name=nutrition/> It is not known how the sympatric pygmy and Bengal slow lorises partition their feeding niches.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Bearder|2007|pp=28–33}} The plant gums, obtained typically from species in the family [[Fabaceae]] (peas), are high in [[carbohydrate]]s and [[lipid]]s, and can serve as a year-around source of food, or an emergency reserve when other preferred food items are scarce.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Starr|Collins|Wilson|2010|p=164}} Several anatomical adaptations present in slow lorises may enhance their ability to feed on exudates: a long narrow tongue to make it easier to reach gum stashed in cracks and crevices, a large [[cecum]] to help the animal digest [[polysaccharide|complex carbohydrates]], and a short [[duodenum]] to help quickly pass potentially toxic exudates.{{Sfn|Swapna|Radhakrishna|Gupta|Kumar|2010|pp=113–121}}{{Sfn|Nekaris|Starr|Collins|Wilson|2010|p=163}} Slow lorises can use both hands to eat while hanging upside down from a branch.{{Sfn|Rowe|1996|pp=16–17}} They spend about 20% of their nightly activities feeding.{{Sfn|Wiens|2002|p=30}}

==In culture==
Beliefs about slow lorises and their use in traditional practices are deep-rooted and go back at least 300&nbsp;years, if not earlier based on oral traditions.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|pp=877–878}}  In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was reported that the people from the interior of Borneo believed that slow lorises were the gatekeepers for the heavens and that each person had a personal slow loris waiting for them in the afterlife.  More often, however, slow lorises are used in traditional medicine or to ward off evil.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=882}} The following passage from an early textbook about primates is indicative of the superstitions associated with slow lorises: <blockquote>Many strange powers are attributed to this animal by the natives of the countries it inhabits; there is hardly an event in life to man, woman or child, or even domestic animals, that may not be influenced for better or worse by the Slow Loris, alive or dead, or by any separate part of it, and apparently one cannot usually tell at the time, that one is under supernatural power. Thus a Malay may commit a crime he did not premeditate, and then find that an enemy had buried a particular part of a Loris under his threshold, which had, unknown to him, compelled him to act to his own disadvantage. ... [a slow loris's] life is not a happy one, for it is continually seeing ghosts; that is why it hides its face in its hands.{{Sfn|Elliot|1913|pp=30–31}}</blockquote>

In the [[Mondulkiri Province]] of Cambodia, hunters believe that lorises can heal their own broken bones immediately after falling from a branch so that they can climb back up the tree.  They also believe that slow lorises have medicinal powers because they require more than one hit with a stick to die.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=882}}  In the province of [[North Sumatra]], the slow loris is thought to bring good luck if it is buried under a house or a road.<ref name=2009Adam/>{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=882}}  In the same province, slow loris body parts were used to place curses on enemies.  In Java, it was thought that putting a piece of its skull in a water jug would make a husband more docile and submissive, just like a slow loris in the daytime.  More recently, researchers have documented the belief that the consumption of loris meat was an [[aphrodisiac]] that improves "male power".  The gall bladder of the Bengal slow loris has historically been used to make ink for tattoos by the village elders in [[Pursat Province|Pursat]] and [[Koh Kong Province]]s of Cambodia.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=882}} Loris wine is a traditional Cambodian medicine supposed to alleviate the pain of childbirth, made from a mixture of loris bodies and rice wine.<ref name=2007Black/>

==Conservation==
{{Main|Conservation of slow lorises}}
[[File:Slow Loris Female.jpg|thumb|Slow lorises are popular in the [[exotic pet]] trade, which threatens wild populations.]]
The two greatest threats to slow lorises are [[deforestation]] and the [[wildlife trade]].{{Sfn|Fitch-Snyder|Livingstone|2008}}  Slow lorises have lost a significant amount of habitat,{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=878}} with [[habitat fragmentation]] isolating small populations and obstructing [[biological dispersal]].<ref name=IUCN_N._javanicus/>  However, despite the lost habitat, their decline is most closely associated with unsustainable trade, either as [[exotic pet]]s or for [[traditional medicine]].{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=878}}

Each of the slow loris species that had been identified prior to 2012 are currently listed as either "[[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]]" or "[[Endangered species|Endangered]]" by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) on their [[IUCN Red List|Red List]].<ref name=Hance2011/>  When they were all considered a single species, imprecise population data together with their regular occurrence in Southeast Asian animal markets combined to incorrectly suggest that slow lorises were common. This manifested as incorrect Red List assessments of "[[Least Concern]]" as recently as 2000.<ref name=IUCN_N._coucang/>{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=383}}{{Sfn|Starr|Nekaris|Streicher|Leung|2010|p=17}}  The three newest species are yet to be evaluated by the IUCN, although each was once thought to be subpopulations of the Bornean slow loris—which was evaluated as "Vulnerable" in 2008.  With this division of its range and population, the Bornean slow loris and the three new species face a higher risk of extinction than before.<ref name=MUNews/>

Since 2007, all slow loris species have been protected from commercial international trade under [[CITES Appendix I|Appendix I]] of [[CITES]].{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=390}}  Furthermore, local trade is illegal because every nation in which they occur naturally has laws protecting them.<ref name=2010NatGeoNewsWatch/> Despite their CITES Appendix I status and local legal protection, slow lorises are still threatened by both local and international trade due to problems with enforcement.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=882}}{{Sfn|Nekaris|Munds|2010|p=390}} Surveys are needed to determine existing population densities and habitat viability for all species of slow loris. Connectivity between protected areas is important for slow lorises because they are not adapted to dispersing across the ground over large distances.{{Sfn|Thorn|Nijman|Smith|Nekaris|2009|p=295}}

Populations of Bengal and Sunda slow lorises are not faring well in zoos. Of the 29&nbsp;captive specimens in North American zoos in 2008, several are hybrids that cannot breed, while most are past their reproductive years. The last captive birth for these species in North America was in 2001 in San Diego. Pygmy slow lorises are doing better in North American zoos; from the late 1980s (when they were imported) to 2008, the population grew to 74 animals, with most of them born at the [[San Diego Zoo]].{{Sfn|Fitch-Snyder|Livingstone|2008}}

===Wildlife trade===
{{Quote box
| quote = Even the best-breeding facilities have great difficulty breeding lorises, and those that do often have difficulty keeping them alive. It is so easy to get access to wild-caught lorises, it is highly doubtful that a seller who claims to have captive-bred ones is telling the truth.
| source = Primatologist [[Anna Nekaris]], in 2009 discussing the misleading information posted on YouTube.<ref name=Hance2011/>
| align = 
| width = 25em
}}
Until the 1960s, the hunting of slow lorises was sustainable,{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=878}} but due to growing demand, decreased supply, and the subsequent increased value of the marketed wildlife, slow lorises have been [[Overexploitation|overexploited]] and are in decline.{{Sfn|Starr|Nekaris|Streicher|Leung|2010|p=17}}  With the use of modern technology, such as battery-powered searchlights, slow lorises have become easier to hunt because of their eyeshine.{{Sfn|Starr|Nekaris|Streicher|Leung|2010|p=22}}  Traditional medicine made from loris parts is thought to cure many diseases,{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=882}} and the demand for this medicine from wealthy urban areas has replaced the subsistence hunting traditionally performed in poor rural areas.  A survey by primatologist Anna Nekaris and colleagues (2010) showed that these belief systems were so strong that the majority of respondents expressed reluctance to consider alternatives to loris-based medicines.{{Sfn|Starr|Nekaris|Streicher|Leung|2010|p=17}}

Slow lorises are sold locally at street markets but are also sold internationally over the Internet and in pet stores.<ref name="2007Sakamoto" />{{Sfn|Navarro-Montes|Nekaris|Parish|2009}}  They are especially popular or trendy in Japan, particularly among women.<ref name="2007Black" /><ref name="2007Sakamoto" />  The reasons for their popularity, according to the Japan Wildlife Conservation Society, are that "they're easy to keep, they don't cry, they're small, and just very cute."<ref name="2007Black" />

=== Common misconceptions ===
Because of their "cuteness", videos of pet slow lorises are some of the most frequently watched animal-related [[viral video]]s on [[YouTube]].<ref name="2009Adam" /><ref name="Hance2011" />  By March 2011, a newly posted video of a slow loris holding a [[cocktail umbrella]] had been viewed more than two million times, while an older video of a slow loris being tickled had been viewed more than six million times.<ref name="Sherwin2011" />  According to Nekaris, these videos are misunderstood by most people who watch them, since most do not realize that it is illegal in most countries to own them as pets and that the slow lorises in the videos are only docile because that is their passive defensive reaction to threatening situations.<ref name="Hance2011" /><ref name="Sherwin2011" />

Despite frequent advertisements by pet shops in Japan, the [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre]] reported that only a few dozen slow lorises were legally imported in 2006, suggesting frequent [[wildlife smuggling|smuggling]].<ref name="2006CITES" />  Slow lorises are also smuggled to China, Taiwan, Europe, Russia, the United States, and Saudi Arabia for use as pets.<ref name="2007Black" />{{Sfn|Navarro-Montes|Nekaris|Parish|2009}}<ref name="Sherwin2011" />

[[File:Nycticebus tooth removal 01.jpg|thumb|alt=A small, the young slow loris is gripped by its limbs while its front teeth are cut with a fingernail cutter|Slow lorises have their front teeth cut or pulled before being sold as pets, a practice that often causes infection and death.]]
Within their countries of origin, slow lorises are very popular pets,{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=883}} particularly in Indonesia.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=877}} They are seen as a "living toy" for children by local people or are bought out of pity by Western tourists or expatriates. Neither local nor foreign buyers usually know anything about these primates, their endangered status, or that the trade is illegal.{{Sfn|Sanchez|2008|p=10}} According to ''[[National Geographic]]'', slow lorises are protected by both local laws in southern Asia and by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).<ref name= Actman>{{cite journal| title= Born to be Wild| first= Jani| last= Actman| journal= [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]| page= 25| date= October 2017| volume= 232| number= 4| url= https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/10/explore-animals-illegal-pet-trade-slow-loris/| access-date= 16 November 2017| archive-date= 25 December 2017| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171225144258/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/10/explore-animals-illegal-pet-trade-slow-loris/| url-status= dead}}</ref> Furthermore, few know about their strong odor{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=884}} or their painful bite, which may lead to [[anaphylaxis]] in some cases.<ref>{{cite journal | journal= Clinical Toxicology |title= Abstracts of the 2008 North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology Annual Meeting, September 11–16, 2008, Toronto, Canada| date= 7 October 2008| number= 7| volume= 46| pages= 591–645| issn= 1556-9519| doi= 10.1080/15563650802255033|s2cid= 218857181| doi-access= free}}</ref>{{Sfn|Wilde|1972}}{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=884}} According to data compiled from monthly surveys and interviews with local traders, nearly a thousand locally-sourced slow lorises exchanged hands in the [[Medan]] bird market in North Sumatra during the late first decade of the 21st century.{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=883}}

International trade usually involves a high mortality rate during transit, between 30% and 90%. Slow lorises also experience many health problems due to both local and international trade.<ref name= 2007Black/> In order to give the impression that the primates are tame and appropriate pets for children,{{Sfn|McGreal|2008|p=8}} to protect people from their potentially toxic bite,<ref name= 2010NatGeoNewsWatch/> or to deceive buyers into thinking the animal is a baby,<ref name=2007Black/> animal dealers either pull the front teeth with [[pliers]] or [[wire cutter]]s or cut them off with [[nail clipper]]s.<ref name=2009Adam/>{{Sfn|Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010|p=883}}{{Sfn|Sanchez|2008|p=10}} This results in severe bleeding, which sometimes causes [[Shock (circulatory)|shock]] or death.<ref name=2009Adam/>

Dental infection is common and is fatal in 90% of cases.{{Sfn|Sanchez|2008|p=10}}{{Sfn|McGreal|2008|p=8}} Without their teeth, the animals can no longer fend for themselves in the wild and must remain in captivity for life.{{Sfn|Sanchez|2008|p=10}}{{Sfn|McGreal|2008|p=8}} The slow lorises found in animal markets are usually underweight and malnourished and have had their fur dyed, which complicates species identification at rescue centers.{{Sfn|Navarro-Montes|Nekaris|Parish|2009}} As many as 95% of the slow lorises rescued from the markets die of dental infection or improper care.{{Sfn|McGreal|2008|p=8}}

As part of the trade, infants are pulled prematurely from their parents, leaving them unable to remove their own urine, feces, and oily skin secretions from their fur. Slow lorises have a special network of blood vessels in their hands and feet, which makes them vulnerable to cuts when pulled from the wire cages they are kept in.<ref name=2007Black/> Slow lorises are also stress-sensitive and do not thrive in captivity. Common health problems seen in pet slow lorises include undernourishment, tooth decay, diabetes, obesity, and kidney failure.<ref name=Hance2011/> Infection, stress, pneumonia, and poor nutrition lead to high death rates among pet lorises.{{Sfn|Sanchez|2008|p=10}} Pet owners also fail to provide proper care because they are usually asleep when the nocturnal pet is awake.<ref name=Hance2011/>{{Sfn|McGreal|2008|p=8}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em|refs=

<ref name=MUNews>{{cite web|last1=Wall |first1=T. |title=Three new species of venomous primate identified by MU researcher |url=http://munews.missouri.edu/news-releases/2012/1213-three-new-species-of-venomous-primate-identified-by-mu-researcher/ |publisher=Missouri University News Bureau |access-date=19 December 2012 |date=13 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214214732/http://munews.missouri.edu/news-releases/2012/1213-three-new-species-of-venomous-primate-identified-by-mu-researcher/ |archive-date=14 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=2012BBC>{{cite news|last1=Walker |first1=M. |title=Primate species: new slow loris found in Borneo |work=BBC News |date=13 December 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/20704172 |access-date=13 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214074604/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/20704172 |archive-date=14 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=CITES_Apps>{{cite web | url = http://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search/scientific_name=Nycticebus | title = Checklist of CITES Species | website = CITES | publisher = UNEP-WCMC | access-date = 18 March 2015 | archive-date = 15 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131115130957/http://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search/scientific_name=Nycticebus | url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name=2006CITES>{{cite conference|author=Management Authority of Cambodia |conference=CITES Fourteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties; The Hague (Netherlands) 3–15 June 2007 |title=Notification to Parties: Consideration of Proposals for Amendment of Appendices I and II |date=6 October 2006 |publisher=CITES |page=31 |url=http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2006/E052.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228000912/http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2006/E052.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=2009Adam>{{cite news|last=Adam |first=D. |title=The eyes may be cute but the elbows are lethal |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=9 July 2009 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/the-eyes-may-be-cute-but-the-elbows-are-lethal-20090708-ddg8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629165747/http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/the-eyes-may-be-cute-but-the-elbows-are-lethal-20090708-ddg8.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=2007Black>{{cite news|last=Black |first=R. |title=Too cute for comfort |newspaper=BBC News |date=8 June 2007 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6731631.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011124230/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6731631.stm |archive-date=11 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=IUCN_N._bengalensis>{{cite iucn |author=Nekaris, K.A.I. |author2=Al-Razi, H. |author3=Blair, M. |author4=Das, N. |author5=Ni, Q. |author6=Samun, E. |author7=Streicher, U. |author8=Xue-long, J. |author9=Yongcheng, L. |year=2020 |errata=2020 |title=''Nycticebus bengalensis'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T39758A179045340 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39758A179045340.en |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>

<ref name=IUCN_N._coucang>{{cite iucn |author=Nekaris, A. |author2=Streicher, U. |year=2008 |title=''Nycticebus coucang'' |volume=2008 |page=e.T39759A10263403 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39759A10263403.en |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>

<ref name=IUCN_N._javanicus>{{cite iucn |author=Nekaris, K.A.I., Shekelle, M, Wirdateti, Rode-Margono, E.J. |author2=Nijman, V. |year=2020 |errata=2021 |title=''Nycticebus javanicus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T39761A205911512 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39761A205911512.en |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>

<ref name=IUCN_N._menagensis>{{cite iucn |author=Nekaris, A. |author2=Streicher, U. |year=2008 |title=''Nycticebus menagensis'' |volume=2008 |page=e.T39760A10263652 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39760A10263652.en |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>

<ref name=2010NatGeoNewsWatch>{{cite web|last=Braun |first=D. |title=Love potions threaten survival of lorises |publisher=National Geographic |year=2010 |url=http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2010/05/lorises-at-risk-from-illegal-trade.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531064749/http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2010/05/lorises-at-risk-from-illegal-trade.html |archive-date=31 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=2007Sakamoto>{{cite web|last=Sakamoto |first=Masayuki |title=Slow lorises fly so fast into Japan |year=2007 |publisher=Japan Wildlife Conservation Society |url=http://www.jwcs.org/english/07.5.26%20Cop14%20Slow%20lorise%20report.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5w15o41GF?url=http://www.jwcs.org/english/07.5.26%20Cop14%20Slow%20lorise%20report.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=Hance2011>{{cite web|last=Hance |first=Jeremy |title='Cute' umbrella video of slow loris threatens primate |year=2011 |publisher=mongabay.com |url=http://news.mongabay.com/2011/0313-hance_umbrella_loris.html |access-date=16 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317064541/http://news.mongabay.com/2011/0313-hance_umbrella_loris.html |archive-date=17 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=Sherwin2011>{{cite news|last=Sherwin |first=Adam |title=YouTube sensation fuelling trade in an endangered species |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/youtube-sensation-fuelling-trade-in-an-endangered-species-2248930.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323064700/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/youtube-sensation-fuelling-trade-in-an-endangered-species-2248930.html |archive-date=23 March 2011 |location=London |date=22 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=nutrition>{{cite web | last = Schulze | first = H. | title = Nutrition of lorises and pottos | url = http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/captive_care/nutrition.html | publisher = Loris and potto conservation database | date = 11 July 2008 | access-date = 3 January 2011 | archive-date = 24 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170724145938/http://www.loris-conservation.org/database/captive_care/nutrition.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name="KayanPaper">{{harvnb|Munds|Nekaris|Ford|2013}}</ref>

<ref name="IUCNBangkaslowloris">{{cite iucn |last1=Nekaris |first1=K. A. I. |last2=Marsh |first2=C. |title=''Nycticebus bancanus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T163015864A163015867 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T163015864A163015867.en}}</ref>

<ref name="PrimatesPerspective2833">[[#CITEREF_PrimatesPerspective|Nekaris; Bearder]], pp. 28–33</ref>

<ref name="ADWBengalslowloris">{{cite web |first1=Reyd |last1=Smith |title=''Nycticebus bengalensis'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nycticebus_bengalensis/ |date=2015 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=June 25, 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="IUCNBorneanslowloris">{{cite iucn |last1=Nekaris |first1=K. A. I. |last2=Miard |first2=P. |title=''Nycticebus borneanus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T163015906A163015915 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T163015906A163015915.en}}</ref>

<ref name="PrimatesIndonesia25">[[#CITEREF_PrimatesIndonesia|Supriatna]], p. 25</ref>

<ref name="PrimatesIndonesia2122">[[#CITEREF_PrimatesIndonesia|Supriatna]], pp. 21–22</ref>

<ref name="IUCNKayanslowloris">{{cite iucn |last1=Nekaris |first1=K. A. I. |last2=Miard |first2=P. |title=''Nycticebus kayan'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T163015583A163015849 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T163015583A163015849.en}}</ref>

<ref name="PrimatesIndonesia30">[[#CITEREF_PrimatesIndonesia|Supriatna]], p. 30</ref>

<ref name="SlowLorisCranium">{{cite journal |last1=Ravosa |first1=M. J. |title=Cranial allometry and geographic variation in slow lorises (''Nycticebus'') |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3<225::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-Y |journal=[[American Journal of Primatology]] |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=225–243 |year=1998 |pmid=9651647 |s2cid=20144250}}</ref>

<ref name="SlowLoris2007">{{harvnb|Nekaris|Jaffe|2007}}</ref>

<ref name="IUCNSumatranslowloris">{{cite iucn |last1=Nekaris |first1=K. A. I. |last2=Poindexter |first2=S. |title=''Nycticebus hilleri'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T163019804A163020000 |date=2020 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T163019804A163020000.en}}</ref>

<ref name="ADWSundaslowloris">{{cite web |first1=Paul |last1=Peña |title=''Nycticebus coucang'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nycticebus_coucang/ |date=2013 |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |access-date=June 25, 2023}}</ref>

}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* <!-- Alterman|1995 -->{{cite book | last = Alterman | first = L. | year = 1995 | contribution = Toxins and toothcombs: potential allospecific chemical defenses in ''Nycticebus'' and ''Perodicticus'' | editor1-last = Alterman | editor1-first = L. | editor2-last = Doyle | editor2-first = G.A. | editor3-last = Izard | editor3-first = M.K | title = Creatures of the Dark: The Nocturnal Prosimians | location = New York, New York | publisher = Plenum Press | pages = 413–424 | oclc = 33441731 | isbn = 978-0-306-45183-6 }}
* <!-- Ankel-Simons|2007 -->{{cite book | last = Ankel-Simons | first = F. | title = Primate Anatomy | edition = 3rd | publisher = Academic Press | location = San Diego, California | year = 2007 |isbn = 978-0-12-372576-9 }}
* <!-- Bearder|1987 -->{{cite book | last = Bearder | first = Simon K. | title = Primate Societies | chapter = Lorises, Bushbabies, and Tarsiers: Diverse Societies in Solitary Foragers | editor1-last = Smuts | editor1-first = Barbara B. | editor2-last = Cheney | editor2-first = Dorothy L. | editor3-last = Seyfarth | editor3-first = Robert M. | editor4-last = Wrangham | editor4-first = Richard W. | editor5-last = Struhsaker | editor5-first = Thomas T. | year = 1987 | location = Chicago, Illinois | publisher = The University of Chicago Press | isbn = 978-0-226-76716-1 }}
* <!-- Boddaert|1785 -->{{cite book | last = Boddaert | first = Pieter | year = 1785 | title = Elenchus animalium | publisher = Hake | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fXc-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA67 | oclc = 557474013 }}
* <!-- Chen|Pan|Groves|Wang|2006 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = J. -H.| last2 = Pan | first2 = D.| last3 = Groves | first3 = C. P.| last4 = Wang | first4 = Y. -X.| last5 = Narushima | first5 = E.| last6 = Fitch-Snyder | first6 = H.| last7 = Crow | first7 = P.| last8 = Thanh | first8 = V. N.| last9 = Ryder | first9 = O.| last10 = Zhang | first10 = H. -W.| last11 = Fu | first11 = Y.| last12 = Zhang | first12 = Y.| title = Molecular phylogeny of ''Nycticebus'' inferred from mitochondrial genes | doi = 10.1007/s10764-006-9032-5 | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 27 | issue = 4| pages = 1187–1200 | year = 2006 | s2cid = 24319996}}
* <!-- Chen|Zhang|Shi|Liu|1993 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = Z. | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Y. | last3 = Shi | first3 = L. | last4 = Liu | first4 = R. | last5 = Wang | first5 = Y. | title = Studies on the chromosomes of genus ''Nycticebus'' | doi = 10.1007/BF02381279 | journal = Primates | volume = 34 | issue = 1| pages = 47–53 | year = 1993 | s2cid = 26725167 }}
* <!-- Choudhury|1988 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Choudhury | first1 = A. U. | title = Priority ratings for conservation of Indian primates | doi = 10.1017/S0030605300027551 | journal = Oryx | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 89–94 | year = 1988 | doi-access = free }}
* <!-- Choudhury|1992 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Choudhury | first1 = A. U. | year = 1992 | title = The slow loris (''Nycticebus coucang'') in North-East India | journal = Primate Report | volume = 34 | pages = 77–83 }}
* <!-- Elliot|1913 -->{{cite book | last = Elliot | first = Daniel Giraud | author-link1 = Daniel Giraud Elliot | title = A Review of the Primates | volume = 1 | year = 1913 | location = New York, New York | publisher = American Museum of Natural History | series = Monograph series, no. 1 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10287437#page/175/mode/1up | oclc = 1282520 | access-date = 20 February 2018 | archive-date = 21 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170821180211/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10287437#page/175/mode/1up | url-status = live }}
* <!-- Fitch-Snyder|Schulze|Streicher|2003 -->{{cite book | last1 = Fitch-Snyder | first1 = Helena | last2 = Schulze | first2 = Helga | last3 = Streicher | first3 = Ulrike | chapter = Enclosure design for captive slow and pygmy lorises | editor = Shekelle, Myron | editor2 = Maryanto, Ibnu | editor3 = Groves, Colin | editor4 = Schulze, Helga | editor5 = Fitch-Snyder, Helena | year = 2003 | publisher = LIPI Press | location = Cibinong, Indonesia | isbn = 978-979-799-263-7 | title = Primates of the Oriental Night. Proceedings of the Indonesian Workshop: Taxonomy, husbandry, and conservation of tarsiers and lorises. Jakarta, Indonesia, 15–25 February 2003 | chapter-url = http://anthropology.tamu.edu/faculty/gursky-doyen/publications/Gursky%202008b.pdf | pages = 123–135 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811140444/http://anthropology.tamu.edu/faculty/gursky-doyen/publications/Gursky%202008b.pdf | archive-date = 11 August 2011 | df = dmy-all }}
* <!-- Fitch-Snyder|Livingstone|2008 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Fitch-Snyder | first1 = H. | last2 = Livingstone | first2 = K. | title = Lorises: The Surprise Primate | journal = Zoonooz | year = 2008 | issn = 0044-5282 | pages = 10–14 }}
* <!-- Flynn|Morgan|2005 -->{{cite book | last1 = Flynn | first1 = L.J. | last2 = Morgan | first2 = M.E. | publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | isbn = 978-0-391-04247-6 | year = 2005 | pages = 81–101 | chapter = New lower primates from the Miocene Siwaliks of Pakistan | title = Interpreting the past: Essays on human, primate, and mammal evolution in honor of David Pilbeam | editor1-last = Lieberman | editor1-first = D.E. | editor2-last = Smith | editor2-first = R.J. | editor3-last = Kelley | editor3-first = J }}
* <!-- Forbes|1896 -->{{cite book | last1 = Forbes | first1 = Henry O. | title = A Hand-book to the Primates | year = 1896 | volume = 1 | location = London | publisher = E. Lloyd | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10100678 | access-date = 20 February 2018 | archive-date = 21 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170821181726/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10100678 | url-status = live }}
* <!-- Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|1812 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire | first1 = Étienne | journal = Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle | year = 1812 | title = Suite au Tableau des Quadrummanes. Seconde Famille. Lemuriens. Strepsirrhini | volume = 19 | pages = 156–170 | url = https://archive.org/stream/annalesdumusum19mus#page/164/mode/2up | language = fr }}
* <!-- Groves|2001 -->{{cite book | last = Groves | first = C.P. | title = Primate Taxonomy | location = Washington, D.C. | publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-1-56098-872-4 | oclc = 44868886 }}
* <!-- Groves|2005 -->{{MSW3 Primates|id=12100112}}
* <!-- Groves|1971 -->{{cite book | contribution = Systematics of the genus ''Nycticebus'' | last1 = Groves | first1 = Colin P. | year = 1971 | title = Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Primatology | volume = 1 | location = Zürich, Switzerland | pages = 44–53 }}
* <!-- Groves|Maryanto|2008 -->{{cite book | last1 = Groves | first1 = C. | last2 = Maryanto | first2 = I. | year = 2008 | publisher = Indonesian Institute of Sciences | location = Cibinong, Indonesia | pages = 115–122 | chapter = Craniometry of slow lorises (genus ''Nycticebus'') of insular Southeast Asia | title = Primates of the Oriental Night | editor1-last = Shekelle | editor1-first = M. | editor2-last = Maryanto | editor2-first = I. | editor3-last = Groves | editor3-first = C. | editor4-last = Schulze |editor4-first= H. |editor5-last=Fitch-Snyder |editor5-first=H. }}
* <!-- Hagey|Fry|Fitch-Snyder|2007 -->{{Cite book |last1=Hagey |first1=L.R. |last2=Fry |first2=B.G. |last3=Fitch-Snyder |first3=H. |chapter=Talking Defensively, a Dual Use for the Brachial Gland Exudate of Slow and Pygmy Lorises |series=Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-34810-0_12 |title=Primate Anti-Predator Strategies |editor1-last=Gursky |editor1-first=S.L. |editor2-last=Nekaris |editor2-first=K.A.I. |pages=253–272 |year=2007 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-0-387-34807-0 |chapter-url=http://www.venomdoc.com/venomdoc/Mammals_files/slow%20loris%20chapter.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228000910/http://www.venomdoc.com/venomdoc/Mammals_files/slow%20loris%20chapter.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}
* <!-- Husson|Holthuis|1953 -->{{cite journal|last1=Husson|first1=A.M.|last2=Holthuis|first2=L.B.|year=1953|title=On the early editions of Lacépède's "Tableaux des mammifères et des oiseaux", with remarks on two hitherto overlooked species: ''Lori bengalensis'' Lacépède, 1800, and ''Ornithorhynchus novae hollandiae'' Lacépède, 1800|journal=Zoologische Mededelingen|volume=32|issue=19|pages=211–219|url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/318622|access-date=14 April 2011|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012659/http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/318622|url-status=live}}
* <!-- Krane|Itagaki|Nakanishi|Weldon|2003 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Krane | first1 = S. | last2 = Itagaki | first2 = Y. | last3 = Nakanishi | first3 = K. | last4 = Weldon | first4 = P. J. | title = "Venom" of the slow loris: sequence similarity of prosimian skin gland protein and Fel d 1 cat allergen | doi = 10.1007/s00114-002-0394-z | journal = Naturwissenschaften | volume = 90 | issue = 2 | pages = 60–62 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12590298 | url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/chemistry/groups/nakanishi/publication/720-Venom%20of%20the%20Slow%20Loris-%20Sequence%20Similarity%20of%20Prosimian%20Skin%20Gland%20Protein%20and%20Fel%20d%201%20Cat%20Allergen.pdf | bibcode = 2003NW.....90...60K | s2cid = 20259546 | access-date = 2 September 2015 | archive-date = 9 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160609203015/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/chemistry/groups/nakanishi/publication/720-Venom%20of%20the%20Slow%20Loris-%20Sequence%20Similarity%20of%20Prosimian%20Skin%20Gland%20Protein%20and%20Fel%20d%201%20Cat%20Allergen.pdf | url-status = live }}
* <!-- Lacépède|1800 -->{{cite journal | last = Lacépède | first = B.G.E. de la Ville comte de | year = 1800 | journal = Séances des écoles Normales, Recueillies Par des Sténographes, et Revues Par les Professeurs | title = Classification des oiseaux et des mammifères | volume = 9 | issue = appendix |pages = 1–86 | language = fr | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0u4NAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA68 }}<!-- See Husson and Holthuis (1953) for fuller discussion of this work.-->
* <!-- Lydekker|1893 -->{{cite journal | last = Lydekker | first = R. | title = Mammalia | journal = Zoological Record | year = 1893 | volume = 29 | pages = 55&nbsp;pp | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rrLlB6mBQOYC&pg=RA1-PA25 }}
* <!-- Martin|1979 -->{{cite book | last = Martin | first = R.D. | year =1979 | chapter = Phylogenetic aspects of prosimian behavior | editor = Doyle, G.A. |editor2=Martin, R.D | title = The Study of Prosimian Behavior | publisher = Academic Press | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-12-222150-7 | oclc = 3912930 }}
* <!-- McGreal|2008 -->{{cite journal | last = McGreal | first = S. | title = Vet Describes the Plight of Indonesia's Primates | journal = IPPL News | volume = 35 | issue = 1 | year = 2008 | issn = 1040-3027 | pages = 7–8 | url = http://www.ippl.org/newsletter/2000s/103_v35_nl_2008-05.pdf#page=7 | format = PDF | access-date = 13 March 2011 | archive-date = 9 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210209205738/http://www.ippl.org/newsletter/2000s/103_v35_nl_2008-05.pdf#page=7 | url-status = live }}
* <!-- Mein|Ginsburg|1997 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Mein | first1 = P. | last2 = Ginsburg | first2 = L. | year = 1997 | title = Les mammifères du gisement miocène inférieur de Li Mae Long, Thaïlande : systématique, biostratigraphie et paléoenvironnement | journal = Geodiversitas | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 783–844 | issn = 1280-9659 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305203305/http://www.mnhn.fr/publication/geodiv/g97n4a4.html Abstract in French and English].
* <!-- Menon|2009 -->{{cite book | title = Mammals of India | last = Menon | first = Vivek | year = 2009 | location = Princeton, New Jersey | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn = 978-0-691-14067-4 }}
* <!-- Munds|Nekaris|Ford|2013 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Munds | first1 = R. A. | last2 = Nekaris | first2 = K. A. I. | last3 = Ford | first3 = S. M. | title = Taxonomy of the Bornean slow loris, with new species ''Nycticebus kayan'' (Primates, Lorisidae) | doi = 10.1002/ajp.22071 | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–56 | year = 2013 | orig-year = 2012 online | url = http://www.nocturama.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2013MundsetalBorneanLorisTaxonomy.pdf | pmid = 23255350 | s2cid = 17077282 | access-date = 2 September 2015 | archive-date = 16 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201116031649/http://www.nocturama.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2013MundsetalBorneanLorisTaxonomy.pdf | url-status = live }}
* <!-- Navarro-Montes|Nekaris|Parish|2009 -->{{cite journal |last1=Navarro-Montes |first1=Angelina |last2=Nekaris |first2=Anna |last3=Parish |first3=Tricia J. |title=Trade in Asian slow lorises (''Nycticebus''): using education workshops to counter an increase in illegal trade |journal=Living Forests |year=2009 |issue=15 |url=http://www.kfbglivingforests.org/content/issue15/feature1.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723141303/http://www.kfbglivingforests.org/content/issue15/feature1.php |archive-date=23 July 2010 |url-status=usurped }}
* <!-- Sfn|Nekaris|2014 -->{{cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | title = Extreme primates: Ecology and evolution of Asian lorises | journal = Evolutionary Anthropology | year = 2014 | volume = 23 | issue = 5 | pages = 177–187 | url = http://www.nocturama.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/evan.21425.pdf | doi = 10.1002/evan.21425 | pmid = 25347976 | s2cid = 1948088 | access-date = 20 January 2015 | archive-date = 20 January 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150120233033/http://www.nocturama.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/evan.21425.pdf | url-status = live }}
* <!-- Nekaris|Bearder|2010 -->{{cite book | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | last2 = Bearder | first2 = S.K. | chapter = Chapter 4: The Lorisiform Primates of Asia and Mainland Africa: Diversity Shrouded in Darkness | year = 2010 | pages = 34–54 | title = Primates in Perspective | editor1-last = Campbell | editor1-first = C. | editor2-last = Fuentes | editor2-first = C.A. | editor3-last = MacKinnon | editor3-first = K. | editor4-last = Bearder | editor4-first = S. | editor5-last = Stumpf | editor5-first = R. | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-19-539043-8 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Nekaris |first1=K. A. I. |last2=Bearder |first2=S. K. |year=2007 |title=Primates in Perspective |editor1-last=Campbell |editor1-first=C. |editor2-last=Fuentes |editor2-first=C.A. |editor3-last=MacKinnon |editor3-first=K. |editor4-last=Panger |editor4-first=M. |editor5-last=Stumpf |editor5-first=R. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-517133-4 |ref=CITEREF_PrimatesPerspective}}
* <!-- Nekaris|Munds|2010 -->{{Cite book | editor1-last = Gursky-Doyen | editor1-first = S. | editor2-last = Supriatna | editor2-first = J | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | last2 = Munds | first2 = R. | chapter = Using Facial Markings to Unmask Diversity: The Slow Lorises (Primates: Lorisidae: Nycticebus SPP.) of Indonesia | title = Indonesian Primates | url = https://archive.org/details/indonesianprimat00gurs | url-access = limited | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-1560-3_22 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/indonesianprimat00gurs/page/n384 383]–396 | year = 2010 | publisher = Springer | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4419-1559-7 }}
* <!-- Nekaris|Shepherd|Starr|Nijman|2010 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K. A. I. | last2 = Shepherd | first2 = C. R. | last3 = Starr | first3 = C. R. | last4 = Nijman | first4 = V. | title = Exploring cultural drivers for wildlife trade via an ethnoprimatological approach: a case study of slender and slow lorises (''Loris'' and ''Nycticebus'') in South and Southeast Asia | doi = 10.1002/ajp.20842 | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 72 | issue = 10 | pages = 877–886| year = 2010 | pmid = 20806336| s2cid = 21711250 }}
* <!-- Nekaris|Starr|Collins|2010 -->{{Cite book | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K. A. I. | last2 = Starr | first2 = C. R. | last3 = Collins | first3 = R. L. | last4 = Wilson | first4 = A. | title = The Evolution of Exudativory in Primates | chapter = Comparative Ecology of Exudate Feeding by Lorises (Nycticebus, Loris) and Pottos (Perodicticus, Arctocebus) | editor1-last = Burrows | editor1-first = A. M.| editor2-last = Nash | editor2-first = L. T| doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-6661-2_8 | pages = 155–168 | year = 2010 | publisher = Springer| location = New York| isbn = 978-1-4419-6660-5}}
* <!-- Nekaris|Bearder|2007 -->{{cite book | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K.A.I. | last2 = Bearder | first2 = S.K. | chapter = Chapter 3: The Lorisiform Primates of Asia and Mainland Africa: Diversity Shrouded in Darkness | year = 2007 | pages = 28–33 | title = Primates in Perspective | editor1-last = Campbell | editor1-first = C. | editor2-last = Fuentes | editor2-first = C.A. | editor3-last = MacKinnon | editor3-first = K. | editor4-last = Panger | editor4-first = M. | editor5-last = Stumpf | editor5-first = R. | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-19-517133-4 }}
* <!-- Nekaris|Jaffe|2007 -->{{cite journal |last1=Nekaris |first1=K.A.I. |last2=Jaffe |first2=S. |title=Unexpected diversity of slow lorises (''Nycticebus spp.'') within the Javan pet trade: implications for slow loris taxonomy |journal=Contributions to Zoology |volume=76 |issue=3 |year=2007 |pages=187–196 |url=http://www.djmt.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?idno=m7603a04;c=ctz |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724151353/http://www.djmt.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?idno=m7603a04;c=ctz |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead |doi=10.1163/18759866-07603004 |s2cid=45718454 }}
* <!-- Nekaris|Nijman|2007 -->{{Cite journal |last1=Nekaris |first1=K.A.I. |last2=Nijman |first2=V. |doi=10.1159/000102316 |title=CITES Proposal Highlights Rarity of Asian Nocturnal Primates (Lorisidae: ''Nycticebus'') |journal=Folia Primatologica |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=211–214 |year=2007 |url=http://vincentnijman.org/files/a55_nekarisnijman_nycticebus_foliaprimatol_2007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728161622/http://vincentnijman.org/files/a55_nekarisnijman_nycticebus_foliaprimatol_2007.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=usurped |pmid=17495478 |s2cid=1407149 }}
* <!-- Nowak|1999 -->{{cite book | last = Nowak | first = R.M. | year = 1999 | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | title = Walker's Mammals of the World | edition = 6th | url = https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa | url-access = registration | location = Baltimore, Maryland | isbn = 978-0-8018-5789-8 }}
* <!-- Osman Hill|1953a -->{{cite book | last1 = Osman Hill | first1 = W.C. | year = 1953a | title = Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | series = Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3 | oclc = 500576914 }}
* <!-- Osman Hill|1953b -->{{cite journal | last1 = Osman Hill | first1 = W.C. | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1953.tb00153.x | title = Early records of the slender loris and its allies | journal = Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London | volume = 123 | issue = 1| pages = 43–47| year = 1953b 
}}
* <!-- Palmer|1904 -->{{cite book | last = Palmer | first = T.S. | title = Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals | year = 1904 | publisher = Washington: G.P.O | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27792212 | oclc = 1912921 | access-date = 20 February 2018 | archive-date = 21 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170821173023/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27792212 | url-status = live }}
* <!-- Pan|Chen|Groves|Wang|2007 -->{{Cite journal | last1 = Pan | first1 = D. | last2 = Chen | first2 = J. H. | last3 = Groves | first3 = C. | last4 = Wang |first4 = Y. X. | last5 = Narushima | first5 = E. | last6 = Fitch-Snyder | first6 = H. | last7 = Crow | first7 = P. | last8 = Jinggong | first8 = X. | last9 = Thanh | first9 = V. N. | last10 = Ryder | first10 = O. | last11 = Chemnick | first11 = L. | last12 = Zhang | first12 = H. W. | last13 = Fu | first13 = Y. X. | last14 = Zhang | first14 = Y. P. | title = Mitochondrial control region and population genetic patterns of ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' and ''N. pygmaeus'' | doi = 10.1007/s10764-007-9157-1 | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 791–799 | year = 2007 | s2cid = 35725257 | display-authors = 8}}
* <!-- Perelman|Johnson|Roos|Seuánez|2011 -->{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342 | last1 = Perelman | first1 = P. | last2 = Johnson | first2 = W. E. | last3 = Roos | first3 = C. | last4 = Seuánez | first4 = H. N. | last5 = Horvath | first5 = J. E. | last6 = Moreira | first6 = M. A. M. | pmc = 3060065 | last7 = Kessing | first7 = B. | last8 = Pontius | first8 = J. | last9 = Roelke | first9 = M. | last10 = Rumpler | first10 = Y. | last11 = Schneider | first11 = M. P. | last12 = Silva | first12 = A. | last13 = O'Brien | first13 = S. J. | last14 = Pecon-Slattery | first14 = J. | editor1-last = Brosius | editor1-first = Jürgen | title = A molecular phylogeny of living primates | journal = PLOS Genetics | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = e1001342 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21436896 | doi-access = free }}
* <!-- Phillips|Walker|2002 -->{{cite book | last1 = Phillips | first1 = E.M. | last2 = Walker | first2 = A. | year = 2002 | chapter = Chapter 6: Fossil lorisoids | editor1-last = Hartwig | editor1-first = W.C | title = The Primate Fossil Record | pages = 544 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-66315-1 | bibcode = 2002prfr.book.....H }}
* <!-- Pocock|1939 -->{{cite book | last1 = Pocock | first1 = R.I. | publisher = Taylor and Francis |location=London | year = 1939 | title = The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia, vol. 1}}
* <!-- Rowe|1996 -->{{cite book | last = Rowe | first = Noel | title = The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates | year = 1996 | publisher = Pogonias Press | location = East Hampton, New York | isbn = 978-0-9648825-0-8 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/pictorialguideto0000rowe }}
* <!-- Sanchez|2008 -->{{cite journal | last = Sanchez | first = K.L. | title = Indonesia's Slow Lorises Suffer in Trade | journal = IPPL News | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | year = 2008 | issn = 1040-3027 | page = 10 | url = http://www.ippl.org/newsletter/2000s/105_v35_n2_2008-09.pdf#page=10 | format = PDF | access-date = 13 March 2011 | archive-date = 20 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201020024002/http://www.ippl.org/newsletter/2000s/105_v35_n2_2008-09.pdf#page=10 | url-status = live }}
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}}
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{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.traffic.org/home/2012/4/3/loris-trade-not-so-slow.html TRAFFIC: Loris trade not so slow]
* [https://www.internationalanimalrescue.org/slow-loris-sanctuary?currency=USD International Animal Rescue: Saving the slow loris] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028110029/https://www.internationalanimalrescue.org/slow-loris-sanctuary?currency=USD |date=28 October 2020 }}
* [http://nocturama.org/ Dr. Anna Nekaris' research and conservation]
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/slow_loris Primate Fact Sheets: Slow loris (''Nycticebus'')]
* [http://eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12540/region/skull/bone/cranium Slow loris skeleton]
* [http://www.loris-conservation.org/ Asian loris and African pottos conservation website directory]

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[[Category:Slow lorises| ]]
[[Category:Primates of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Venomous mammals]]
[[Category:Species that are or were threatened by the pet trade]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1812]]