View source for Sloth (deadly sin)

{{Short description|Laziness and apathy as a sin}}

[[File:Jheronimus Bosch Table of the Mortal Sins (Accidia).jpg|250px|thumb|right|Acedia in ''[[The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things]]'', by [[Hieronymus Bosch]].]]
 
'''Sloth''' is one of the [[seven deadly sins]] in Catholic teachings. It is the most difficult sin to define and credit as sin, since it refers to an assortment of ideas, dating from antiquity and including mental, spiritual, pathological, and conditional states.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Seven Deadly Sins: Society and Evil|last=Lyman|first=Stanford|year=1989|isbn=0-930390-81-4|pages=5|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref> One definition is a habitual disinclination to exertion, or [[laziness]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sloth?s=t|title=the definition of sloth|website=Dictionary.com|access-date=2016-05-03}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Dictionary not a reliable source|date=February 2023}}
Views concerning the virtue of work to support society and further God's plan suggest that through inactivity, one invites sin: "For [[Satan]] finds some mischief still for idle hands to do." ("[[s:Against Idleness and Mischief|Against Idleness and Mischief]]" by [[Isaac Watts]]).

== Definition ==
The word "sloth" is a translation of the Latin term ''[[acedia]]'' (Middle English, ''acciditties'') and means "without care". Spiritually, ''acedia'' first referred to an affliction to women, religious persons, wherein they became indifferent to their duties and obligations to [[God]]. Mentally, ''acedia'' has a number of distinctive components of which the most important is affectlessness, a lack of any feeling about self or others, a mind-state that gives rise to [[boredom]], [[resentment|rancor]], [[apathy]], and a passive, inert, or sluggish mentation. Physically, ''acedia'' is fundamentally a cessation of motion and an indifference to work; it finds expression in [[laziness]], [[idleness]], and indolence.<ref name=":0"/> Two commentators consider the most accurate translation of ''acedia'' to be "self-pity", for it "conveys both the [[melancholia|melancholy]] of the condition and self-centeredness upon which it is founded."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kurtz |first1=Ernest |last2=Ketcham |first2=Katherine |title=Experiencing Spirituality: Finding Meaning Through Storytelling |publisher=Tarcher Perigee |page=220}}</ref>

=== Catholicism ===
In his ''[[Summa Theologica]]'', [[Saint Thomas Aquinas]] defined sloth as "sorrow about spiritual good" and as "facetiousness of the mind which neglects to being good... [it] is evil in its effect, if it so oppresses men as to draw him away entirely from good deeds."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/summa/3035.htm |title=The Summa Theologica II-II.Q35.A1 (Sloth) |publisher=New Advent |edition=1920, Second and Revised |author=Thomas Aquinas |author-link=Thomas Aquinas}}</ref> According to the ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'', "acedia or sloth goes so far as to refuse joy from God and is repelled by goodness".<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|2094}}</ref>

Sloth ignores the seven gifts of grace given by the [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|Holy Ghost]] ([[wisdom]], [[understanding]], [[counsel]], [[knowledge]], [[piety]], [[Courage|fortitude]], and [[fear of the Lord]]); such disregard slows spiritual progress towards life—to neglect manifold duties of [[charity (practice)|charity]] towards the [[neighbourhood|neighbour]], and animosity towards God.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Sin and Its Consequences|author=Henry Edward Manning|author-link=Henry Edward Manning|url=https://archive.org/details/sinanditsconseq00manngoog|publisher=Burns and Oates|year=1874|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sinanditsconseq00manngoog/page/n48 40], 103–117}}</ref>

Unlike the other capital sins, sloth is a sin of omission, being a lack of desire and/or performance. It may arise from any of the other [[capital vices]]; for example, a son may omit his duty to his father through anger. [[Henry Edward Manning]] argued that while the state and habit of sloth is a [[mortal sin]], the habit of the soul tending towards the last mortal state of sloth is not mortal in and of itself except under certain circumstances.<ref name=":3" />

Italian poet [[Dante Alighieri]] contemplates the nature of sloth as a capital vice in Canto 18 of ''[[Purgatorio]]'', the second canticle of the ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. Dante encounters the slothful on the fourth terrace of Mount [[Purgatory]], where his guide, the Roman poet [[Virgil]], explains that sloth can be seen as the effect of an insufficient amount of love.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Migiel|first=Marilyn|title=Lectura Dantis: Purgatorio|publisher=University of California Press|year=2008|pages=192}}</ref> Following the logics of [[contrapasso]], the slothful work to purge themselves of their vice through continuous running.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Dante Alighieri |author-link=Dante Alighieri|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1272942028|title=Purgatorio|year=2021 |publisher=Einaudi |isbn=978-88-06-21625-2|oclc=1272942028}}</ref>

=== Orthodoxy ===
In the [[Philokalia]], the word ''[[depression (mood)|dejection]]'' is used instead of ''sloth,'' for the person who falls into dejection will lose interest in life.

=== Others ===
Sloth has also been defined as a failure to do things that one should do, though the understanding of the sin in antiquity was that this laziness or lack of work was simply a symptom of the vice of apathy or indifference, particularly an apathy or boredom with God.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.desiringgod.org/messages/lazy-busy|title=Lazy Busy|date=4 March 2015}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2017}} Concurrently, this apathy can be seen as an inadequate amount of love.<ref name=":1" />

Emotionally and cognitively, the evil of ''acedia'' finds expression in a lack of any feeling for the world, for the people in it, or for the self. ''Acedia'' takes form as an alienation of the sentient self first from the world and then from itself. Although the most profound versions of this condition are found in a withdrawal from all forms of participation in or care for others or oneself, a lesser but more noisome element was also noted by theologians. From ''tristitia'', asserted Gregory the Great, "there arise malice, rancour, cowardice, [and] despair..." [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], too, dealt with this attribute of ''acedia'', counting the characteristics of the sin to include despair, somnolence, idleness, tardiness, negligence, indolence, and ''wrawnesse'', the last variously translated as "anger" or better as "peevishness". For Chaucer, human's sin consists of languishing and holding back, refusing to undertake works of goodness because, he/she tells him/her self, the circumstances surrounding the establishment of good are too grievous and too difficult to suffer. ''Acedia''  in Chaucer's view is thus the enemy of every source and motive for work.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Seven Deadly Sins: Society and Evil|last=Lyman|first=Stanford|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=1989|isbn=9780930390815|pages=6–7}}</ref>

Sloth not only subverts the livelihood of the body, taking no care for its day-to-day provisions but also slows down the mind, halting its attention to matters of great importance. Sloth hinders man in his righteous undertakings and becomes a path to ruin.<ref name=":4" />

According to [[Peter Binsfeld]]'s ''Binsfeld's Classification of Demons'', [[Belphegor]] is the chief demon of the sin Sloth.<ref>Encyclopedia of Demons and Demonology, By Rosemary Guiley, p. 28–29, Facts on File, 2009.</ref>

Christian author and Clinical Psychologist Dr. William Backus has pointed out the similarities between sloth and depression.  "Depression involves aversion to effort, and the moral danger of sloth lies in this characteristic. The work involved in exercising one's will to make moral and spiritual decisions seems particularly undesirable and demanding. Thus the slothful person drifts along in habits of sin, convinced that he has no willpower and aided in this claim by those who persist in seeking only biological and environmental causes and medical remedies for sloth."<ref>{{Cite book|title=What Your Counselor Never Told You|last=Backus|first=Dr. William|publisher=Bethany House|year=2000|pages=147–148}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Acedia]]
* [[Apathy]]
* [[Goofing off]]
* [[Vincible ignorance|Ignorance]]
* [[Irreligion]]
* [[Laziness]]
* [[Depression (mood)|Melancholy]] {{nb5}}{{nb5}}
* [[Noonday Demon]]
* [[Slacker]]
* [[Torpor]]
* [[Procrastination]]
*[[Seven deadly sins]] {{nb5}}{{nb5}}
*:[[Lust]]
*:[[Gluttony]]
*:[[Greed (deadly sin)|Greed]]
*:'''Sloth'''
*:[[Wrath]]
*:[[Envy]]
*:[[Pride]]
*[[Seven heavenly virtues]]
*:[[Chastity]]
*:[[Temperance (virtue)|Temperance]]
*:[[Charity (virtue)|Charity]]
*:[[Diligence]]
*:[[Patience]]
*:[[Kindness]]
*:[[Humility]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|chapter=[[s:Summa Theologiae/Second Part of the Second Part/Question 35|Second Part of the Second Part (Question 35: Sloth)]]|title=Summa Theologica|year=1265|publisher=Benzinger Brothers|first=Thomas|last=Aquinas|author-link=Thomas Aquinas}}
*{{cite book|chapter=[[s:Meditations On The Mysteries Of Our Holy Faith/Volume 1/Meditations to obtain purity of soul#269|Meditation XXIV. (On Sloth)]]|title=Meditations On The Mysteries Of Our Holy Faith|year=1852|publisher=Richarson and Son|first=Lius|last=de la Puente|author-link=Luis de la Puente}}
*{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Sloth |volume=14 |first=Joseph Francis  |last=Delany}}
* Bible, English Standard Version Revised, 1971, Biblegateway.com, http://www.biblegateway.com/
* [[Thomas Pynchon]]: ''[https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-sloth.html The Deadly Sins/Sloth; Nearer, My Couch, to Thee]'', New York Times, June 6, 1993
*Lectura Dantis: Purgatorio, ed. Allen Mandelbaulm, University of California Press, 2008
*Purgatorio, [[Dante Alighieri]], transl. Robert M. Durling, Oxford University Press, 2004
*{{cite book|chapter=[[s:The Spiritual Combat/The Spiritual Combat#64|How to Overcome Sloth]]|title=The Spiritual Combat, together with the supplement and The path of Paradise.|year=1875|publisher=Rivingtons|first=Lorenzo|last=Scupoli|author-link=Lorenzo Scupoli}}

{{Commons category|Sloth}}
{{Wiktionary|sloth}}

{{Seven Deadly Sins}}
{{Catholic virtue ethics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sloth (Deadly Sin)}}
[[Category:Seven deadly sins]]