View source for Slendro

{{short description|Indonesian musical pentatonic scale used in Gamelan}}
[[Image:Slendro on C.png|thumb|300px|Slendro approximated in Western notation.<ref>"The representations of ''slendro'' and ''pelog'' tuning systems in Western notation shown above should not be regarded in any sense as absolute. Not only is it difficult to convey non-Western scales with Western notation, but also because, in general, no two gamelan sets will have exactly the same tuning, either in pitch or in interval structure. There are no Javanese standard forms of these two tuning systems." Lindsay, Jennifer (1992). ''Javanese Gamelan'', p.39-41. {{ISBN|0-19-588582-1}}.</ref> {{audio|Slendro on C.mid|Play}}]]
[[Image:Slendro vs whole tone scale on C.png|thumb|300px|right|''Slendro-djawar'' scale in comparison with [[whole tone scale]] on C<ref>[[Ton de Leeuw|Leeuw, Ton de]] (2005). ''Music of the Twentieth Century'', p.128. {{ISBN|90-5356-765-8}}.</ref> {{audio|Slendro vs whole tone scale on C.mid|Play both}} or {{audio|5-tet scale on C.mid|Play equal-tempered scale}}.]]
{{Listen|filename=Slendro vs whole tone scale on C.mid|thumb|257px|title=Play both slendro and whole tone scale|description=-}}

'''Slendro''' ({{langx|jv|ꦱ꧀ꦭꦺꦤ꧀ꦢꦿꦺꦴ}}) is one of the essential tuning systems used in [[gamelan]] instruments that have [[pentatonic]] [[scale (music)|scale]].<ref name="Slendro">{{Cite web|title=Slendro|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/slendro|access-date=4 August 2021|work=Merriam-Webster}}</ref><ref name="Slendro scale">{{Cite web|title=Slendro|url=https://kbbi.web.id/slendro|access-date=4 August 2021|work=Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI)}}</ref> Based on [[Javanese people|Javanese]] mythology, the Slendro Gamelan tuning system is older than the ''[[pélog]]'' tuning system.

==Etymology==
'''Slendro''' is a Javanese term for one of the scales in [[gamelan]]. It is derived either from "[[Sailendra]]", the name of the ruling family in the eighth and ninth centuries when [[Borobudur]] was built, or from the god [[Indra|Sang Hyang Hendra]].<ref>Lindsay (1992), p.38.</ref>

==History==
The origin of the ''slendro'' scale is unknown. However the name ''slendro'' is derived from [[Sailendra]], the ancient dynasty of [[Mataram kingdom]] in Central Java, and also [[Srivijaya]]. The ''slendro'' scale is thought to be brought to Srivijaya by Mahayana Buddhists from Gandhara of India, via Nalanda and Srivijaya from there to Java and Bali.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AD8W-9pYj9gC&dq=Slendro+Sailendra+gamelan&pg=PA312 Gamelan: cultural interaction and musical development in central Java ]</ref> It is similar to scales used in [[India]]n and [[China|Chinese]] music as well as other areas of Asia and they all may have a common origin. A ''salendro'' scale is also found in the neighboring musical ensemble of [[Kulintang]]. This is very difficult if not impossible to determine.

Even within Indonesia, it is difficult to determine the evolution of scales.  For example, scales used in [[Banyuwangi]], at the eastern tip of Java, are very similar to scales used in [[Jembrana]], a short distance away on Bali. There is probably no way to document which region influenced the other, or if they both evolved together.

==Tuning==
From one region of Indonesia to another the ''slendro'' scale often varies widely.  The amount of variation also varies from region to region. For example, ''slendro'' in [[Central Java]] varies much less from gamelan to gamelan than it does in [[Bali]], where ensembles from the same village may be tuned very differently. The five pitches of the Javanese version are roughly equally spaced within the octave.

As in ''pelog'', although the intervals vary from one gamelan to the next, the intervals between notes in a scale are very close to identical for different instruments within the same ''gamelan''. It is common in Balinese gamelan that instruments are played in pairs which are tuned slightly apart so as to produce [[beat (acoustics)|interference beating]] which are ideally at a consistent speed for all pairs of notes in all registers. It is thought that this contributes to the very "busy" and "shimmering" sound of gamelan ensembles. In the religious ceremonies that contain ''gamelan'', these interference beats are meant to give the listener a feeling of a god's presence or a stepping stone to a meditative state.

For the instruments that do not need fixed pitches (such as [[suling]] and [[rebab]]) and the voice, other pitches are sometimes inserted into the scale. The Sundanese musicologist/teacher [[Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata]] identified 17 vocal pitches used in ''slendro''.<ref>[[Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata]]. ''Ringkěsan Pangawikan Riněnggaswara''. Jakarta: Noordhoff-Kollff, c. 1950, page 17. Cited in [[Mantle Hood|Hood, Mantle]] (1977). ''The Nuclear Theme as a Determinant of Pathet in Javanese Music'', {{page needed|date=May 2012}}. New York: Da Capo.</ref> These [[microtonal]] adjustments bear some similarity to Indian ''[[śruti (music)|śruti]]''.

==Note names==
In Java, the notes of the ''slendro'' scale can be designated in different ways; one common way is the use of numbers often called by their names in [[Javanese language|Javanese]], especially in a shortened form. An older set uses names derived from parts of the body. Notice that both systems have the same designations for 5 and 6. There is no 4; possibly this is because it appears as an unusual tone in pelog and is not used when modulating between the systems.

{| class="wikitable"
!''Number''
! colspan="2" | Javanese number
! colspan="2" | Traditional name
|-
! !! Full name !! Short name !! Full name !! Literal meaning
|-
|1 || ''siji'' || ''ji'' || ''panunggal'' || head
|-
|2 || ''loro'' || ''ro'' || ''gulu'' || neck
|-
|3 || ''telu'' || ''lu'' || ''dhadha'' || chest
|-
|5 || ''lima'' || ''ma'' || ''lima'' || hand (five fingers)
|-
|6 || ''enam'' || ''nam'' || ''nem'' || six
|}

The name ''barang'' is also sometimes used for 1 in ''slendro'' (it is the usual name for 7 in pelog); the octave is then designated as ''barang alit''.

In Bali, the scale starts on the note named ding, and then continue going up the scale to dong, deng, dung and dang.

==Connotations==
For experienced participants in gamelan music, the ''pelog'' and ''slendro'' scales each have a particular feeling, related to the rituals and circumstances in which the scale is used. For example, in [[Bali]], ''slendro'' is felt to have a sad sound because it is used as the tuning of [[gamelan angklung]], the traditional ensemble for [[cremation]] ceremonies.

The connotation also depends on the ''[[pathet]]'' (roughly, the mode) used. There are three ''slendro pathet'' used in Javanese ''gamelan'', ''nem'', ''sanga'', and ''manyura''. That is the order in which they appear in a ''[[wayang]]'' performance, which historically used only ''slendro pathet''. Consequently, they have the implications of where they appear in the evening.

==See also==
{{Portal|Music|Indonesia}}
* [[Gamelan]]
* [[Pathet]]
* [[Cengkok]]
* [[Pelog]]
* [[Music of Indonesia]]
* [[Music of Java]]

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
*Hewitt, Michael. ''Musical Scales of the World''. The Note Tree. 2013. {{ISBN|978-0957547001}}.

{{Gamelan}}
{{scales}}
{{Musical tuning}}
[[Category:Gamelan theory]]
[[Category:Musical tuning]]
[[Category:Musical scales]]
[[Category:Anhemitonic scales]]