View source for Slavomolisano dialect

{{short description|Dialect}}
{{More footnotes|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Slavomolisano
|altname=Molise Slavic, Molise Croatian
|nativename={{lang|svm|na-našu, na-našo}}
|states=[[Italy]]
|region=[[Molise]]
|minority={{ITA}}
|ethnicity=[[Molise Croats]]
|speakers=< 1,000<!--E19 forgot the "less than" in the code request-->
|date=2012
|ref=<ref name="SIL">{{cite web |url=http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2012-068_svm.pdf |first=Walter |last=Breu |publisher=ISO 639-3 Registration Authority |title=Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3 |date=2012-03-06 |access-date=2013-06-30}}</ref>
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
|fam3=[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
|fam4=[[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]
|fam5=[[Western South Slavic languages|Western]]
|fam6=[[Shtokavian]]
|fam7= [[Neo-Shtokavian]]
|fam8=[[Younger Ikavian]]
|script=[[Latin script|Latin]]<ref>{{e21|svm|Slavomolisano}}</ref>
|iso3=svm
|glotto=slav1254
|glottorefname=Slavomolisano
}}
{{South Slavic languages sidebar}}
[[File:Mundimitar ploča.jpg|thumb|right|Bilingual street sign in Montemitro in Italian and Molise Croatian.]]
'''''Slavomolisano''''', also known as '''Molise Slavic''' or '''Molise Croatian''' ({{langx|hr|Moliški hrvatski}}; {{langx|it|croato molisano}}), is a variety of [[Shtokavian dialect|Shtokavian]] [[Croatian language|Croatian]] spoken by [[Croats of Italy|Italian Croats]] in three villages – [[Montemitro]] ({{lang|svm|Mundimitar}}), [[Acquaviva Collecroce]] ({{lang|svm|Živavoda Kruč}}) and [[San Felice del Molise]] ({{lang|svm|Štifilić}}) – in the [[province of Campobasso]], in the [[Molise]] Region of southern [[Italy]]. There are fewer than 1,000 active speakers, and fewer than 2,000 passive speakers.<ref name="SIL"/>

It has been preserved since a group of Croats emigrated from [[Dalmatia]] due to the advancing [[Ottoman Turks]]. The residents of these villages speak a [[Shtokavian dialect|Shtokavian]] [[Younger Ikavian dialect]] with a strong [[Southern Chakavian]] [[adstratum]]. The [[Molise Croats]] consider themselves to be Slavic Italians, with South Slavic heritage and who speak a Slavic language, rather than simply ethnic Slavs or Croats.<ref name="SIL"/> Some speakers call themselves {{lang|svm|Zlavi}} or {{lang|svm|Harvati}} and call their language simply {{lang|svm|na našo}} ("our language").

==History==
{{further|Molise Croats#History}}

According to evidence Croats arrived in Molise in the early 16th century.{{sfn|Telišman|1987|p=187}} The documents from the episcopal archive of [[Termoli]] indicate that Molise Croats arrived 1518 in ''Stifilić'' (San Felice).{{sfn|Telišman|1987|p=188}} A stone inscription on the church in [[Palata, Italy|Palata]], destroyed in 1930s, read ''Hoc Primum Dalmatiae Gentis Incoluere Castrum Ac Fundamentis Erexere Templum Anno 1531'' (Residents of Dalmatia first settled the town and founded the church in 1531).{{sfn|Telišman|1987|p=187}} The absence of any Turkish word additionally proves this dating.{{sfn|Telišman|1987|p=187}}{{sfn|Perinić|2006|p=94}}

The language of [[Molise Croats]] is considered to be important because of its archaism, preserved old folk songs and tradition.{{sfn|Šimunović|2012|p=197–198, 202–203}}{{sfn|Perinić|2006|p=99–100}} The basic vocabulary was done by [[Milan Rešetar]] (in monography), Agostina Piccoli (along Antonio Sammartino, Snježana Marčec and Mira Menac-Mihalić) in ''Rječnik moliškohrvatskoga govora Mundimitra'' (''Dizionario dell' idioma croato-molisano di Montemitro''), and ''Dizionario croato molisano di Acquaviva Collecroce'', the grammar ''Gramatika moliškohrvatskoga jezika '' (Grammatica della lingua croato-molisana), as well work ''Jezik i porijeklo stanovnika slavenskih naseobina u pokrajini Molise'' by Anita Sujoldžić, [[Božidar Finka]], [[Petar Šimunović]] and Pavao Rudan.{{sfn|Šimunović|2012|p=194}}{{sfn|Perinić|2006|p=97}}

The language of Molise Croats belongs to [[Younger Ikavian dialect]] of Western [[Shtokavian dialect|Shtokavian]],{{sfn|Lisac|2003|p=51–53, 60–61, 64}}{{sfn|Šimunović|2012|p=193}} with many features and lexemes of [[Southern Chakavian]] dialect.{{sfn|Šimunović|2012|p=193}}{{sfn|Perinić|2006|p=96}} The lexicon comparison points to the similarity with language of [[Sumartin]] on [[Brač]], [[Sućuraj]] on [[Hvar]], and [[Račišće]] on [[Korčula]],{{sfn|Šimunović|2012|p=194}}{{sfn|Perinić|2006|p=96}} settlements founded almost in the same time as those in Molise,{{sfn|Šimunović|2012|p=194}} and together point to the similarity of several settlements in Southwestern Istria (see [[Southwestern Istrian]] dialect), formed by the population of Makarska hinterland and Western Herzegovina.{{sfn|Šimunović|2012|p=194}}{{sfn|Perinić|2006|p=97}}

Giacomo Scotti noted that the ethnic identity and language was preserved in San Felice, Montemitro and Acquaviva Collecroce only thanks to the geographical and transport distance of the villages from the sea.{{sfn|Telišman|1987|p=189}} Josip Smodlaka noted that during his visit in the early 20th century the residents of Palata still knew the Croatian for basic terms like home and field work, but if the conversation touched more complex concepts they had to use the Italian language.{{sfn|Telišman|1987|p=190}}

The language is taught in [[primary school]]s and the signs in villages are [[bilingual]]. However, the sociolinguistic status of the language differs among the three villages where it is spoken: in San Felice del Molise, it is spoken only by old people, whereas in Acquaviva Collecroce it is also spoken by young adults and adolescents, and in Montemitro it is spoken even by children, generally alongside Italian.<ref name=Marra>Marra, Antonietta. ''Contact Phenomena in the Slavic of Molise: some remarks about nouns and prepositional phrases'' in ''Morphologies in Contact'' (2012), p.265 et seq.</ref>

== Features ==
* The analytic ''do'' + genitive replaces the synthetic independent genitive. In Italian it is ''del-'' + noun, since Italian has lost all its cases.
* ''od'' replaced by ''do''.
* Disappearance of the neuter gender for nouns. Most neuter nouns have become masculine instead under the influence of Italian, and their unstressed final vowels have almost universally lowered to {{IPA|/a/}}.<ref name=Marra/> In the Montemitro dialect, however, ''all'' neuter nouns have become masculine, and vowel lowering has not occurred.<ref name=Marra/>
* Some feminine -''i''- stem nouns have become masculine. Those that have not have instead gained a final -a and joined the -''a''- stem inflectional paradigm. Thus feminine ''kost'', "bone", has become masculine but retained its form, while feminine ''stvar'', "thing", has become ''stvarḁ'' but retained its gender.<ref name=Marra/>
* Simplification of declension classes. All feminine nouns have the same case inflection paradigm, and all masculine nouns have one of two case inflection paradigms (animate or inanimate).<ref name=Marra/>
* Only the nominative, dative, and accusative cases can be used in their bare forms (without prepositions), and even then only when expressing the syntactic roles of subject, direct object, or recipient.<ref name=Marra/>
* Loss of the locative case.<ref name=Marra/>
* Slavic [[verb aspect]] is preserved, except in the past tense imperfective verbs are attested only in the Slavic [[imperfect]] (''bihu'', they were), and perfective verbs only in the [[perfect (grammar)|perfect]] (''je izaša'', he has come out).<!--"he came out" is not a perfect-->  There is no colloquial imperfect in the modern West South Slavic languages. Italian has aspect in the past tense that works in a similar fashion (impf. ''portava'', "he was carrying", versus perf. ''ha portato'', "he has carried", and ''portò'', "he carried").
* Slavic conjunctions replaced by Italian or local ones: ''ke'', "what" (Cr. ''što'', also ''ke'' - Cr. ''da'', "that", It. ''che''); ''e'', ''oš'', "and" (Cr ''i'', It. ''e''); ''ma'', "but" (Cr. ''ali'', ''no'', It. ''ma''); ''se'', "if" (Cr. ''ako'', It. ''se'').
* An indefinite article is in regular use: ''na'', often written 'na, possibly derived from earlier ''jedna'', "one", via Italian ''una''.
* Structural changes in genders.  Notably, ''njevog'' does not agree with the possessor's gender (Cr. ''njegov'' or ''njezin'', his or her). Italian ''suo'' and its forms likewise does not, but with the object's gender instead.
* As in Italian, the perfective enclitic auxiliary verb is tightly bound to the past participle and always stands before it: ''je izaša'', "is let loose" (Cr. facul. ''je izašao'' or ''izašao je''), Italian ''è rilasciato''.
* Devoicing or loss of final short vowels, thus e.g. ''mlěko'' > ''mblikḁ'', "milk", ''more'' > ''mor'', "sea", ''nebo'' > ''nebḁ'', "sky".<ref name=Marra/>

== Phonology ==

===Consonants===
The consonant system of Molise Slavic is as follows, with parenthesized consonants indicating sounds that appear only as allophones:<ref name=DMAC>Walter Breu and Giovanni Piccoli ('''2000'''), ''Dizionario croato molisano di Acquaviva Collecroce: Dizionario plurilingue della lingua slava della minoranza di provenienza dalmata di Acquaviva Collecroce in Provincia di Campobasso'' (Parte grammaticale).</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!
! [[labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[palato-alveolar consonant|Palato-<br/>alveolar]]
! [[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[Plosive]]
|{{IPA link|p}}&nbsp;{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|t}}&nbsp;{{IPA link|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|c}}&nbsp;{{IPA link|ɟ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}&nbsp;{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! [[Affricate]]
|
|{{IPA link|t͡s}}&nbsp;{{IPA link|d͡z}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}&nbsp;{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|
|
|-
! [[Fricative]]
|{{IPA link|f}}&nbsp;{{IPA link|v}}
|{{IPA link|s}}&nbsp;{{IPA link|z}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}&nbsp;{{IPA link|ʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ç}}&nbsp;{{IPA link|ʝ}}
|{{IPA link|x}}&nbsp;({{IPA link|ɣ}})
|-
! [[nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|({{IPA link|ŋ}})
|-
! [[lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʎ}}
|
|-
! [[trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! [[Approximant]]
|({{IPA link|w}})
|
|
|({{IPA link|j}})
|
|}

* Unlike the standard [[Croatian language|Croatian]] [[lect]]s, there are no [[alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal]] phonemes {{IPA|/t͡ɕ/}} and {{IPA|/d͡ʑ/}} (ć and đ), as they have largely merged with the palato-alveolar {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} (č and dž).<ref name=DMAC/> However, in cases where standard Croatian {{IPA|/t͡ɕ/}} reflects Proto-Slavic *jt, the corresponding phoneme in Molise Slavic is instead {{IPA|/c/}}.<ref name=DMAC/> In some cases standard {{IPA|/d͡ʑ/}} corresponds to Molise {{IPA|/ʝ/}}, as in [[Chakavian]].<ref name=DMAC/>
* {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/d͡z/}}, {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/c/}}, {{IPA|/ɟ/}}, and {{IPA|/ç/}} appear mostly in loanwords.<ref name=DMAC/>
* The velar fricative {{IPA|[ɣ]}} is inserted by some speakers between vowels to eliminate [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]]; some speakers use {{IPA|[v]}} in this role instead.<ref name=DMAC/> Rarely, {{IPA|[ɣ]}} can appear as an intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/x/}}.<ref name=DMAC/>
* {{IPA|/n/}} is realized as {{IPA|[ŋ]}} before velar plosives.<ref name=DMAC/>
* A prothetic {{IPA|[j]}} is regularly inserted before initial {{IPA|/i/}}.<ref name=DMAC/>
* A {{IPA|/u̥/}} adjacent to a vowel is realized as a {{IPA|[w]}}.<ref name=DMAC/> Etymologically, it derives from a {{IPA|/v/}} next to an [[Plosive#Voice|unvoiced plosive]]; thus standard Croatian {{IPA|[stvâːr]}} (‘thing’) corresponds to Molise Slavic {{IPA|[ˈstwaːrḁ]}}.<ref name=DMAC/>
* Some speakers realize {{IPA|/ʎ/}} as {{IPA|[j]}}, {{IPA|/ɡʎ/}} as {{IPA|[ɟ]}}, and {{IPA|/kʎ/}} as {{IPA|[c]}}.<ref name=DMAC/>
* After a short vowel, the following consonant may optionally be geminated.<ref name=DMAC/>

===Vowels===
The vocalic system of Molise Slavic has seven distinct vowel qualities, as follows:<ref name=DMAC/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|-
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}
* Besides these vowels, there is also a [[Syllabic consonant|syllabic]] {{IPA|/r̩/}} that functions as a vowel.<ref name=DMAC/> Some speakers insert an epenthetic {{IPA|[ɛ]}} before the {{IPA|/r/}} instead of pronouncing the {{IPA|/r/}} as syllabic.<ref name=DMAC/>
* There are two tones, rising and falling. A falling tone can be found only on single stressed initial syllables. A rising tone spreads over two equally-stressed syllables (or one stressed followed by one more stressed), except in cases where the second syllable has been lost. If the second syllable is long, some speakers only stress the second syllable.<ref name=DMAC/>
* An opposition exists between long and short vowels, but only in stressed position. Vowels with a falling tone are sometimes long, and the second vowel with a rising tone is always long unless it is word-final, in which case the first vowel with a rising tone is long instead if the second vowel is voiceless or lost. Vowel length is only distinctive with falling tone; with rising tone, it is entirely predictable.<ref name=DMAC/>
* {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} are found almost exclusively in loanwords.<ref name=DMAC/>
* {{IPA|[ɪ]}} appears as an allophone of unstressed {{IPA|/i/}}, especially next to nasal consonants.<ref name=DMAC/>
* In posttonic position, there is a tendency to lower vowels, so that both {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/e/}} merge with {{IPA|/a/}} (though some conservative speakers do not have this merger). {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} are also often lowered to {{IPA|[ɪ]}} and {{IPA|[ʊ]}}, but remain distinct.<ref name=DMAC/>
* Etymologically short vowels become [[voiceless]] in final position. Among younger speakers they are often dropped altogether. {{IPA|/i̥/}} is almost universally dropped, {{IPA|/ḁ/}} (and {{IPA|/e̥/}} and {{IPA|/o̥/}}, which have largely merged with {{IPA|/ḁ/}}) less commonly, and {{IPA|/u̥/}} is retained by almost everyone in all positions.<ref name=DMAC/>

== Samples ==
{{expand section|comparison to Standard Croatian and English translation|date=March 2012}}
A text collected by Milan Rešetar in 1911 (here superscripts indicate voiceless vowels):<ref>Milan Rešetar ('''1911'''), ''Die Serbokroatischen Kolonien Süditaliens''.</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
|+ The Fox and the Lark
! scope="col" |Slavomolisano
! scope="col" |Standard Croatian
! scope="col" |English translation
|-
|Nu votu biš na-lisic oš na-kalandrel; su vrl grańe na-po. Lisic je rekla kalandrel: "Sad’ ti grańe, ka ja-ću-ga plivit." Sa je-rival<sup>a</sup> ka’ sa-plivaš; je rekla lisic: "Pliv’ ti sa’, ke ja-ću-ga poranat." Kalandral je-plivila grańe. Kada sa ranaše, je rekla lisic: "Sa’ ranaj ti, ke ja-ću-ga štoknit." Je-rival<sup>a</sup> za-ga-štoknit; je rekla lisic: "Sa’ štokni ga-ti, ke ja-ću-ga zabrat." Je rival<sup>a</sup> za zabrat; je rekla lisic: "Zabri-ga ti, ke ja-ću-ga razdilit." Je pola kalandrel<sup>a</sup> za-ga-razdilit; lisic je-vrla kučak zdola meste. Sa je rekla lisic kalandrel: "Vam’ mest<sup>e</sup>!"; kaladrela je-vazela mest<sup>e</sup>, je jizaša kučak, je kumenca lajat, — kalandrela je ušl e lisic je-rekl<sup>a</sup>: "Grańe men — slamu teb!"
|Jedanput bješe jedna lisica i jedna ševa; metnule su kukuruz napola. Lisica je rekla ševi: "Sadi ti kukuruz, jer ja ću ga plijeviti." Sad je došlo (vrijeme), kada se plijevljaše; rekla je lisica: "Plijevi ti sad, jer ja ću ga opkopati." Ševa je plijevila kukuruz. Kada se opkapaše, rekla je lisica: "Sada opkapaj ti, jer ja ću rezati." Došlo je (vrijeme) da se reže; rekla je lisica: "Sad ga reži ti, jer ja ću ga probrati." Došlo je (vrijeme) da se probere; rekla je lisica: "Proberi ga ti, jer ja ću ga razdijeliti." Pošla je ševa da ga dijeli; lisica je metnula kučka pod vagan. Sad je rekla lisica ševi: "Uzmi vagan!"; ševa je uzela vagan, izašao je kučak, počeo je lajati, — ševa je pobjegla, a lisica je rekla: "Kukuruz meni — slamu tebi!"
|Once there was a fox and a lark; they divided corn in halves. The fox said to the lark: "You plant the corn, for I’ll weed out the chaff." The time came to weed out the chaff; the fox said: "You weed now, for I’ll dig around it." The lark weeded out the chaff from the corn. When it came time to dig, the fox said: "Now you dig, for I’ll reap it." The time came to reap it; the fox said: "Now you reap it, for I will gather it." The time came to gather; the fox said: "You gather it, for I’ll divide it up." The lark went to divide it up; the fox placed a dog under the weighing pan. Now the fox said to the lark: "Take the weighing pan!"; the lark took the pan, the dog came out, he began to bark, — the lark fled, but the fox said: "The corn for me — the straw for you!"
|}

A section of [[The Little Prince]], as translated into Molise Slavic by Walter Breu and Nicola Gliosca:

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! scope="col" |Slavomolisano
! scope="col" |Standard Croatian
! scope="col" |English translation
|-
|A! Mali kraljič, ja sa razumija, na mala na votu, naka, tvoj mali život malingonik. Ti s'bi jima sa čuda vrima kana dištracijunu sama ono slako do sutanji. Ja sa znaja ovu malu aš novu stvaru, dòp četar dana jistru, kada ti s'mi reka: Su mi čuda drage sutanja.
|Ah! Mali prinče, tako sam, malo po malo, shvatio tvoj mali, tužni život. Tebi je dugo vremena jedina razonoda bila samo ljepota sunčevih zalazaka! Tu sam novu pojedinost saznao četvrtog dana ujutro kad si mi rekao: Jako volim zalaske sunca.
|Oh, little prince! Bit by bit I came to understand the secrets of your sad little life. For a long time you had found your only entertainment in the quiet pleasure of looking at the sunset. I learned that new detail on the morning of the fourth day, when you said to me: I am very fond of sunsets.
|}

An anonymous poem (reprinted in ''Hrvatske Novine: Tajednik Gradišćanskih Hrvatov'', winner of a competition in Molise):

: '''SIN MOJ'''
<poem>
    Mo prosič solite saki dan
    ma što činiš, ne govoreš maj
    je funia dan, je počela noča,
    maneštra se mrzli za te čeka.
    Letu vlase e tvoja mat
    gleda vane za te vit.
    Boli život za sta zgoro,
    ma samo mat te hoče dobro.
    Sin moj!
    Nimam već suze za još plaka
    nimam već riče za govorat.
    Srce se guli za te misli
    što ti prodava, oni ke sve te išće!
    Palako govoru, čelkadi saki dan,
    ke je dola droga na vi grad.
    Sin moj!
    Tvoje oč, bihu toko lipe,
    sada jesu mrtve,
    Boga ja molim, da ti živiš
    droga ja hočem da ti zabiš,
    doma te čekam, ke se vrniš,
    Solite ke mi prosiš,
    kupiš paradis, ma smrtu platiš.
</poem>

== Dictionaries ==
* Josip Lisac. 2000. Dva moliškohrvatska rječnika [Two Molise-Croatian Dictionaries], ''Mogućnosti'' 10/12, Split Literary Circle.
* Walter Breu-Giovanni Piccoli (con aiuto di Snježana Marčec), ''Dizionario croatomolisano di Acquaviva-Collecroce'', Campobasso 2000.
* Ag. Piccoli-Antonio Samartino, ''Dizionario dell' idioma croato-molisano di Montemitro/Rječnik moliškohrvatskih govora Mundimitra'', [[Matica hrvatska]] Mundimitar - Zagreb, 2000.
* Giovanni Piccoli: ''Lessico del dialetto di Acquaviva-Collecroce'', Rome, 1967
* Božidar Vidov: ''Rječnik ikavsko-štokavskih govora molizanskih Hrvata u srednjoj Italiji'', Mundimitar–Štifilić–Kruč–Toronto, 1972.
* Tatjana Crisman: ''Dall' altra parte del mare. Le colonie croate del Molise'', Rome, 1980
* Angelo Genova: ''Ko jesmo bolje: Ko bihmo'', Vasto, 1990.

==See also==
*[[Molise Croats]]
*[[Chakavian]]
*[[Shtokavian]]
*[[Southwestern Istrian]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* {{Cite journal |first=Tihomir |last=Telišman |date=1987 |title=Neke odrednice etničkog identiteta Moliških Hrvata u južnoj Italiji |trans-title=Some determinants of ethnic identity of Molise Croats in Southern Italy |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=189770&lang=en |journal=Migration and Ethnic Themes |language=hr |publisher=Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies |volume=3 |issue=2 }}
* {{Cite journal |first=Agostina |last=Piccoli |date=1994 |title=20 000 Molisini di origine Slava (Prilog boljem poznavanju moliških Hrvata) |trans-title=20,000 Molise residents of Slav origin (Appendix for better knowledge of the Molise Croats) |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=112420&lang=en |journal=Studia ethnologica Croatica |language=hr |publisher=Department of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb |volume=5 |issue=1 }}
* {{Citation |first=Josip |last=Lisac |author-link=Josip Lisac |title=Hrvatska dijalektologija 1&nbsp;– Hrvatski dijalekti i govori štokavskog narječja i hrvatski govori torlačkog narječja |chapter=Zapadni dijalekt - Novoštokavski ikavski dijalekt |year=2003 |publisher=Golden marketing&nbsp;– Tehnička knjiga |location=Zagreb |isbn=953-212-168-4 |pages=50–76}}
* {{Cite journal |first=Ana |last=Perinić |date=2006 |title=Moliški Hrvati: Rekonstrukcija kreiranja ireprezentacijejednog etničkog identiteta |trans-title=Molise Croats: Reconstruction of creation and representation of an ethnic identity |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=43460&lang=en |language=hr |publisher=Croatian Ethnological Society and Department of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb |journal=Etnološka tribina |volume=36 |issue=29 }}
* {{Cite journal |first=Petar |last=Šimunović |author-link=Petar Šimunović |date=May 2012 |title=Moliški Hrvati i njihova imena: Molize i druga naselja u južnoj Italiji u motrištu tamošnjih hrvatskih onomastičkih podataka |trans-title=Molise Croats and their names: Molise and other settlements in southern Italy in the standpoint of the local Croatian onomastic data |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/81924 |journal=Folia Onomastica Croatica |issue=20 |language=hr |pages=189–205 |access-date=24 July 2017 }}

==Bibliography==
* Aranza, Josip (1892), ''Woher die südslavischen Colonien in Süditalien'' (Archiv für slavische Philologie, XIV, pp.&nbsp;78–82, Berlin.
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==External links ==
{{Incubator|svm}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060408045928/http://www.mundimitar.it/hr/porijeklo_prezimena.htm Porijeklo prezimena o Moliski hrvati u Mundimitru/Origins of surnames of Croats in Mundimitar]
*[http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/europe_report.html#MCroatian UNESCO Red Book on endangered languages and dialects: Europe]
*[https://archive.today/20100223202658/http://web.uniud.it/cip/min_tutelate_scheda.htm Schede sulle minoranze tutelate dalla legge 482/1999] Minority languages in Italy (site of University in Udine, in Italian)
*[http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/croat/fr/i2/i2.html#top Le Croate en Italie]
*[http://www.uni-konstanz.de/FuF/Philo/Sprachwiss/slavistik/acqua/indexI.htm Molisian Slavic at the University of Konstanz (Germany)]
*[http://www.uni-konstanz.de/FuF/Philo/Sprachwiss/slavistik/acqua/Resetar_Libro_completo1.pdf Download of the Italian Version (1997 © Walter Breu) of Milan Rešetar's Book (1911)]
*{{in lang|hr}} [http://www.vjesnik.com/Pdf/2001%5C01%5C09%5C13A13.PDF Vjesnik]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Josip Lisac: Monumentalni rječnik moliških Hrvata, Jan 9 2001
*{{in lang|de}} [http://www.regione.taa.it/biblioteca/minoranze/Molise_d.aspx Autonome Region Trentino-Südtirol]  Sprachminderheiten in Italien
*{{in lang|de}} [http://novinet.info/cgh/skupno/news.cfm?id=10212&jez=2 CGH - Gradišćansko-hrvatski Centar - Burgenländisch-kroatisches Zentrum]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Wörterbuch der Molisekroaten (Italien) wurde Donnerstag in Wien vorgestellt <!-- search from www.hrvatskicentar.at -->
*{{cite journal |last=Lisac |first=Josip |author-link=Josip Lisac |title=Moliškohrvatski govori i novoštokavski ikavski dijalekt |journal=[[Kolo (journal)|Kolo]] |year=2008 |issue=3–04 |language=hr |url=http://www.matica.hr/kolo/kolo2008_3.nsf/AllWebDocs/Moliskohrvatski_govori_i_novostokavski_ikavski_dijalekt |access-date=2009-05-17 |archive-date=2013-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529033842/http://www.matica.hr/kolo/kolo2008_3.nsf/AllWebDocs/Moliskohrvatski_govori_i_novostokavski_ikavski_dijalekt |url-status=dead }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101220051357/http://www.matica.hr/Vijenac/Vij186.nsf/AllWebDocs/DOGADJANJA Vijenac 186/2001] Posebnost moliške jezične baštine - Dizionario dell'idioma croato-molisano di Montemitro — Rječnik moliškohrvatskog govora Mundimitra predstavljen

{{Croatian language|state=expanded}} 
{{Languages of Italy}}
{{Slavic languages|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of Molise]]
[[Category:Croatian language]]
[[Category:Endangered diaspora languages]]
[[Category:Endangered Slavic languages]]
[[Category:Articles citing ISO change requests]]