View source for Simian

{{Short description|Infraorder of primates}}
{{Redirect|Anthropoids|other uses|Anthropoid (disambiguation)|and|Simian (disambiguation)}}
{{For|an explanation of very similar terms|Monkey}}

{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Simians
| fossil_range = [[Middle Eocene]]-[[Holocene]], {{fossil range|40|0}}
| image = Simiiformes.png
| image_caption = 
| taxon = Simiiformes
| authority = [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], 1866<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves | id = 12100177 | page = 128 | heading = Simiiformes}}</ref><ref name=SAP/><ref name="Haekel">{{Cite book |last=Haekel |first=Ernst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dthOAAAAMAAJ&q=simiiformes |title=Generelle Morphologie, Allgemeine Entwicklungsgeschichte der Organismen |year=1866 |pages=CLX}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Parvorders
| subdivision = *[[Catarrhini]]
*[[Platyrrhini]]
| synonyms = * Anthropoids
* Pithecoidea<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pocock |first=R. I. |date=1918-03-05 |title=On the External Characters of the Lemurs and of Tarsius |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1918.tb02076.x |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |language=en |volume=88 |issue=1–2 |pages=19–53 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1918.tb02076.x |issn=0370-2774|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Simiae<ref name="Haekel"/>
* Pitheci<ref name="Haekel"/>
}}

The '''simians''', '''anthropoids''', or '''higher primates''' are an [[infraorder]] ('''Simiiformes''' {{IPAc-en|'|s|ɪ|m|i|.|ᵻ|f|ɔr|m|iː|z}}) of [[primate]]s containing all animals traditionally called [[monkey]]s and [[ape]]s. More precisely, they consist of the [[parvorder]]s [[New World monkey|Platyrrhini]] (New World monkeys) and [[Catarrhini]], the latter of which consists of the family Cercopithecidae ([[Old World monkey]]s in the stricter sense) and the superfamily [[Hominoidea]] (apes{{dash}}including humans).

The simians are sister group to the [[Tarsiiformes|tarsiers]] (Tarsiiformes), together forming the [[Haplorhini|haplorhines]]. The [[Evolutionary radiation|radiation]] occurred about 60 million years ago (during the [[Cenozoic era]]); 40 million years ago, simians colonized [[South America]], giving rise to the [[New World monkey]]s. The remaining simians (catarrhines) split about 25 million years ago into [[Old World monkey|Cercopithecidae]] and [[ape]]s (including [[human]]s).

==Taxonomy==
In earlier classification, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and humans – collectively known as '''simians''' or '''anthropoids''' – were grouped under '''Anthropoidea''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|n|θ|r|ə|ˈ|p|ɔɪ|d|i|.|ə}}; {{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|ἄνθρωπος}}'' ({{grc-transl|ἄνθρωπος}})|human||''{{wikt-lang|grc|-οειδής}}'' ({{grc-transl|-οειδής}})|resembling, connected to, etc.}}), while the [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhines]] and tarsiers were grouped under the suborder "[[Prosimii]]". Under modern classification, the tarsiers and simians are grouped under the suborder [[Haplorhini]], while the strepsirrhines are placed in suborder Strepsirrhini.<ref name="The Human Lineage">{{cite book | last1 = Cartmill | first1 = M. | last2 = Smith | first2 = F. H | title = The Human Lineage | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-118-21145-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X058kYnhxC0C&pg=PA89}}</ref> Strong genetic evidence for this is that five [[Short interspersed nuclear element|SINEs]] are common to all haplorhines whilst absent in strepsirrhines — even one being coincidental between tarsiers and simians would be quite unlikely.<ref name="Williams">{{cite journal| title = New perspectives on anthropoid origins|first1=Blythe A | last1=Williams | first2=Richard F | last2=Kay | first3=E Christopher| last3=Kirk| editor-first=Alan | editor-last=Walker | journal = [[PNAS]]| date = January 2010 | volume = 107| pages = 4797–4804 | issue = 11 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0908320107|pmid=20212104 | pmc=2841917|bibcode=2010PNAS..107.4797W |doi-access=free }}</ref> Despite this preferred taxonomic division, "[[prosimian]]" is still regularly found in textbooks and the academic literature because of familiarity, a condition likened to the use of the [[metric system]] in the sciences and the use of [[United States customary units|customary units]] elsewhere in the United States.<ref name="Primates in Perspective">{{cite book | last1 = Hartwig | first1 = W. | title = Primates in Perspective | edition = 2nd | editor1-last = Campbell | editor1-first = C. J. | editor2-last = Fuentes | editor2-first = A. | editor3-last = MacKinnon | editor3-first = K. C. | editor4-last = Bearder | editor4-first = S. K. | editor5-last=Stumpf | editor5-first = R. M | chapter = Chapter 3: Primate evolution | pages = 19–31 | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-19-539043-8 }}</ref> In the Anthropoidea, evidence indicates that the Old World and New World primates went through parallel evolution.<ref>{{cite book| title= Organic Evolution| year= 1917| edition= 1929| publisher= The Macmillan Company|location=New York|pages= 641–86| first= Richard Swann |last= Lull| chapter= XXXVII: The Evolution of Man| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZxIAAAAMAAJ| via= Google Books}}</ref>

[[Primatology]], [[paleoanthropology]], and other related fields are split on their usage of the synonymous infraorder names, Simiiformes and Anthropoidea. According to [[Robert Hoffstetter]] (and supported by [[Colin Groves]]), the term Simiiformes has [[Principle of Priority|priority]] over Anthropoidea because the taxonomic term ''Simii'' by [[Jan van der Hoeven|van der Hoeven]], from which it is constructed, dates to 1833.<ref name=msw3/><ref name=Hoffstetter>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hoffstetter | first1 = R. | title = Phylogeny and geographical deployment of the Primates | doi = 10.1016/0047-2484(74)90028-1 | journal = Journal of Human Evolution | volume = 3 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–350 | year = 1974 | bibcode = 1974JHumE...3..327H }}</ref> In contrast, Anthropoidea by [[St. George Jackson Mivart|Mivart]] dates to 1864,<ref>{{cite book | title = Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology: Humanity, Culture and Social Life | editor1-last = Ingold | editor1-first = T | chapter = The evolution of early hominids | last1 = Tobias | first1 = P. V. | publisher = Taylor & Francis | year = 2002 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hKzSc02tbaMC&pg=PA35 | page = 35 | isbn = 978-0-415-28604-6}}</ref> while Simiiformes by [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]] dates to 1866, leading to counterclaims of priority.<ref name=msw3/> Hoffstetter also argued that Simiiformes is also constructed like a proper infraorder name (ending in "iformes"), whereas Anthropoidea ends in -"oidea", which is reserved for superfamilies. He also noted that Anthropoidea is too easily confused with "anthropoïdes", which translates to "apes" from several languages.<ref name=Hoffstetter/>

Some lines of extinct simian also are either placed into the [[Eosimiidae]] (to reflect their [[Eocene]] origin) and sometimes in [[Amphipithecidae]], thought to originate in the [[Rupelian|Early Oligocene]]. Additionally, ''[[Phileosimias]]'' is sometimes placed in the Eosimiidae and sometimes categorised separately.<ref>{{cite journal| title = Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): Data on early anthropoid evolution and biogeography| author = Marivaux <!---| first1=Laurent | last1=Marivaux | first2=Pierre-Olivier | last2=Antoine‡ | first3=Rafiqul Hassan Syed| last3=Baqri| first4=Mouloud | last4=Benammi | first5=Yaowalak | first5=Chaimaneet | first6=Jean-Yves | last6=Crochet | first7=Dario | last7=de Franceschi| first8=Nayyer | last8=Iqbal | first9=Jean-Jacques | last9=Jaeger | first10=Gregoire | last10=Metais†† | first11=Ghazala | last11=Roohi| first12=Jean-Loup | last12=Welcomme--->| journal = [[PNAS]]| date = June 2005 | volume = 102| pages = 8436–41 | issue = 24| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0503469102| pmc = 1150860| pmid=15937103| bibcode = 2005PNAS..102.8436M|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free}} ([http://www.pnas.org/content/102/24/8436.full.pdf Full text PDF])</ref>

== Evolution ==
The origin of anthropoid primates was initially thought to be Africa, however, fossil evidence now suggests they originated in Asia. During the middle to late [[Eocene]], multiple groups of Asian anthropoids crossed the [[Tethys Ocean|Tethys Sea]] on natural rafts or floating islands, colonizing Africa alongside other Asian mammals. The earliest African anthropoid fossils appear in sites across northern Africa, including Algeria, Libya, and Egypt. This dispersal before Africa and Asia were connected by land was aided by size, Asian monsoons, and river systems. After reaching Africa, anthropoids underwent major evolutionary changes, with some groups later crossing the South Atlantic to establish the New World monkey lineage in South America.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beard |first=K. Christopher |date=2016-10-21 |title=Out of Asia: Anthropoid Origins and the Colonization of Africa |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102215-100019 |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=199–213 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-102215-100019 |issn=0084-6570|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The New World monkeys in parvorder Platyrrhini split from the rest of the simian line about 40 million years ago (mya), leaving the parvorder Catarrhini occupying the Old World. This latter group split about 25 mya between the [[Cercopithecidae]] and the apes, making Cercopithecidae more closely related to the apes than to the Platyrrhini.

==Classification==
{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of living (extant) primates|caption=Cladogram. For each clade, it is indicated approximately how many Mya newer extant clades radiated.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}|clades={{Clade   
  |label1=[[Primate]]s (80 Mya)
    |1={{Clade
      |label1=[[Haplorhini]] (63 Mya)
      |1={{Clade
         |label1='''Simiiformes''' (42.6 Mya)
         |1={{Clade
            |label1=[[Catarrhini]] (29.0 Mya)
            |1={{Clade
               |1=[[Hominoidea]]
               |2=[[Cercopithecoidea]]
               }}
            |2=[[Platyrrhini]]
            }}
         |2=[[Tarsiiformes]]
         }}
      |2=[[Strepsirrhini]]
      }}
   }}}}

The following is the listing of the various simian families, and their placement in the order Primates:<ref name=msw3/><ref name= SAP>{{cite book |vauthors=Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA|title = South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation | chapter = The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini) | publisher = Springer |veditors=Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, [[Karen B. Strier|Strier KB]] | isbn = 978-0-387-78704-6 | year = 2009}}</ref>
* '''Order [[Primate]]s'''
** Suborder [[Strepsirrhini]]: non[[tarsier]] prosimians
** Suborder [[Haplorhini]]: tarsiers and monkeys, including apes
*** Infraorder [[Tarsiiformes]]
***Infraorder '''Simiiformes'''
**** Parvorder [[Platyrrhini]]: New World monkeys
***** Family [[Callitrichidae]]: marmosets and tamarins
***** Family [[Cebidae]]: capuchins and squirrel monkeys
***** Family [[Aotidae]]: night or owl monkeys (douroucoulis)
***** Family [[Pitheciidae]]: titis, sakis, and uakaris
***** Family [[Atelidae]]: howler, spider, and woolly monkeys
**** Parvorder [[Catarrhini]]
***** Superfamily [[Old World monkey|Cercopithecoidea]]: Old World monkeys
****** Family [[Old World monkey|Cercopithecidae]]
***** Superfamily [[Hominoidea]]
****** Family [[Hylobatidae]]: gibbons
****** Family [[Hominidae]]: great apes, including humans
**** †[[Amphipithecidae]]
**** †[[Eosimiidae]]
**** †''[[Aseanpithecus]]''
Below is a cladogram with some of the extinct simian species with the more modern species emerging within the Eosimiidae. The simians originated in Asia, while the crown simians were in Afro-Arabia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marivaux|first1=Laurent|last2=Antoine|first2=Pierre-Olivier|last3=Baqri|first3=Syed Rafiqul Hassan|last4=Benammi|first4=Mouloud|last5=Chaimanee|first5=Yaowalak|last6=Crochet|first6=Jean-Yves|last7=Franceschi|first7=Dario de|last8=Iqbal|first8=Nayyer|last9=Jaeger|first9=Jean-Jacques|date=2005-06-14|title=Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): Data on early anthropoid evolution and biogeography|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|language=en|volume=102|issue=24|pages=8436–8441|doi=10.1073/pnas.0503469102|issn=0027-8424|pmc=1150860|pmid=15937103|bibcode=2005PNAS..102.8436M|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Seiffert|first1=Erik R.|last2=Boyer|first2=Doug M.|last3=Fleagle|first3=John G.|last4=Gunnell|first4=Gregg F.|last5=Heesy|first5=Christopher P.|last6=Perry|first6=Jonathan M. G.|last7=Sallam|first7=Hesham M.|date=2017-04-10|title=New adapiform primate fossils from the late Eocene of Egypt|journal=Historical Biology|volume=30|issue=1–2|pages=204–226|doi=10.1080/08912963.2017.1306522|issn=0891-2963|s2cid=89631627|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/4834019 }}</ref><ref name="The Human Lineage"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Timothy M.|last2=Silcox|first2=Mary T.|last3=Walker|first3=Alan|last4=Mao|first4=Xianyun|last5=Begun|first5=David R.|last6=Benefit|first6=Brenda R.|last7=Gingerich|first7=Philip D.|last8=Köhler|first8=Meike|last9=Kordos|first9=László|date=2012-09-07|title=Evolution of locomotion in Anthropoidea: the semicircular canal evidence|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=279|issue=1742|pages=3467–3475|doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.0939|issn=0962-8452|pmc=3396915|pmid=22696520}}</ref><ref name="Primates in Perspective"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Seiffert|first1=Erik R.|last2=Tejedor|first2=Marcelo F.|last3=Fleagle|first3=John G.|last4=Novo|first4=Nelson M.|last5=Cornejo|first5=Fanny M.|last6=Bond|first6=Mariano|last7=de Vries|first7=Dorien|last8=Campbell|first8=Kenneth E.|date=2020-04-10|title=A parapithecid stem anthropoid of African origin in the Paleogene of South America|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aba1135|journal=Science|language=en|volume=368|issue=6487|pages=194–197|doi=10.1126/science.aba1135|pmid=32273470|bibcode=2020Sci...368..194S|s2cid=215550773|issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It is indicated approximately how many Mya the clades diverged into newer clades.

{{Clade|{{Clade
  |1='''[[Tarsiiformes]]''' [[File:Säugethiere vom Celebes- und Philippinen-Archipel (Taf. III) (white background) (1).jpg|40 px]]
  |label2='''Simians (54)'''
  |2={{Clade
    |state1=dashed
    |label1=[[Ekgmowechashalidae]] (39)
    |1={{Clade
       |1=''[[Muangthanhinius]]'' (†32 Mya)
       |label2=(36)
       |2={{Clade
           |1=''[[Gatanthropus micros]]'' (†30)
           |2=''[[Bugtilemur]]'' (†29)
       }}
      |state3=dashed
      |3=''[[Ekgmowechashala]]'' (†)
    }}
    |label2='''[[Eosimiidae]] (52)'''
    |2={{Clade
      |label1=[[Eosimiidae|Eosimiidae s.s.]](50)
      |1={{Clade
         |label1=(45)
         |1={{Clade
           |1=''[[Eosimias]]'' (†40)
           |2=''[[Phenacopithecus]]'' (†42)
         }}
         |label2=(45)
         |2={{Clade
           |1=''{{ill|Bahinia|fr}}'' (†32)
           |2=''[[Nosmips aenigmaticus]]'' (†37)
         }}
      }}
      |2={{Clade
        |1=''[[Phileosimias]]'' (†28)
        |label2='''(48)'''
        |2={{Clade
          |1=[[Amphipithecidae]] (†35)
          |label2='''(45)'''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Parapithecoidea]]
|1={{Clade
              |1=[[Parapithecidae]] (†30)
              |2=[[Proteopithecidae]] (†34)
}}
            |label2='''Crown Simians (40)'''
            |2={{Clade
   |label1='''[[Platyrrhini]] (35)'''
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Perupithecus]]'' (†)          
|label2='''(30)'''
               |2={{Clade
                 |label1=(29)
                 |1={{Clade
                    |1=''[[Chilecebus]]'' (†20)
                    |label2=(26)
                    |2={{Clade
                      |1=''[[Tremacebus]]'' (†20)
                      |label2=(24)
                      |2={{Clade
                        |1=''[[Homunculus (genus)|Homunculus]]'' (†16)
                        |2=''[[Dolichocebus]]'' (†20)
                      }}
                    }}
                 }}
                 |label2=(28)
                 |2={{Clade
                   |1=''[[Branisella]]'' (†26)
                   |2='''[[Platyrrhini|Crown Platyrrhini (New World Monkeys)]]''' [[File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate 8) (white background).jpg|60 px]]
                 }}
               }}
}}
              |2='''[[Catarrhini]]''' [[File:Cynocephalus doguera - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).tiff|60 px]]
}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|label1='''[[Haplorhini]] (64)'''|style1=line-height:80%;font-size:80%}}

Usually the [[Ekgmowechashalidae]] are considered to be [[Strepsirrhini]], not Haplorhini.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ni|first1=Xijun|last2=Li|first2=Qiang|last3=Li|first3=Lüzhou|last4=Beard|first4=K. Christopher|date=2016-05-06|title=Oligocene primates from China reveal divergence between African and Asian primate evolution|journal=Science|language=en|volume=352|issue=6286|pages=673–677|doi=10.1126/science.aaf2107|issn=0036-8075|pmid=27151861|bibcode=2016Sci...352..673N|doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2018 study places Eosimiidae as a sister to the crown haplorhini.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=López-Torres|first1=Sergi|last2=Silcox|first2=Mary T.|last3=Holroyd|first3=Patricia A.|date=2018-09-22|title=New omomyoids (Euprimates, Mammalia) from the late Uintan of southern California, USA, and the question of the extinction of the Paromomyidae (Plesiadapiformes, Primates)|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica|language=en|volume=21|issue=3|pages=1–28|doi=10.26879/756|issn=1094-8074|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2020 papers, the [[Proteopithecidae]] are part of the [[Parapithecoidea]],<ref name=":2"/> and ''[[Nosmips aenigmaticus]]'' (previously in [[Eosimiidae|Eosimidae]]<ref name=":0" />) is a basal simian.<ref name=":2"/> In a 2021 paper, the following basal simians were found:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wisniewski |first1=Anna L. |last2=Lloyd |first2=Graeme T. |last3=Slater |first3=Graham J. |date=2022-05-25 |title=Extant species fail to estimate ancestral geographical ranges at older nodes in primate phylogeny |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=289 |issue=1975 |pages=20212535 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2021.2535 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=9115010 |pmid=35582793}}</ref>

{{Clade|{{clade
|label1=(57)
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Altiatlasius|Altiatlasius koulch]]'' (†57)
|label2=(48)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Nosmips aenigmaticum]]'' (†37)
|label2=(37)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Anthradapis vietnamensis]]'' (†37)
|2=[[Ekgmowechashalidae]] (†28)
}}}}}}
|label2=(56)
|2={{clade
|label1=(17)
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Dolichocebus|Dolichocebus annectens]]'' (†16)
|2=''[[Parvimico materdei]]'' (†16)
}}
|label2=(54)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Eosimiidae|Eosimiidae s.s.]]'' (†41)
|label2=(48)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Bahinia]]'' (†33)
|label2=(45)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Phileosimias]]'' (†28)
|2=higher Simians (incl. crown simians)
}}
}}
}}
  }}
}}|label1=[[Simiiformes]]/ (58)|style1=line-height:80%;font-size:80%|sublabel1=[[Eosimiidae|Eosimiidae s.l.]]}}

''Dolichocebus annectens'' and ''Parvimico materdei'' would normally, given their South American location and their age and other factors, be considered Platyrrhini. The original Eosmiidae appear polyphyletic with ''Nosmips,'' ''Bahinia, and'' ''Phileosimias'' at different locations from other eosimians.

==Biological key-features==
In a section of their 2010 assessment of the evolution of anthropoids (simians) entitled "What is an Anthropoid", Williams, Kay, and Kirk set out [http://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/4797.full a list of biological features common to all or most anthropoids], including genetic similarities, similarities in eye location and the muscles close to the eyes, internal similarities between ears, dental similarities, and similarities on foot bone structure.<ref name="Williams"/> The earliest anthropoids were small primates with varied diets, forward-facing eyes, acute color vision for daytime lifestyles, and brains devoted more to vision and less to smell.<ref name="Williams"/> Living simians in both the New World and the Old World have larger brains than other primates, but they evolved these larger brains independently.<ref name="Williams"/>

Simians characteristically have relatively large brains, fused mandibles, binocular and color vision, and the females have a single fused uterus.<ref>Henry R. Hermann Ph.D., in Dominance and Aggression in Humans and Other Animals, 2017</ref> They also have fewer teeth and are more sexually dimorphic in terms of body size and anatomy.

The traits that separate New World simians from Old World simians are the nostrils and their dentation. New World simians have broad noses with forward facing nostrils and three premolars in each quadrant of the mouth, while Old World simians have narrower noses with downward facing nostrils and a narrow septum and only have two premolars.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==See also==
* ''[[Simia]]'', [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s original classification of these primates.
* [[wikt:simianization]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/8/266 BioMed Central Full text Gene conversion and purifying selection of a placenta-specific ERV-V envelope gene during simian evolution]
* [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Simiiformes.html ADW Simiiformes Classification]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=314293&lvl=3&p=has_linkout&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy browser (Simiiformes)]
* [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v467/n7319/abs/nature09425.html Late middle Eocene epoch of Libya yields earliest known radiation of African anthropoids]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121018195118/http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2010/10/mouse-sized-primates-shed-light.html Mouse-Sized Primates Shed Light on Human Origins]

{{Primates}}
{{Haplorhini|S.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5452918}}

[[Category:Simians| ]]
[[Category:Haplorhini]]
[[Category:Primate taxonomy]]