View source for Simbi

{{Short description|Water spirit in Kongo religion}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Kongo
| name = Simbi
| image = File:Dona Fish - Mamba Muntu - Simbi.jpg
| alt = <!-- for alternate text of the title image per [[WP:ALT]] -->
| caption = Depiction of Mamba Muntu, also known as Dona Fish, in present-day Angola
| other_names = 
| script = 
| affiliation = {{hlist|[[Kongo religion|Kongo]] • [[Hoodoo (spirituality)|Hoodoo]] • [[Palo (religion)|Palo]] • [[Candomblé]]}}
| cult_center = 
| abode = [[Atlantic Ocean]], Seas, Rivers (Nzadi), Forests (Mfinda)
| animals = 
| symbol = <!-- or | symbols = -->
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| region = 
| ethnic_group = {{hlist|[[Kongo people|Kongo peoples]] • [[Songye people]] • [[African Americans|Black Americans]]}}
| god_of = Water Spirit
| equivalent1 = [[Mami Wata|Mamba Muntu]]
| equivalent1_type = [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]]
| equivalent2 = [[Lwa]]
| equivalent2_type = [[Haiti|Haitian]]
| equivalent3 = Dona Fish
| equivalent3_type = [[Ovimbundu]]
| equivalent4 = [[Jengu]]
| equivalent4_type = [[Sawabantu languages|Sawabantu]]
}}
A '''Simbi''' (also spelled '''Cymbee''' and '''Sim'bi,''' pl. '''Bisimbi''' or '''Basimbi''') is a [[Central Africa|Central African]] [[Tutelary deity|guardian spirit]] of the [[Water spirit|water]] and [[List of nature deities|nature]] in traditional [[Kongo religion|Bakongo religion]], as well as in [[African diaspora religions|African diaspora spiritual traditions]], such as [[Hoodoo (spirituality)|Hoodoo]] in the [[African-American culture|southern United States]] and [[Palo (religion)|Palo]] in Cuba. Simbi have been historically identified as water people, or mermaids, pottery, snakes, gourds, and fire. Due to the forced removal of [[Bantu peoples]] from [[Atlantic slave trade|Africa to the Americas]], the [[Veneration of the dead|veneration of simbi]] exists today in countries, such as the United States, Brazil, Cuba, and Haiti.

== Etymology ==
While there is little written historical record of the word ''simbi'', there is consensus that it originated within [[Bantu languages|Bantu-speaking]] and [[Kongo language|Kongo-speaking]] communities and almost certainly began as a means for them to understand the spiritual nature of the world around them.{{Sfn|Brown|2012|p=1-2}}

Some believe the word ''simbi'' derives from ''simba'', a Kikongo word that means "to hold, keep, preserve.{{Sfn|Brown|2012|pp=113-114}} The similar phrase, ''isimba ia nsi'', which translates to "a distinguished person in the community," was recorded in an early Kikongo dictionary in the seventeenth century. This phrase and others, such as ''kisímbi kinsí'', which translates to "the very old person who does not die," are a few of the earliest evidences of the spiritual connection of bisimbi to the land of the living and the land of the dead.{{Sfn|Brown|2012|p=112}}

The word ''basimbi'' also translates to "guardians" with the phrase ''isimba ia nsi'' later becoming "guardians of the land."{{Sfn|Brown|2012|p=112}}

== Kongo spirituality ==
{{Main|Kongo religion}}

The [[Kongo people|Bakongo people]] traditionally believe that bisimbi are magically water spirits (in [[Kongo language|kikongo]]: ''nkisi mia mamba'') that can appear as a person, a snake, pottery, a [[Calabash|calabash vine]], or ''Kalûnga'', a spark of fire, similar to the spark that begot the universe in Kongo [[creation myth]]ology.{{Sfn|Adams|2007|pp=9-10}} There have also been claims of bisimbi appearing as birds, twisted trees and [[Mermaid|mermaid-like beings]].{{Sfn|Brown|2012|p=113}} They are seen as the guardians of nature and the intermediaries who travel the [[Kalûnga Line]] between ''Ku Seke'', the physical world of the living, and ''Ku Mpémba'', the spiritual world of the ancestors. Bisimbi are also believed to be spiritual guides, using storytelling and oral tradition to connect the living to the ancestors and their history.{{Sfn|Brown|2012|pp=97, 99, 114}} The likening of living elders to the bisimbi in the phrase ''kisímbi kinsí'' highlights the importance of Bakongo elders to the spiritual well-being of the community and the passing of their beliefs from one generation to the next.{{Sfn|Brown|2012|p=112}}

== The American diaspora ==

=== African American Hoodoo ===
{{Main|Hoodoo (spirituality)}}

{{Kongo religion sidebar}}
The belief that bisimbi "inhabit rocks, gullies, streams, and pools, and are able to influence the fertility and well-being of those living in the area"{{Sfn|Adams|2007|p=9}} was translocated to the [[Southern United States|United States]] by enslaved Bakongo and [[Ambundu|Mbundu peoples]].{{Sfn|Brown|2012|pp=93, 265}} Because forty percent of Africans taken during the [[Atlantic slave trade]]{{Sfn|Slave Voyages|2008}} came from [[Central Africa|Central Africa's]] [[Congo Basin]], and forty percent of all enslaved people brought to South Carolina between 1733 and 1807 were people of [[Kongo people|Kongo]] or [[Ambundu]] descent from [[Angola]],{{Sfn|Young|2011|p=1779}} bisimbi became revered in the United States in [[African Americans|Black American]] communities in [[Hoodoo (spirituality)|Hoodoo tradition]] across the [[Southern United States|American South]].{{Sfn|Adams|2007|p=7}}

==== Sightings ====
The earliest known record of simbi spirits was recorded in the nineteenth century by [[Edmund Ruffin]] who was a wealthy slaveholder from Virginia, and traveled to South Carolina "to keep the slave economic system viable through agricultural reform."{{Sfn|Adams|2007|pp=2-3}}

"At Pooshee plantation on the [[Santee Canal]] not too far from Woodboo, Ruffin stated that a young slave boy went to a fountain for water late at night and was very frightened by a cymbee (Simbi water spirit) who was running around and around the fountain. Although few witnesses to the appearance of cymbees were found by Ruffin, he stated that they are generally believed by the slaves to be frequent and numerous. Part of the superstition was that it was bad luck for anyone who saw one to 'tell of the occurrence, or refer to it; and that his death would be the certain penalty, if he told of the meeting for some weeks afterwards." Another occurrence from an enslaved man said simbi spirits have long hair.{{Sfn|Adams|2007|pp=4-5}}

==== Sukey and The Mermaid ====
In [[African-American folktales|Black American folklore]], the [[Gullah|Gullah Geechee]] people in the Carolina Lowcountry have a children's story called ''Sukey and the Mermaid'' about a girl named Sukey meeting a mermaid named Mama Jo. Mama Jo in the story helps and protects Sukey and financially supported her by giving her gold coins. This story comes from the belief in Simbi spirits in Central Africa that came to the United States during the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. In Africa, Simbi nature spirits protect and provide riches to their followers. There are folk stories of people meeting mermaids in Central Africa and the [[Middle Passage]].{{Sfn|Connolly|2021|pp=79–83, 83–85}}

=== Haitian Vodou ===
{{Main|Haitian Vodou}}

The belief in bisimbi also exists in the traditional spiritual practices of [[Haiti|Haitians]]. While Haitian Vodou is largely known for its [[West Africa]]n influences, primarily those from [[West African Vodún|Benin]] and [[Yoruba religion|Nigeria]], it also contains Central African influences from the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], and [[Angola]] in the form of bisimbi. Though often referred to as [[lwa]], bisimbi such as [[Mami Wata]], Nsimba and Nzuzi are still ''nlongo'', or sacred, in traditional Haitian spirituality and culture.{{Sfn|Heywood|2002|pp=213–219}}{{Sfn|Illes|2010}}

=== Palo ===
{{Main|Palo (religion)}}

In an [[Afro-Cubans|Afro-Cuban]] religion called Palo, bisimbi are called both ''Nkitas''{{Sfn|MacGaffey|2000|pp=141-142}} and ''Mpungus'' (also spelled ''Ampungus''). They are similar to Kongo nature spirits that occupy the ''Nfinda'', or forest, which is synonymous with the [[Mfinda]] in Bakongo religion.{{Sfn|Monroe|2007|pp=10-11, 73-76}} They are believed to be guardians of all of nature, including lakes, forests or mountains.{{Sfn|MacGaffey|2000|pp=141-142}}

==In popular culture==
*[[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] of [[Ottawa|Ottawa, Canada]], who was born in Haiti, bears two simbi serpents as supporters on her coat of arms.{{Sfn|Jean|2005}}
*''[[The Deep (novella)|The Deep]]'', a novella by [[Rivers Solomon]], incorporates Black American folklore of a mermaid-like people, who are called ''wajinru'' ''in the story.'' They descend from Africans who were either thrown overboard or purposely jumped from slave ships, choosing death over enslavement.

==See also==
* [[Jengu]]
* [[Kianda]]
* [[Mami Wata|Mamba Muntu]]
* [[Nkisi]]

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Cite magazine |last=Adams |first=Natalie P. |date=2007 |title=The “Cymbee” Water Spirits of St. John's Berkeley |url=http://www.diaspora.illinois.edu/news0607/news0607-3.pdf |access-date=16 April 2021 |magazine=The African Diaspora Archeology Network |publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign}}
* {{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Jeffrey E. |title=Hoodoo, Voodoo, and Conjure: A Handbook |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780313342226 |location=Westport, Connecticut |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pFxDwAAQBAJ&dq=simbi&pg=PA108}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Ras Michael |title=African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry |publisher=Cambridge |year=2012 |isbn=9781107668829 |location=New York, NY |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rEgAwAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Connolly |first=Paula T. |year=2021 |title=Breaking the Surface: Mermaids and the Middle Passage |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13110/marvelstales.35.1.0079 |access-date=31 January 2022 |magazine=Marvels & Tales |publisher=Wayne State University Press |volume=35 |issue=1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Heywood |first=Linda M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKd-q4oVHOsC |title=Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-00278-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Illes |first=Judika |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Encyclopedia_of_Spirits.html?id=SoWV8ep0Kp4C&source=kp_book_description |title=Encyclopedia of Spirits: The Ultimate Guide to the Magic of Fairies, Genies, Demons, Ghosts, Gods & Goddesses |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2010 |isbn=9780061350245}}
* {{Cite web |last=Jean |first=Michaëlle |year=2005 |title=Coat of Arms |url=https://www.michaellejean.ca/coat-of-arms-e |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=Michaëlle Jean Official Website}}
* {{Cite book |last=MacGaffey |first=Wyatt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwF77SIQ0HsC&q=bisimbi&pg=PA141 |title=Kongo Political Culture: The Conceptual Challenge of the Particular |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0253336988 |pages=}}
* {{Cite web |last=Monroe |first=Lonn S. |year=2007 |title=Corroboration and Contention in "Congo" Consecrations: Anthropological Analysis of Cuban Reglas Congas |url=https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/E0/02/16/78/00001/monroe_l.pdf |access-date=14 Aug 2025 |website=University of Florida Libraries}}
* {{Cite web |last=Slave Voyages |year=2008 |title=Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade - Database |url=https://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/database#timelapse |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=Slave Voyages Website}}
* {{Cite book |last=Young |first=Jason R. |title=Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780807137192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-8-iakwtXgC&q=+40+percent#v=snippet&q=40%20percent&f=false}}
{{Kongo religion footer|state=autocollapse}}{{Bantu}}{{Afro-American Religions}}{{Hoodoo}}
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