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{{Short description|Traditional Korean poetic form}}
{{Italic title}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2018}}{{Culture of Korea}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto
| hangul=시조
| hanja=時調
}}

'''''Sijo''''' ({{Korean|hangul=시조|hanja=時調}}, {{IPA|ko|ɕi.dʑo}}) is a [[Korean poetry|Korean]] traditional poetic form that emerged during the [[Goryeo]] dynasty, flourished during the [[Joseon]] dynasty, and is still written today.<ref name="Rutt">{{cite book|title=The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo |author=Richard Rutt |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1998 |pages=12 |isbn=0-472-08558-1}}</ref> [[Bucolic]], [[metaphysics|metaphysical]], and [[cosmological]] themes are often explored. The three lines average 14–16 syllables, for a total of 42–48: theme (3, 4,4,4); elaboration (3,4,4,4); counter-theme (3,5) and completion (4,3).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo |author=Richard Rutt |publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1998 |pages=10 ff |isbn=0-472-08558-1}}</ref>

''Sijo'' may be narrative or thematic and introduces a situation in line 1, development in line 2, and twist and conclusion in line 3. The first half of the final line employs a "twist": a surprise of meaning, sound, or other device. ''Sijo'' is often more lyrical and personal than other East Asian poetic forms, and the final line can take a profound turn. Yet, "The conclusion of ''sijo'' is seldom epigrammatic or witty; a witty close to a sentence would have been foreign to the genius of stylized Korean diction in the great ''sijo'' periods."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo |author=Richard Rutt |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1998 |pages=12 ff |isbn=0-472-08558-1}}</ref><blockquote>My close friends I count would be water and stone, pine tree, bamboo.

Moon rising on eastern peaks, there is one more so good to see!

Keeping them, beyond these five friends, what more do I need to add?

윤선도   Yun Seon Do  (1587-1671)

내 벗이 몇 인고 하니 수(水) 석(石)과 송(松) 죽(竹)이라

동산(東山)에 달 오르니 그 더욱 반갑구나

두어라 이 다섯밖에 또 더해 무엇하리

---  From ''A Lone Flute Resounds'', 2015, translations recomposed in English from Korean by Kim Goeng Pil</blockquote>

== Structure ==

=== Elements of early ''sijo'' ===
''P'yŏng sijo'' prioritized its grammatical structure for recitation purposes and not writing; so, this made the “rules” of ''sijo'' structure quite strict. Authors were mostly of the higher up ''[[yangban]]'' social class and emphasized how their ''sijo'' would be sung melodically first as opposed to written down later. This meant that the rhythmic pattern in these ''sijo''s had to be learned exactly to be considered a truthful recitation.

Tang poetry was traditionally rhythmically segmented in its stanzas. This feature was one that was passed down onto ''p'yŏng sijo'' as well as other early forms of ''sijo''. ''Sijo'' poems often follow a rhythmic structure characterized by the syllabic ways of Chinese and Hangul characters. Specifically, they follow a 3-4-3-4, 3-4-3-4, 3-5-4-3 rhythmic structure per line. An example of the strictness of early ''sijo'' is seen especially in their third lines. It sticks hard to the “3-5” syllable rule at the beginning of the third line. This is done so to further drive the rhetorical conclusion of the ''sijo''.<ref>McCann, David R. “History of SIJO.” YouTube, uploaded by Sejong Cultural Society, 14 February 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frUUtsQyVRA.</ref> As David McCann puts it, syllabic counting plays “a role in patterns of syllable distribution among the four phrases or syllable groups that constitute the lines [of a ''sijo''].” <ref>McCann, David R. "Korean Literature and Performance?: Sijo!" Azalea: Journal of Korean Literature & Culture, vol. 2, 2008, p. 362. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/aza.0.0065.</ref> Furthermore, since most ''p'yŏng sijo'' were not titled and were spread mostly through recitation, their structure was much more specific and defined than the ''sijo'' forms seen later.

{{verse translation|lang=ko|italicsoff=yes|
춘산(春山)에 눈 녹인 바람 건듯 불고 간듸업네
저근듯 비러다가 뿌리과저 머리우희
귀밋헤 해묵은 서리를 불녀볼까 하노라
|
The spring breeze melted snow on the hills, then quickly disappeared.
I wish I could borrow it briefly to blow over my hair
and melt away the aging frost forming now about my ears.
|attr1=U Tak (1262-1342)|attr2=Larry Gross}}

=== Elements of developed ''sijo'' ===
There are many variants of ''sijo'', ranging from the standard three-line ''p'yŏng sijo'' to the slightly expanded ''ossijo'' and the greatly expanded narrative ''sasol sijo''. The conventional structure of ''p'yŏng sijo'' consists of three lines, with each line broken by a caesura (a midline pause) into two halves. Each hemistich (or half) is further broken into pairs. As a result, there are four groups total in one line. A single group is typically made up of three to five syllables, which results in a composition of approximately forty five syllables (morae).<ref>Jang, Gyung-ryul. “In Search of the Essence of Sijo.” List Magazine (Literature Translation Institute of Korea). Sejong Cultural Society, https://www.sejongculturalsociety.org/mediafiles/resources/sijo-jang-essence-of-sijo.pdf. Accessed 11 Apr. 2022.</ref> However, these syllabic distributions are the average; variation in syllable count is the rule, not an exception. ''Sijo'' is an accentual verse form, not syllabic. A group generally corresponds to syntactic and rhythmic units and can be distinguished by mutual contrast, such as particles or verb endings. All traditional ''sijo'' were originally set to melodies that impose further regularity and cadence to each poem.<ref>McCann, David R. “The Structure of the Korean Sijo.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 36, 1976, pp. 114–134., https://doi.org/10.2307/2718740.</ref>

{| class=wikitable
|+ style="text-align: center;" | Total number of syllable variants in 29 ''kisaeng sijo''<ref>McCann, David R. “The Structure of the Korean Sijo.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 36, 1976, pp. 132., https://doi.org/10.2307/2718740.</ref>
|-
! scope=col | Group !! scope=col | I !! scope=col | II !! scope=col | III !! scope=col | IV
|-
! scope=row | Line 1
| 13 || 9 || 14 || style="background: yellow;"|2
|-
! scope=row | Line 2
| 13 || 11 || 9 || style="background: yellow;"|1
|-
! scope=row | Line 3
| style="background: yellow;"|1 || 18 || style="background: yellow;"|1 || 9
|}

The table above illustrates that deviations from the traditional syllabic distribution occur fairly frequently, depending on the position. For example, there are 13 times that group I in line 1 has a syllable count other than 3. In contrast, the ends of the first two lines, as well as groups I and III in the third line, show very little variation. The greater regularity in these positions is directly related to the variation that precedes or follows; the increased regularity ensures the rhythm is not lost.<ref>McCann, David R. “The Structure of the Korean Sijo.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 36, 1976, pp. 132-133., https://doi.org/10.2307/2718740.</ref>

=== Elements of modern ''sijo'' ===
In contrast to the structure of early ''sijo'' forms such as ''p'yŏng sijo'', modern ''sijo'' sticks mainly to a freer and more fluid way of writing. This is a controversial take amongst the ''sijo'' community as some argue that modern ''sijo'' focuses “on the revival of ''sijo'', but claim that its traditional fixed form cannot be preserved."<ref>cited from Lim Jongchan by Oh, Kyong-geun. “KOREAN SIJO POEMS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS”. International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 1, Nov. 2016, pp. 37, doi:10.14746/kr.2015.01.02.</ref> Thus, there has been a large wave of people who subscribe to the thought that modern ''sijo'' can be written without attention to rhythmic segments and the fixed form. Thus, many modern poets and artists write free-verse works and still claim them as ''sijo''. In Oh’s work, the author states that “''sijo'', even a contemporary one, which does not obey the form, cannot be considered ''sijo''."<ref>Oh, Kyong-geun. “KOREAN SIJO POEMS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS”. International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 1, Nov. 2016, pp. 37, doi:10.14746/kr.2015.01.02.</ref> This has left modern ''sijo'' at a divide between those who choose to honor the strictness of fixed form ''sijo'' and those who believe an adaptive free-form version of the poetic genre may still be acceptable as traditional works. Despite the fact that early forms, such as ''p'yŏng sijo'', were not as widely written and recorded, they would still follow a 3-4-3-4, 3-4-3-4, 3-5-4-3 rhythmic structure. This made them strong and strict forms of poetry that only skilled artists would be able to remember and recite. This is changed in modern ''sijo''. Since modern ''sijo'' is first written and not as spread through word of mouth, its structure has become much more lenient and differs in its shape across different authors.

{{verse translation|lang=ko|italicsoff=yes|
하룻밤 안동 시내 골목술집 구경하고
머리가 삥삥돌때 밭둑길을 거닐다가
도야지 꿀꿀 소리야 이제 왔노 하노라
|
One night in Andong
after a tour of back-alley wine shops,
head spinning, I staggered down
the narrow, paddy-field paths,
when the two pigs grunted,
“So, you! Home at last?”
|attr1=David McCann, from ''Urban Temple'', 2010}}

== Early ''sijo'' in the Goryeo dynasty ==
Although ''sijo'' gained much of its popularity in the [[Joseon]] dynasty, it is important to note that the roots of the ''sijo'' are attributed to the late [[Goryeo]] dynasty. In fact, the earliest existing ''sijo'' was found to have been written towards the end of the 14th century<ref name="Rutt4">{{cite book|title=The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo|author=Richard Rutt |publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1998 |pages=4|isbn=0-472-08558-1}}</ref> as Confucian scholars sought to overcome the existing Buddhist-dominated literary, music, and art forms.<ref>{{cite web |title=시조 |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0032460 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> As a result, there are important differences between the ''sijo'' written at the end of the Goryeo dynasty and those written in the Joseon dynasty. The ''sijo'' of the times, mostly written by men of elite status, are very reflective of the contemporary politics; thus, to understand the importance of the themes of Goryeo dynasty ''sijo'', it is important to understand the political climate surrounding the poetry.

Much of the Goryeo dynasty was plagued with political strife. In 1170, the military aristocracy seized power from the civil aristocracy. Instability reigned in the government and the countryside for the next 25 years as military leaders plotted against each other and peasants rebelled against landowners and local officers. It was not until 1196 that things stabilized, when [[Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn]] seized power and established the rule of the Ch'oe family. Much of his power came from the parallel government he created, which was based on house institutions under his direct control staffed with people personally loyal to him. He also made effective use of ''mun'gaek'', private military retainers of great clans.

Korea then endured repeated Mongol invasions from 1217 to 1258, and from 1270 to 1356, Korea was under Mongol domination. After Korea was liberated from Mongol control, there were still political conflicts on all sides of Goryeo. Goryeo was consistently under attack from Japanese pirates and Yuan refugees and faced two invasions from [[Red Turban Rebellions|the Red Turbans]]. Finally, the Goryeo dynasty ended when Yi Sŏng-gye rose to power, proclaiming himself as [[Taejo of Joseon|King Taejo]] and renaming the state as the Joseon. This transition was quite violent and unstable, as the crown princes and members of the Wang royal house were reinstated only to be purged, and two factions arose towards the later Goryeo era&nbsp;– one whose loyalty to the existing regime continued, another whose loyalty shifted towards the new movement of the Joseon.

It was this incident for which the ''sijo'' poems of the late Goryeo are most well-known. The most prevalent theme of this era is loyalty to a lost cause,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Kichung |title=An Introduction to Classical Korean Literature: From Hyangga to P'ansori |date=28 Aug 1996 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, New York |isbn=1-56324-785-2}}</ref> arising as a reaction to the rise of the new Joseon dynasty as the most powerful groups of the period struggled with where their loyalties lay. However, exacerbating the situation were the simultaneous struggles of China's Sung dynasty and the ascending Ming dynasty, further conflicting the people's loyalties. Thus, the ensuing confusion and chaos of the times gave way to themes of strong emotions such as regret over aging and sorrow over love, as many sought to express their mixed, complicated thoughts and harken back to the time of peace and stability.

One of the most famous ''sijo'' poems that demonstrates such political upheavals and tensions of the period is [[Chŏng Mong-ju]]'s ''sijo'', seen below, with the English translation:

{{Blockquote|<poem>
Though this frame should die and die, 
          though I die a hundred times,
My bleached bones all turn to dust, 
          my very soul exist or not –
What can change the undivided heart 
          that glows with faith toward my lord?
</poem>}}

Chŏng, a great scholar of the time referred to as P'oŭn, supposedly wrote this poem in response to Yi Sŏng-gye's son's ([[Taejong of Joseon|Yi Pang-wŏn]]) suggestion to defect and join the growing Joseon movement.  The very idea that one's "undivided heart" remains loyal to the same despite dying "a hundred times" and one's "bleached bones all turn(ing) to dust" clearly exhibits the overall sense of honor, integrity, and fidelity that is emblematic of this generation's ''sijo'' poetry. In fact, this poem has become one of the prototypical examples of loyalty in Korea, even possibly one of the best known of all Korean ''sijo'' poems among Koreans. Today, this ''sijo'' ([[:ko:단심가|Dansimga - 단심가]]) has become to be known as the "Song of a Loyal Heart," or the "Tansim ka."<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCann |first1=David |title=A Brief History of Korean Literature to the Nineteenth Century |date=2000 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50574-1}}</ref><blockquote>When black birds fight in the dale, the pure white bird must not go there.

Angry birds deep black at heart yet shine like white, beware of them!

In clear streams, the cleanest body, once it gets stained, stays unwashed.

정몽주의 어머님   The Mother of Chŏng Mong-ju

---  From ''A Lone Flute Resounds'', 2015, translations recomposed in English from Korean by Kim Goeng Pil</blockquote>

== Reemergence in the 18th century ==
''Sijo'' was first written in the 14th century during the end of the [[Goryeo]] dynasty. However, it was not until the [[Joseon]] dynasty that it gained immense popularity. During the rise of the early Joseon dynasty ''sijo'' became very popular among ''[[yangban]]'' and the ruling class. In its earlier stages ''sijo'' was often written in [[classical Chinese]] by ''yangban'' and the ruling class. A lot of the poems used language which showed social hierarchy. It was not accessible to the masses due to it being written in classical Chinese characters. It was also hard to adapt to ''sijo-chang'' (''sijo'' in song form) because of the Chinese characters.

The 18th century marked two very important events in ''sijo''. The first being the reemergence of the term. The second being the shift from classical or traditional ''sijo'' to modern ''sijo''. During the 18th century, the word ''sijo'' reemerged and with it came changes. ''Sijo'' was now written in Korean and was more accessible to the masses. It was no longer confined to just being a product by and for the ruling class and the ''yangban''. ''Sijo'' was now available, created and performed by the general Korean public. New poems outside of [[Confucian]] ideal and hierarchy were being written and performed. This led to the invention of different forms of ''sijo'' such as ''sasol sijo'' ("chatty" sijo or "narrative" sijo),<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rutt |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8Qa0r_fqIEC&dq=%2522Karam+Sijo+Chip%2522&pg=PA169 |title=The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo |date=1998 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-08558-3 |language=en}}</ref> {{Transliteration|ko|ossijo}} ("slightly altered sijo"),<ref name=":1" /> and ''yon sijo''. The themes of ''sijo'' expanded and included more than just the narrative of the upper class.

In early to mid 18th century ''sijo'' reemerged and can be seen as traditional ''sijo''. This is mainly due to the fact that this period signified Korea's isolation from the outside world. After the [[Treaty of Ganghwa]] which opened Korea to a foreign nation, ''Sijo'' also shifted to become a modern poetry form. Up until the end of the Joseon dynasty, there was not a singular name for this form of poetry and ''sijo'' was not considered a literary genre. Instead, they were seen as songs and were labeled to signify what type of song it was. For example, it would have names such as ''sijoelga'' or ''sijeoldanga'' due to the situation in which it was a sung source. It was not until late 18th century that the word "sijo" reemerged as a literary poetic genre. It was in the 19th century that the movement of the restoration of ''sijo'' began. The activists involved in that movement took the first part of the word ''sijochang'' which historically was sung and kept the word as "sijo" to define this literary genre.

== ''Sijo chang'' ==
''Sijo'' emerged in the late Goryeo Period as a performing art and eventually gained popularity through the Joseon period. Initially, it spread amongst the ''[[yangban]]'', or upper class, and later amongst the commoners. ''Sijo'' was passed down as an oral tradition during this period as a means to preserve the art form. While ''sijo'' encompasses a wide variety of traditional Korean poetry, one specific variation that derives from it is known as ''sijo chang''. One of the most significant differences when comparing standard ''sijo'' with ''sijo chang'' is the presence of musical instruments. ''Sijo chang'' poetry employs the use of various Korean instruments to accompany the vocalist reciting the poem.

''Sijo chang'' is known as "short song" because it has slow tunes with long, drawn-out ending pronunciation. For this reason it may also be called "the slowest song in the world". It demands a high level of ability and coordination between drummer and performer in order to keep the song flowing well. Throughout each ''sijo'', the singer employs practiced techniques, such as vibrato and pitch changes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Music of Korean|publisher=The national center for Korean traditional performing arts|year=2007}}</ref>

The singer is accompanied by the ''daegeum'' (bamboo flute) and the ''janggu'' (hour-glass shaped drum). The singer uses a wide range of vibrato in addition to pitch changes. All ''sijo chang'' are sung in a very deliberate pace. The singer must be trained to extend the notes of the song for effect.  Other instruments are used as the background musical support to keep the flow. For instance, the ''piri'' (bamboo oboe), ''daegeum'' (transverse flute), ''danso'' (vertical flute), and ''haegeum'' (two-fiddle zither) may also be used to accompany the vocalist. Although a wide variety of instruments may be used as an accompaniment to the ''sijo chang'' vocalist, not all may be used at one time. In more informal settings the ''janggu'' may be used as the sole instrument. Oftentimes, the sound of hitting one's lap may also serve as the only instrumental accompaniment.<ref name=":0" />

== Similarities with Tang poetry in themes and expression of emotion ==

There are many similarities between Korean ''sijo'' poetry and Chinese Tang poetry: the reason that people wrote poems, the messages that they want to deliver, and how they express their feelings by talking about natural things. The following passage shows the translation of [[Kwon Homun]]'s "The Wind is Pure and Clear" ({{lang|ko|바람은 절로 맑고}}):

{{Blockquote|<poem>
The wind is pure and clear, the moon is pure and bright.
The bamboo grove within the pines [or The pine veranda in the bamboo garden] is pure of worldly cares.
But a lute and piles of scrolls can make it purer still.<ref>''The Bamboo Grove'' by Richard Rutt</ref>
</poem>}}

There are only wind, moon, pine, lute and books in the poem. However, Kwon Homun used these to paint a world of himself that he dreams of. For him, a simple life like this is enough, but even this seemly simple life is hard for him to realize. Similarly, Chinese poets in the Tang dynasty also wrote poems in this way and for this reason. Here is the translation of [[Li Bai]]'s "At the Yellow Crane Tower to Bid Meng Haoran Bon Voyage" ({{lang|zh|黄鹤楼送孟浩然之广陵}}):

{{Blockquote|<poem>
At the tower of yellow crane, my friend, to the west, you said goodbye,
In this misty, flowery early spring, for [[Yangzhou]] downstream, you ply.
A speck, a silhouette is your lonely sail, to the verdant receding, till
In my eyes, there is only the long, Long River, rolling to the verge of the sky.
</poem>}}

On the surface, this poem is about the view and the landscape that Li Bai saw while he was in the tower of yellow crane superficially, but it actually expresses the deep feeling of Li Bai when he was still gazing at the river even though his friend [[Meng Haoran]] has left. The first line gives readers the background and the second line constructs a confused and sorrowful air. In the last two lines, it describes how Li Bai gazed after Meng Haoran and how he felt, metaphorizing his feelings as the Long River.

By comparing the meanings of these two poems, we know that both Korean ''sijo'' and Chinese Tang poetry often employ natural objects such as landscape, pines, bamboo, plants and flowers in order to express human emotions.

== Authors ==

=== ''Kisaeng'' ===
The ''[[Kisaeng]]'' were women who functioned as professional entertainers, performing artists, and courtesans.<ref>McCann, David R. ''Early Korean literature: selections and introductions''. Columbia University Press, 2000.</ref> These women were selected at a young age from the lower class for their beauty and talents; then trained to work for the government performing-arts bureaucracy. Their presence as poets that contributed to the art of ''sijo'' is notable due to their position as lower class women. They were considered barely above beggars due to their association with prostitution.<ref>Edgin, Kayley. "Hwang Jini: An Examination of Life as a Joseon Kisaeng." ''e-Publications@Marquette'', 1 Jan. 2013, epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=dittman.</ref> Since the [[Joseon|Joseon period]] was heavily influenced by [[Confucianism|Confucianist]] ideals, social stratification was heavily enforced. ''Kisaeng''{{'}}s ability to create artwork admired by the ''yangban''—upper class men—was remarkable.

Many scholars note that the ''sijos'' written by ''kisaeng'' contain "a rare blend of emotional freedom, ironic perspective, and technical mastery"<ref>Contogenis, Constantine, and Wolhee Choe. ''Songs of the Kisaeng: courtesan poetry of the last Korean dynasty''. BOA Editions, 1997.</ref> because they were free of the shackles of societal expectations. Their lower class standing released them from having to conform to themes of nature or filial piety. Therefore, despite the fact that the number of ''kisaeng'' authored ''sijo'' is unknown, their work is heavily associated with love poetry. [[Hwang Jini]] is one of the most notable ''kisaeng'' poets along with [[Yi Maechang]].<blockquote>Winter moon, your longest night, I shall snip out your long cold waist.

Spring breeze flee beneath my quilt, put round and round, I keep your warmth!

So the day my old love comes chilled, I spread warm folds through the night.

황진이   Hwang Jin Yi  (?-1530, gisaeng)

Raining down pear blossoms there will come and catch my leaving love!

Autumn winds now dropping leaves, I also think about that day?

Far away, lonely dreams only go back and forth since he left.

이매창   Yi Mae Chang   (1513-1550, gisaeng)

---  From ''A Lone Flute Resounds'', 2015, translations recomposed in English from Korean by Kim Goeng Pil</blockquote>

==== In film ====
The title of the 2016 film ''[[Love, Lies (2016 film)|Love, Lies]]'' in English refers to a famous ''sijo'':
{{verse translation|lang=ko|italicsoff=yes|
사랑 거즛말이 님 날사랑 거즛말이

꿈에 뵌닷 말이 긔 더욱 거즛말이

날가치 잠 아니 오면 어늬 꿈에 뵈리오
|
"Love." It is a lying word.
That you love me, another lie.
"The loved one is seen in dreams."
That is still a greater lie,
How can I, who can never sleep,
hope to see you in my dreams? 
}}

This follows the "classic format" of the three line structure and love-longing content. The title of the film literally means 'flowers that understand words', which refers to a ''kisaeng's'' ability to understand the desire or need of men. The film gives clear facts on the connection between ''sijo'' and ''kisaeng''. It also shows how ''kisaengs'' train from a very young age, and how they performed ''sijo chang''.

''[[Hwang Jin Yi (film)|Hwang Jin Yi]]'', a 2007 film, gives an introduction to the well-known ''kisaeng'' Hwang Jin Yi, and her legendary life.  The film shows much about kisaeng. Also, in these films, there is clear description of the well-educated ''kisaengs''<nowiki/>' accomplishments in literature. As one of the two classes who contributed to the composition the ''sijo'' poems, ''kisaeng'' also left numerous memorable sijo poems.

=== Kim Chŏnt'aek ===

Kim Chŏnt'aek was a prolific writer of sijo poetry and a famous singer. Scholars are almost certain that he was born in the late 1680s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Korean National Culture}}</ref> In 1728 he created the first of the great sijo anthologies, 청구영언(靑丘永言), "Chanted Words of the Green Hills." It is one of the oldest surviving sijo anthologies. Kim Chŏnt'aek was considered the best singer musician in the country. Kim Chŏnt'aek did well in music, but he had also mastered the art of poetry. In particular, he composed sijo about the conflict between ranks in society, informed by his own middle-class perspective. He also wrote around thirty sijo with themes of nature, with subjects such as rivers and mountains.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rutt |first1=Richard |title=The Bamboo Grove |date=1998}}</ref>

One of Kim Chŏnt'aek’s poems is as follows:

흰구름 푸른 내는 골골이 잠겼는데

추풍에 물든 단풍 봄꽃도곤 더 좋왜라

천공이 나를 위하여 뫼빛을 꾸며내도다

The blue hazy mountain sees from far away

Autumn leaves are more beautiful than spring flowers

God creates a colorful mountain for me.

This work can be seen as being based on the sense of pleasure and satisfaction of bringing nature into one's own world. While taking advantage of the harmonious colorful beauty of the two colors, the poet glorifies the feeling of being immersed in the beauty of nature. In reading, one can feel relaxed and assimilated into the natural space of the world as a spiritual object.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Jun-Hee |title=Comparative study of the world of works of Kim Cheon-taek and Kim Su-Jang |date=2006 |page=37}}</ref>

Kim Chŏnt'aek's significance in Korean literature can be seen through Confucian compilations of poetry collections. He had great achievements in the world of literature and sijo. First, Kim Chŏnt'aek helped to transfer the lead role in writing sijo from the scholar yangban class to the commoners. Second, his compilation 청구영언 is notable, not only because Kim Chŏnt'aek was not a yangban, but because it was one of the first sijo compilations. Finally, his vigorous creativity helped contribute to the development and cultivation of a new generation of sijo poems. Additionally, Kim Chŏnt'aek recognized the Korean written language (한글). While he used Chinese characters in creating the 청구영언 and in his works commenting on other poems, he did not use them extensively in his usual verses.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Jun-Hee |title=Comparative study of the world of works of Kim Cheon-taek and Kim Su-Jang |date=2006 |page=72}}</ref>

== ''Sasol sijo'' ==
The ''sasol sijo'', an expanded form of the ''pyeong sijo'' that originated in the Goryeo dynasty, became popular in the 18th century.  The word ''sasol'' means "close-stitched" or "closely set" and ''sasol sijo'' simply means "chatty" or "narrative" ''sijo''.<ref name="The Bamboo Grove">{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.8299 |title=The Bamboo Grove |date=1998 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-08558-3 |editor-last=Rutt |editor-first=Richard |location=Ann Arbor, MI|doi=10.3998/mpub.8299 }}</ref> ''Sasol sijo'' loosely observed the basic format of ''sijo'': fifteen-syllable lines for the first, second, and last lines.<ref name="Choe 1991 67–82">{{Cite journal |last=Choe |first=Ikhwan |date=1991 |title=Form and Correspondence in the Sijo and the Sasŏl Sijo |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/397815 |journal=Korean Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=67–82 |doi=10.1353/ks.1991.0009 |s2cid=144273295 |issn=1529-1529|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, its middle section was expanded by adding additional phrases.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmid |first=Andre |date=February 2012 |title=A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. By Michael J. Seth. Rowman and Littlefield, 2011. xi, 573 pp. $70.00 (cloth); $34.95 (paper). - A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present. By Michael J. Seth. Rowman and Littlefield, 2011. vii, 295pp. $90.00 (cloth); $30.95 (paper). |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911811002774 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=278–279 |doi=10.1017/s0021911811002774 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref> During this time, most writers of ''sasol sijo'' took an interest in the life of the commoners. The writers of ''sasol sijo'' include women, ''yangban'', ''chungin'' (the upper-middle class), and commoners. The authors tended to write in a manner that was more down to earth, and often rough and comical.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schmid |first=Andre |date=February 2012 |title=A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. By Michael J. Seth. Rowman and Littlefield, 2011. xi, 573 pp. $70.00 (cloth); $34.95 (paper). - A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present. By Michael J. Seth. Rowman and Littlefield, 2011. vii, 295pp. $90.00 (cloth); $30.95 (paper). |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911811002774 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=278–279 |doi=10.1017/s0021911811002774 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Due to the themes relating to a commoner's ordinary life, most of the writers of ''sasol sijo'' remained anonymous. There has been speculation made about their anonymity, which could possibly be because of their humbleness to not have their names remembered.<ref name="Choe 1991 67–82"/> Furthermore, ''sasol sijo'' is significant in terms of how it changed the structure of ''sijo''. However, it is not a form that is still used today.

Themes varied between ''pyeong sijo'' and ''sasol sijo''. As ''pyeong sijo'' was created in the Goryeo dynasty (918–1392), many Buddhist values could be seen in early ''pyeong sijo''. Then, in the Joseon dynasty (1392–1910), the upper class in Korea upheld Confucian values. Meanwhile, ''sasol sijo'' was written about common life and didn't uphold the expectations of Confucianism. There was an increase in the number of works focusing on love, whether that was carnal love, love-sickness, etc.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2006-10-01 |title=A History of Korean Literature. Ed. Peter H. Lee. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. lxxiv + 580 pp. 65. ISBN 0-521-82858-9 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fmls/cql092 |journal=Forum for Modern Language Studies |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=463–464 |doi=10.1093/fmls/cql092 |issn=0015-8518|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Traditional ''pyeong sijo'' avoided discussing sex or love in this manner. Additionally, ''sasol sijo'' tended to include sarcasm, humor, and rough language associated with the common people.

While themes differ between ''sasol sijo'' and ''pyeong sijo'', the most obvious difference between the two is their structure. Like ''pyeong sijo'', ''sasol sijo'' consists of three lines, where the first line introduces the topic, the second line expands on the topic, and the third line provides a twist or a neat conclusion. In ''sasol sijo'', the first and second lines are much longer than the three lines in regular ''sijo''. If only one line of ''sijo'' is expanded, it is called ''os sijo'' meaning "slightly altered ''sijo''".<ref name="The Bamboo Grove"/> More than one line expanded is ''sasol sijo'' and usually, the last line maintains the original structure of the last line in ''pyeong sijo'' and begins with a 3-syllable unit. Not having a fixed limit to the length of the ''sasol sijo'' meant that it is the content that directs the form and not the form that directs the content.<ref name="Choe 1991 67–82"/> This allows an unruly play of words and images. Below is an example of ''sasol sijo'':

{{verse translation|lang=ko|italicsoff=yes|
모란은 화중왕(花中王)이요 향일화(向日花)는 충신(忠臣)이로다

연화(蓮花)는 군자(君子)요 행화(杏花)는 소인(小人)이라 국화는 은일사(隱逸士)요 매화는 한사(寒士)로다 박꽃은 노인이요 석죽화(石竹花)는 소년이라 규화(葵花)는 무당이요 해당화는 창녀(娼女)로다

이 중에 이화(李花)는 시객(詩客)이요 홍도벽도(紅桃碧桃) 삼색도(三色桃)는 풍류랑(風流郞)인가 하노라 
|
The peony is the king of flower and the sunflower a noble subject;

The lotus is a gentleman, the apricot blossom a commoner; the chrysanthemum a sag in retirement; the plum blossom a poor scholar; the gourd flower is and old, old man; the China pink is a boy; the mallow is a witch and the wild rose a harlot;

Among them the pear blossom is a poet, and are not the red peach, the green peach, and the peach of three colors, all of them playboys?
|attr1=Kim Soojang ({{lang|ko|김수장}}; {{lang|ko|金壽長}}; 1690~?)|attr2=Richard Rutt}}

==Modern ''sijo''==

===Emergence of modern ''sijo''===

There are two established developments of ''sijo'': before 1876 and after. Before 1876 was when traditional ''sijo'' was prevalent and after 1876 modern ''sijo'' was "so-called" created<ref name="auto">Ruth, Richard. The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 1998.</ref> (p.&nbsp;25). ''Sijo'' is a genre of short Korean poems with a strictly defined structure reflecting the rhythm of a traditional Korean song known as [[pansori]]. It originated from Korea in the Koryŏ dynasty which began to flourish in the Joseon dynasty. Established with the Confucian ideology, ''sijo'' became the most popular type of poetry among the ruling Confucian scholars and noblemen. During the time, ''sijo'' was sung and recorded by word of mouth or transcribed. ''Sijo'' is an official name of the genre of poems, which came to be in the period of modernism; especially after a movement for the restoration of ''sijo'' that became active in the 19th century. The activists of the movement copied the first part of the name of the music ''sijo chang'' as the term to reference the poetry as it did not previously have a name.

===Structure and comparison to traditional ''sijo''===

Modern sijo is a further developed upon and expanded category of Korean vernacular poetry also known as sijo. The original style that was developed and used prior to the 20th century is referred to as p'yŏng sijo. This new style first emerged during 'The open-door period' (개화기) (1876) and continued on to flourish during The Empire of Korea (1897–1910), Japanese Colonial Period (1910–1945), and even still is written today. It refers only to the written form. Modern sijo is generally structured the same as p'yŏng sijo with three line poems consisting of various amounts of syllables per foot. However, there are still several key differences between the two. The first being that modern sijo all have titles whereas none of the p'yŏng sijo did. Also given that sijo creation and literature in general was exclusive to the yangban class, p'yŏng sijo often used a lot of references to Chinese classics as well as focusing on the rhythm that it would be sung to as they were originally songs that were written down later on. Modern sijo was the product of literature becoming more widespread and available to the populace so it became filled with more wit, humor, and everyday life experiences. The rhythm also was not fixed as they were not focused on the performance aspect as it originally was. Instead of using Chinese characters or references to Tang dynasty classics, more colloquial language became the norm. Also, the above-mentioned structure of three lines generally stayed the same, rather than just writing one standalone sijo, modern sijo can go on for much longer and in most cases often does so. On top of this, although there was never a standard syllable count for p'yŏng sijo, in general each foot seem to be shorter than those in modern sijo. Overall, modern ''sijo'' became more free in style and departed in many ways from ''p'yŏng sijo''.

===Writers===

* [[Choe Nam-seon|Choe Nam-sŏn]] (최남선) who created the first book of modern sijo titled ‘백팔번뇌’ or the ‘108 Worldly Desires’ in 1926. Not only was he a poet, he also published magazines during Japanese occupation to educate the young people. “In the mid-1920s to mid-1930s, he traveled across the homeland from Mount Paekdu down to Mount Chiri and sailed to Cheju Island, expressing his love to all the mountains and rivers and composing Sijo poems for Donga Ilbo along with his travelogues. He also compiled all Hyangga, Gasa and Sijo poems from the Three Kingdoms to Koyro and down to the Joseon Dynasties” (The Korea Times). 
* [[Yi Gwangsu|Yi Kwang-su]] (이광수) was a Korean writer as well as independence and nationalist activist. His pennames included both Chunwon and Goju. 
* Jeong Inpo (정인보) was a Korean scholar, historian, journalist, politician and writer during the Japanese colonial era. 
* [[Lee Eun-sang (poet)|Yi Eunsang]] (이은상) is a South Korean poet, historian and holds a doctorate in literature. He is also the author of “노산 시조집”. 
* [[Lee Byeong-gi|Yi Byeonggi]] (이병기) is regarded as one of the founders and writers of sijo.
* [[Yi Ho-woo|Yi Hou]] (이호우) was a South Korean poet and journalist and was most known for his emotional reserve and concern with reality as he wrote about rural life and its simplicity and beauty.

===Examples===
{{verse translation|lang=ko|italicsoff=yes|
난초

빼어난 가는 잎새 굳은 듯 보드랍고
자줏빛 굵은 대공 하얀한 꽃이 벌고
이슬은 구슬이 되어 마디마디 달렸다
본래 그 마음은 깨끗함을 즐겨 하여
정한 모래 틈에 뿌리를 서려 두고
미진도 가까이 않고 우로 받아 사느니라
|
Orchid

Full sprays of slender leaves
Seem stiff, but are soft and supple;
The stocky purplish stalks
Put out plain white flowers;
And the dew, turned into glass beads,
Clings to every stem
Inside, its true heart
Delights in its purity;
It twists its roots deep down
Between grains of clean white sand;
Far away from the slightest grime
It lives on in the rain and the dew
|attr1=Yi Byeonggi (1891–1968)|attr2=Richard Rutt (260)}}

This poem was written by [[:ko:이병기 (1891년)|Yi Byeonggi]] (1891–1968), a well-known author who encouraged the creation of ''sijo''. His work is often referred to as "gentle". This poem, "Orchid", has a traditional moral approach about flowers and is maintained in a modern idiom (Rutt, 260). Yi Pyŏnggi was the father of ''sijo'' and came up with the three variants consisting of {{Transliteration|ko|ossijo}}, ''sasol'', and ''yon-sijo''. He mentioned that ''sijo'' should convey modern life by the extension of the structure from the conventional single stanza to two or more.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1">Kim, Jaihun. Modern Korean Vers in sijo Form. 1997.</ref>

{{Poem quote|text={{lang|ko|그 눈물 고인 눈으로 순아 보질 말라

미움이 사랑을 앞선 이 각박한 거리에서

꽃같이 살아보자고 아아 살아보자고

이호우 시조 '바람 벌' 중

근심이 산이 되어 울멍줄멍 솟아 둘리고

물은 여울여울 눈물 받아 흐르는 나라

가서 내 살고 싶은 곳 거기는 또 내 죽어 묻힐 곳

이은상 시조 '가서 내 살고 싶은 곳'

그럴싸 그러한지 솔빛 벌써 더 푸르다

산골에 남은 눈이 다산 듯이 보이고녀

토담집 고치는 소리 별밭 아래 들려라

정인보 시조 '조춘 (早春)' 중}}}}

==Examples==
''Sijo'', unlike some other East Asian poetic forms, frequently employs metaphors, puns, allusions and similar word play. Most poets follow these guidelines very closely although there are longer examples. An exemplar is this poem by [[Yun Seondo]] (1587–1671) :
{|style="text-align: left;" 
![[Middle Korean]]<ref>{{in lang|ko}}[http://www.seelotus.com/gojeon/gojeon/si-jo/oh-u-ga.htm]</ref>
!Modern Korean
!Translation
|-
|{{lang|okm|내 벗이 몇인가 <span style{{=}}"font-family: Dotum Old Hangul, 돋움 옛한글, 은 자모 바탕, UnJamoBatang, Code2000">ᄒᆞ</span>니 수석과 송죽이라}}
|{{lang|ko|내 벗이 몇인가하니 수석과 송죽이라}}
|You ask how many friends I have? Water and stone, bamboo and pine.
|-
|{{lang|okm|동산의 <span style{{=}}"font-family: Dotum Old Hangul, 돋움 옛한글, 은 자모 바탕, UnJamoBatang, Code2000">ᄃᆞᆯ</span>오르니 긔더옥 반갑고야}}
|{{lang|ko|동산에 달오르니 그 더욱 반갑도다}}
|The moon rising over the eastern hill is a joyful comrade.
|-
|{{lang|okm|두어라 이다<span style{{=}}"font-family: Dotum Old Hangul, 돋움 옛한글, 은 자모 바탕, UnJamoBatang, Code2000">ᄉᆞᆺ</span>밧긔 또더<span style{{=}}"font-family: Dotum Old Hangul, 돋움 옛한글, 은 자모 바탕, UnJamoBatang, Code2000">ᄒᆞ</span>야 머엇<span style{{=}}"font-family: Dotum Old Hangul, 돋움 옛한글, 은 자모 바탕, UnJamoBatang, Code2000">ᄒᆞ</span>리}}
|{{lang|ko|두어라, 이 다섯 밖에 또 더해야 무엇하리}}
|Besides these five companions, what other pleasure should I ask
|}

Yun Seondo also wrote a famous collection of forty ''sijo'' of the changing [[seasons]] through the eyes of a fisherman. Following is the first verse from the Spring sequence; notice the added refrains in lines 2 and 4.

{{Blockquote|<poem>
Sun lights up the hill behind, mist rises on the channel ahead.
''Push the boat, push the boat!''
The night tide has gone out, the morning tide is coming in.
''Jigukchong, jigukchong, eosawa!''
Untamed flowers along the shore reach out to the far village.
</poem>}}

Either narrative or thematic, this lyric verse introduces a situation or problem in line 1, development (called a turn) in line 2, and a strong conclusion beginning with a surprise (a twist) in line 3, which resolves tensions or questions raised by the other lines and provides a memorable ending.

{{Blockquote|<poem>
Where pure snow flakes melt
Dark clouds gather threatening
Where are the spring flowers abloom?
A lonely figure lost in the shadow
of sinking sun, I have no place to go.
</poem>|[[Yi Saek]] (1328–1395), on the decline of [[Goryeo]] Kingdom.}}

Korean poetry can be traced at least as far back as 17 BC with [[Yuri of Goguryeo|King Yuri's]] ''Song of Yellow Birds'' but its roots are in earlier Korean culture (op. cit., Rutt, 1998, "Introduction"). ''Sijo'', Korea's favorite poetic genre, is often traced to [[Confucian]] monks of the eleventh century, but its roots, too, are in those earlier forms. One of its peaks occurred as late as the 16th and 17th centuries under the [[Joseon dynasty]]. One poem of the ''sijo'' genre is from the 14th century:

{{Blockquote|<poem>
The spring breeze melted snow on the hills then quickly disappeared.
I wish I could borrow it briefly to blow over my hair
And melt away the aging frost forming now about my ears.
</poem>|[[U Tak]] (1262–1342)}}

''Sijo'' is, first and foremost, a [[song]]. This lyric pattern gained popularity in royal courts amongst the ''yangban'' as a vehicle for [[religious]] or [[philosophical]] expression, but a parallel tradition arose among the commoners. ''Sijo'' were sung or chanted with musical accompaniment, and this tradition survives. The word originally referred only to the music, but it has come to be identified with the lyrics.
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=y|
{{lang|ko|동지달 기나긴 밤을 한 허리를 버혀 내여
춘풍 이불 아래 서리허리 넣었다가
어른 님 오신 날 밤이여드란 구부구비 펴리라}}
|attr1=[[Hwang Jin-i]] (1522–1565)<br />A famous female Korean sijo poet who was also a [[kisaeng]],<br />a professional entertainer.|
I will break the back of this long, midwinter night,
Folding it double, cold beneath my spring quilt,
That I may draw out the night, should my love return.}}

Note: The English adaptations of verses by Yun Seondo and U Tak are by Larry Gross (op. cit.) The English adaptation of the verse by Hwang Jin-i is by David R. McCann (op. cit.); Some of the information on the origins of ''sijo'' are cited from The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo, ed. Richard Rutt (U. of Michigan Press, 1998); Kichung Kim's ''An Introduction to Classical Korean Literature: From Hyangga to P'ansori''; and Peter H. Lee.

==Contemporary ''sijo''==
In South Korea today, ''sijo'' is widely considered to be a dead art-form, to the point that there are more ''sijo'' written in the U.S. today than in South Korea.<ref>{{cite web| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/YOcfDnjx2Xc| archive-date = 2021-12-05| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOcfDnjx2Xc&feature=youtu.be&t=104| title = 미국에서 열린 한국 시조 경연대회?! 영어로도 쓰이는 시조들 (Korean Sijo in the U.S.?!) | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 4 November 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/_WUUx3H1iNo Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200307232828/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WUUx3H1iNo&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WUUx3H1iNo| title = 하버드 박사가 바라본 시조와 한국 교육, 그리고 노벨상 받는 방법! (Sijo and Nobel Prize) | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 16 November 2019 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===In English===
In 1986 the journal ''Poet'' dedicated an issue to "classic" Korean ''sijo'' translated into English by Korean-American [[Kim Unsong]] (aka William Kim). This was followed by Kim's ''Classical Korean Poems (Sijo)'' in 1987, ''Sijo by Korean Poets in China'', and ''Poems of Modern Sijo'' (a collection of his originals) in the mid-1990s. They found a devoted audience in American ''theWORDshop'' publisher [[Dr. Larry Gross]] and Canadian haiku poet Elizabeth St. Jacques. As a result, a volume of original English-language ''sijo'' (''Around the Tree of Light'') by St. Jacques appeared and soon after, Gross launched the first issue of ''Sijo West'' with St. Jacques as assistant editor. It was the world's first poetry journal dedicated to English-language ''sijo'' and caught on well with poets dedicated to haiku and other forms of Asian verse.

''Sijo West'' folded in 1999 reportedly due to health problems and tragedies with Gross. St. Jacques reemerged with online postings known as ''Sijo Blossoms'' (circa 2001), which, apparently, has since evolved into the ''Sijo In The Light'' section of her ''Poetry In The Light'' website.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} ''Sijo In The Light'', like the defunct ''Sijo West'', featured original English-language ''sijo'', as well as essays and reviews.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Gross, meanwhile, has maintained a significant presence for ''sijo'' on his website ''Poetry in theWORDshop'', which includes translations from Korean masters as well as original contributions by contemporary poets. Gross moderated a Yahoo! discussion group, ''sijoforum.''{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

''Urban Temple'', a collection of ''sijo'' composed in English by the Harvard University Emeritus Professor David McCann is available from Bo-Leaf Books. Nominated for the Griffin Poetry Prize, this collection was praised by Jane Shore as "at once present and universal, contemporary and timeless ... a book well worth waiting for." ''Sijo: an international journal of poetry and song'' is published by the Cambridge Institute for the Study of Korea and volumes 1 and 2 are currently available. ''For Nirvana: 108 Zen Sijo Poems'' by Musan Cho Oh-Hyun was translated by Heinz Insu Fenkl and published by Columbia University Press in 2017. The page ''Sijo Poet'' on Facebook shares ''sijo'' composed in English as well as poems translated from Korean.

==See also==
{{Portal|Literature}}

* [https://books.google.com/books?id=A8Qa0r_fqIEC For other examples]
* [[Korean culture]]
* [[Korean poetry]]
* [[Hyangga]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References and further reading==
* ''The Bamboo Grove: An Introduction to Sijo'', ed. Richard Rutt, University of Michigan Press, 1998.
* ''Soaring Phoenixes and Prancing Dragons; A Historical Survey of Korean Classical Literature'', by James Hoyt, Korean Studies Series No. 20, Jimoondang International, 2000.
* ''Master Sijo Poems from Korea: Classical and Modern'', selected and translated by Jaihun Joyce Kim, Si-sa-yong-o-sa Publishers, Inc., 1982.
* ''An Introduction to Classical Korean Literature: From Hyangga to P'ansori'' by Kichung Kim, Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996.
* ''Early Korean Literature'', David R. McCann, ed., Columbia University Press, 2000.
* ''The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Korean Poetry'', Peter H. Lee, editor, Columbia University Press, 2002.
* ''The Book of Korean Shijo'', translated and edited by Kevin O'Rourke, Harvard East Asian Monographs 215, Harvard-Ewha Series on Korea, Harvard University Asia Center, 2002.
* ''Jeet Kune Do'nun Felsefesi'', Yüksel Yılmaz, İstanbul, Turkey: Yalın Yayıncılık, (2008).
*''For Nirvana: 108 Zen Sijo Poems,''Musan Cho Oh-hyun, translated by Heinz Insu Fenkl, Columbia University Press, 2016.
*''A Lone Flute Resounds:  Korean Classical Sijo Poetry Translated into English, vol. 1,'' translated by Kim Goeng Pil, Guhbooksun Publishing, 2015.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060714045429/http://www.koreasociety.org/KS_curriculum/HS/2/2-text/2_141_2.htm Hwang Chini's most famous sijo]
*[http://www.sijopoetry.com/ Sijo Poetry]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Korean poetic forms]]
[[Category:Korean poetry]]