View source for Signal strength and readability report

{{short description|Quality rating of radio communications}}
{{Redirect|Five by Five}}
{{Primary|date=November 2024}}
A '''signal strength and readability report''' is a standardized format for reporting the strength of the radio signal and the readability (quality) of the [[radiotelephone]] (voice) or [[Wireless telegraphy|radiotelegraph]] (Morse code) signal transmitted by another station as received at the reporting station's location and by their radio station equipment. These report formats are usually designed for only one communications mode or the other, although a few are used for both telegraph and voice communications. All but one of these signal report formats involve the transmission of numbers.

== History ==
As the earliest radio communication used Morse code, all radio signal reporting formats until about the 1920s were for radiotelegraph, and the early voice radio signal report formats were based on the telegraph report formats.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}

=== Timeline of signal report formats ===

* The first signal report format code may have been QJS.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}
* The U.S. Navy used R and K signals starting in 1929.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}
* The QSK code was one of the twelve [[Q code|Q Codes]] listed in the 1912 International Radiotelegraph Convention Regulations, but may have been in use earlier.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}
* The QSA code was included in the Madrid Convention (Appendix 10, General Regulations) sometime prior to 1936.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}
* The Amateur radio R-S-T system signal report format currently in use was first developed in 1934.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}
* As early as 1943, the U.S and UK military published the first guidance that included the modern "Weak but readable", "Strong but distorted", and "Loud and clear" phrases.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}
* By 1951, the CCEB had published ACP 125(A) (a.k.a. SGM-1O82-51), which formalized the 1943 "Loud and clear" format.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}

== Radiotelegraph report formats ==

=== Q-Code signal report formats ===
{{Main|QSA and QRK radio signal reports}}
The '''QSA code''' and '''QRK code''' are interrelated and complementary signal reporting codes for use in wireless telegraphy ([[Morse code]]). They replaced the earlier QSJ code.

Currently, the QSA and QRK codes are officially defined in the ITU Radio Regulations 1990, Appendix 13: Miscellaneous Abbreviations and Signals to Be Used in Radiotelegraphy Communications Except in the Maritime Mobile Service. They are also described identically in ACP131(F),:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jcs.dtic.mil/j6/cceb/acps/acp131/ACP131F.pdf|title=ACP 131(F) - Communications Instructions Operating Signals, April 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906015123/http://jcs.dtic.mil/j6/cceb/acps/acp131/ACP131F.pdf|archivedate=September 6, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ITU-R Radiotelegraph Signal Reporting Formats
!Signal
!Question
!Answer, Advice, or Order
|-
|QSA
|What is the strength of my signals (or those of...)?
|The strength of your signals (or those of...) is...{{ordered list |scarcely perceptible|weak|fairly good|good|very good}}
|-
|QRK
|What is the intelligibility of my signals (or those of...)?
|The intelligibility of your signals (or those of...) is...{{ordered list |bad|poor|fair|good|excellent}}
|}

=== R-S-T system ===
{{Main|R-S-T system}}
Amateur radio users in the U.S. and Canada have used the [[R-S-T system]] since 1934. This system was developed by amateur radio operator Arthur W. Braaten, W2BSR.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tubebooks.org/Books/arrl_1936.pdf|title=The Radio Amateur's Handbook|pages=363|accessdate=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022140/http://www.tubebooks.org/Books/arrl_1936.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qsl.net/yb0az/rst.html|title=The RST Standard of Reporting|accessdate=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105835/http://www.qsl.net/yb0az/rst.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zs6wr.co.za/documents/rst.pdf|title=Can You Read Me Now?|last1=Andrea|first1=Steve|publisher=ARRL|accessdate=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315014826/http://www.zs6wr.co.za/documents/rst.pdf|archive-date=15 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsp-italy.it/Electronics/Magazines/QST/_contents/QST%201934_10.pdf|title=A New Standard System of Reporting Signals|author1=Arthur M. Braaten, W2BSR|publisher=ARRL|pages=18|accessdate=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705153819/http://www.rsp-italy.it/Electronics/Magazines/QST/_contents/QST%201934_10.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It reports the readability on a scale of 1 to 5, the signal strength on a scale of 1 to 9, and the tone of the Morse code continuous wave signal on a scale of 1 to 9.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arrl.org/quick-reference-operating-aids|title=Quick Reference Operating Aids (The RST System)|access-date=2018-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416142317/http://www.arrl.org/quick-reference-operating-aids|archive-date=2018-04-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~maxwell/RSTInfo.html|title=Ham Radio "RST" Signal Reporting System for CW/Phone Operation|publisher=University of Buffalo|accessdate=24 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014064804/http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~maxwell/RSTInfo.html|archive-date=14 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>  During amateur radio contests, where the rate of new contacts is paramount, contest participants often give a perfect signal report of 599 even when the signal is lower quality, because always providing the same signal format enables them to send Morse code with less thought and thus increased speed.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ARRL R-S-T System
! rowspan="2" |No.
! colspan="3" |Meaning
|-
!R
!S
!T
|-
|9
| rowspan="4" |
|Extremely strong signals
|Perfect tone, no trace of ripple or modulation of any kind
|-
|8
|Strong signals
|Near perfect tone, slight trace of modulation
|-
|7
|Moderately strong signals
|Near pure tone, trace of ripple modulation
|-
|6
|Good signals
|Filtered tone, definite trace of ripple modulation
|-
|5
|Perfectly readable
|Fairly good signals
|Filtered rectified a.c. but strongly ripple-modulated
|-
|4
|Readable with practically no difficulty
|Fair signals
|Rough note, some trace of filtering
|-
|3
|Readable with considerable difficulty
|Weak signals
|Rough a.c. tone, rectified but not filtered
|-
|2
|Barely readable, occasional word distinguishable
|Very weak signals
|Very rough a.c., very harsh and broad
|-
|1
|Unreadable
|Faint—signals barely perceptible
|Sixty cycle a.c or less, very rough and broad
|}

=== SINPO code ===
{{Main|SINPO code}}
'''SINPO''' is an [[acronym]] for '''Signal, Interference, Noise, Propagation, and Overall''', which was developed by the [[ITU-R|CCIR]] in 1951 (as C.C.I.R. Recommendation No. 251) for use in radiotelegraphy, and the standard is contained in ''Recommendation ITU-R Sm.1135, SINPO and SINPFEMO codes''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/sm/R-REC-SM.1135-0-199510-I!!PDF-E.pdf|title=ITU-R Sm.1135, SINPO and SINPFEMO codes|access-date=2018-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111840/http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/sm/R-REC-SM.1135-0-199510-I!!PDF-E.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=live}}</ref> This format is most notably used by the BBC for receiving signal reports on postcards mailed from listeners, even though that same standard specifies that the SINPFEMO code should be used for radiotelephony transmissions. SINPO is the official radiotelegraph signal reporting codes for international civil aviation <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icao.int/NACC/Documents/Meetings/2014/ECARAIM/REF03-ICAOCodes.pdf|title=Procedures for Air Navigation Services: ICAO Abbreviations and Codes|accessdate=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419103053/http://www.icao.int/NACC/Documents/Meetings/2014/ECARAIM/REF03-ICAOCodes.pdf|archive-date=19 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and ITU-R.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/sm/R-REC-SM.1135-0-199510-I!!PDF-E.pdf|title=ITU-R Sm.1135, SINPO and SINPFEMO codes|access-date=2018-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111840/http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/sm/R-REC-SM.1135-0-199510-I!!PDF-E.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" 
|+ITU-R SINPO Code
! rowspan="3" |Rating scale
!S
!I
!N
!P
!O
|-
!
! colspan="3" |Degrading effect of
!
|-
! Signal strength
! Interference<br>(man-made)
! Noise<br>(natural)
! Propagation<br>disturbance
! Overall<br>rating
|-
| 5
| Excellent
| Nil
| Nil
| Nil
| Excellent
|-
|4
|Good
|Slight
|Slight
|Slight
|Good
|- 
|3
|Fair
|Moderate
|Moderate
|Moderate
|Fair
|-
|2
|Poor
|Severe
|Severe
|Severe
|Poor
|-
|1
|Barely audible
|Extreme
|Extreme
|Extreme
|Unusable
|}

== Radiotelephony report formats ==
=== R-S-T system ===
{{Main|R-S-T system}}
Amateur radio operators use the R-S-T system to describe voice transmissions, dropping the last digit (Tone report) because there is no continuous wave tone to report on.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ARRL R-S-T System, as used for voice communications
! rowspan="2" |No.
! colspan="2" |Meaning
|-
!R
!S
|-
|9
| rowspan="4" |
|Extremely strong signals
|-
|8
|Strong signals
|-
|7
|Moderately strong signals
|-
|6
|Good signals
|-
|5
|Perfectly readable
|Fairly good signals
|-
|4
|Readable with practically no difficulty
|Fair signals
|-
|3
|Readable with considerable difficulty
|Weak signals
|-
|2
|Barely readable, occasional word distinguishable
|Very weak signals
|-
|1
|Unreadable
|Faint—signals barely perceptible
|}

=== SINPEMFO code ===
{{Main|SINPO_code#SINPEMFO code}}
An extension of SINPO code, for use in radiotelephony (voice over radio) communications, SINPFEMO is an acronym for '''Signal, Interference, Noise, Propagation, Frequency of Fading, Depth, Modulation, and Overall'''.
{| class="wikitable" 
|+ITU-R SINPEMFO Code
! rowspan="3" |Rating scale
!S
!I
!N
!P
!F
!E
!M
!O
|-
!
! colspan="3" |Degrading effect of
! rowspan="2" |Frequency of fading
! colspan="2" |Modulation
!
|-
! Signal<br>strength
! Interference<br>(man-made)
! Noise<br>(natural)
! Propagation<br>disturbance
! Quality
! Depth
! Overall<br>rating
|-
| 5
| Excellent
| Nil
| Nil
| Nil
| Nil
| Excellent
| Maximum
| Excellent
|-
|4
|Good
|Slight
|Slight
|Slight
|Slow
|Good
|Good
|Good
|- 
|3
|Fair
|Moderate
|Moderate
|Moderate
|Moderate
|Fair
|Fair
|Fair
|-
|2
|Poor
|Severe
|Severe
|Severe
|Fast
|Poor
|Poor or Nil
|Poor
|-
|1
|Barely audible
|Extreme
|Extreme
|Extreme
|Very fast
|Very Poor
|Continuously over-modulated
|Unusable
|}

=== Plain-language radio checks ===
{{Main|Plain language radio checks}}
The move to plain-language radio communications means that number-based formats are now considered obsolete, and are replaced by plain language radio checks. These avoid the ambiguity of which number stands for which type of report and whether a 1 is considered good or bad. This format originated with the U.S. military in [[World War II]], and is currently defined by ACP 125 (G).,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.k1chr.org/ACP%20125%20%28G%29%20Radio%20Telephone%20Procedures%20NOV%202016.pdf|title=ACP 125 (G): Communications Instructions: Radiotelephone Procedures|date=28 November 2016|access-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219123759/http://www.k1chr.org/ACP%20125%20(G)%20Radio%20Telephone%20Procedures%20NOV%202016.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> published by the [[Combined Communications Electronics Board]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}

The prowords listed below are for use when initiating and answering queries concerning signal strength and readability.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ACP 125 (G) procedures for initiating and responding to a Radio Check
!Proword
!Meaning
|-
|'''RADIO CHECK'''
|What is my signal strength and readability; how do you hear me?
|-
|'''ROGER'''
|I have received your last transmission satisfactorily.
|-
|'''NOTHING HEARD'''
|To be used when no reply is received from a called station.
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ACP 125 (G) Plain-Language Radio Check Procedure Words
!Proword !! Meaning !! Conjunction !! Proword !! Meaning
|-
|'''LOUD'''
|Your signal is very strong.
| rowspan="6" |AND or BUT, depending on which prowords are combined
|'''CLEAR'''
|The quality of your transmission is excellent.
|-
|'''GOOD'''
|Your signal strength is good.
|'''READABLE'''
|The quality of your transmission is satisfactory.
|-
|'''WEAK'''
|Your signal strength is weak.
|'''UNREADABLE'''
|The quality of your transmission is so bad that I cannot read you.
|-
|'''VERY WEAK'''
|Your signal strength is very weak.
|'''DISTORTED'''
|Having trouble reading you due to interference.
|-
|'''FADING'''
|At times your signal strength fades to such an extent that continuous reception cannot be relied upon.
|'''WITH INTERFERENCE'''
|Having trouble reading you due to interference.
|-
| colspan="2" |
|'''INTERMITTENT'''
|Having trouble reading you because your signal is intermittent.
|}

== Use in analog vs. digital radio transmission modes ==
In analog radio systems, as receiving stations move away from a [[radio transmitter|radio transmitting site]], the [[signal strength]] decreases gradually, causing the relative noise level to increase. The signal becomes increasingly difficult to understand until it can no longer be heard as anything other than static.<ref name="Imel">{{cite web|url=http://transition.fcc.gov/pshs/docs-best/imel-wireless03.pdf|title=Understanding Wireless Communications in Public Safety|last1=Imel|first1=Kathy J.|last2=Hart|first2=James W.|date=January 2003|website=FCC.gov|publisher=The National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center–Rocky Mountain|access-date=September 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521121106/https://transition.fcc.gov/pshs/docs-best/imel-wireless03.pdf|archive-date=May 21, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Rp|38}}

These reporting systems are usable for, but perhaps not completely appropriate for, rating digital signal quality.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} This is because digital signals have fairly consistent quality as the receiver moves away from the transmitter until reaching a threshold distance. At this threshold point, sometimes called the "[[Cliff effect|digital cliff]],"the signal quality takes a severe drop and is lost".<ref name="Imel" />{{Rp|38}} This difference in reception reduces attempts to ascertain subjective signal quality to simply asking, "Can you hear me now?" or similar. The only possible response is "yes"; otherwise, there is just dead air. This sudden signal drop was also one of the primary arguments of analog proponents against moving to digital systems. However, the "five bars" displayed on many cell phones does directly correlate to the signal strength rating.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}

==  Informal terminology and slang ==
The phrase "five by five" can be used informally to mean "good signal strength" or "loud and clear".<ref>''The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English'' (2015), p 857.  United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.</ref>  An early example of this phrase was in 1946, recounting a wartime conversation.<ref>Burns, Milton. "Horse of another Color", ''Leatherneck'', January 1946, p. 31.</ref>  The phrase was used in 1954 in the novel ''[[The Blackboard Jungle]]''.<ref>Evan Hunter, ''The Blackboard Jungle'',  Simon and Schuster 1954, {{ISBN|9780837604046}}.  ''"The man thrust his long jaw closer to the head of the mike and then said, 'All right, testing, one-two-three-four, one-two-three-four.'  A boy at the back of the auditorium shouted, 'Five by five, Mr. Halloran'... "'' </ref> Another example usage of this phrase is from June 1965 by the crew of the [[Gemini IV]] spacecraft.<ref>''Gemini IV PAO Mission Commentary Transcript,'',   tape 183, page 1.  On page 434 of PDF transcript: https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/mission_trans/GT04_PAO.PDF</ref>   This phrase apparently refers to the fact that the format consists of two digits, each ranging from one to five, with five/five being the best signal possible.

Some radio users have inappropriately started using the [[Circuit Merit]] telephone line quality measurement.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} This format is unsuitable for radiotelegraph or radio-telephony use because it focuses on voice-to-noise ratios, for judging whether a particular telephone line is suitable for commercial (paying customer) use, and does not include separate reports for signal strength and voice quality.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}

== See also ==
* [[Mean opinion score]]
* [[Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality]] (PESQ)
* [[Perceptual Objective Listening Quality Analysis]] (POLQA)
* [[Procedure word]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.radioing.com/hamstart/rst.html Ham Radio RST Signal Reporting System for CW Operation], by Charlie Bautsch, W5AM
* [http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-SM.1135-0-199510-I itu.int: SM.1135 - Sinpo and sinpfemo codes - ITU]

[[Category:English phrases]]
[[Category:Operating signals]]
[[Category:Quality control]]
[[Category:Nondestructive testing]]