View source for Side-striped jackal

{{Short description|Canine native to Africa}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Side-striped jackal
| fossil_range = [[Pliocene]] - recent
| image = Lupulella adusta in Kalabo Zambia 01.jpeg
| image_caption = Side-striped jackal in Kalabo, Zambia
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Hoffmann, M. |year=2014 |title=''Canis adustus'' |page=e.T3753A46254734 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3753A46254734.en}}</ref>
| genus = Lupulella
| species = adusta
| authority = ([[Carl Jakob Sundevall|Sundevall]], 1847)<ref name=Wozencraft2005>{{cite book|last1=Wozencraft|first1=C. W.|title=Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|editor1-last=Wilson|editor1-first=D. E.|editor2-last=Reader|editor2-first=D. M.|volume=1|edition=3rd|year=2005|chapter=Order Carnivora|pages=573|isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=JgAMbNSt8ikC|page=573}}}}</ref>
| range_map = Side-striped Jackal area.png
| range_map_caption = Side-striped jackal range
| synonyms = ''Canis adustus''<ref name=Wozencraft2005/>
}}

The '''side-striped jackal''' ('''''Lupulella adusta'''''<ref name=Alvares2019/><ref name=Castello2018a/><ref name=Perri2021/><ref name=MDD/> or '''''Schaeffia adusta'''''<ref name=Hilzheimer/><ref name=Zrzavy/><ref name=Valenciano/><ref name=Chinsami/>) is a [[Caninae|canine]] native to [[Central Africa|Central]] and [[Southern Africa]].<ref name=iucn/>

Unlike the smaller and related [[black-backed jackal]] (''Lupulella mesomelas''), which dwells in open plains, the side-striped jackal primarily dwells in woodland and scrub areas.<ref name="canids" />

==Taxonomy and evolution==
{{Cladogram|align=right|title=[[Phylogenetic tree]] of the [[Canina (subtribe)|wolf-like canids]] with timing in millions of years{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=mtdna_seq_desc|For a full set of supporting references refer to the note (a) in the phylotree at [[Evolution of the wolf#Wolf-like canids]]}}
|cladogram={{clade | style = font-size:85%;line-height:80%;width:400px;
 |label1=[[Caninae]] 3.5 [[Megaannum|Ma]]
 |1={{clade
  |label1=3.0
  |1={{clade
   |label1=2.5
   |1={{clade
    |label1=2.0
    |1={{clade
     |label1=0.96
     |1={{clade
       |label1=0.6
       |1={{clade
        |label1=0.38
        |1={{clade
         |1={{clade
          |1={{clade
           |1=[[Dog|Domestic dog]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:202104 Dog.svg|50 px]]</span>
           |2=[[Wolf|Gray wolf]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg|50 px]]
}}
}}
         |2=[[Coyote]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg|50 px]]
}}
        |2=[[African wolf]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg|50 px]]
}}
       |2=[[Golden jackal]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg|50 px]]
}}
      |2=[[Ethiopian wolf]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).jpg|50 px]]
}}
     |2=[[Dhole]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLI).jpg|50 px]]
}}
     |2=[[African wild dog]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIV).jpg|50 px]]
}}
  |2={{clade
   |1={{clade
    |1=Side-striped jackal [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIII).jpg|50 px]]
    |2=[[Black-backed jackal]] [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XII).jpg|50 px]]
}}
    |label1=2.6
}}
}}
}}
}}

The Swedish zoologist [[Carl Jakob Sundevall]] named the species ''Canis adustus'' in 1847.<ref>Sundevall, 1847. "Nya Mammalia från Sydafrika" ''Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. Stockholm'' 1846, 3: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2581778 121] [1847]</ref> The German zoologist [[Max Hilzheimer]] proposed a different genus as ''Schaeffia adusta'' in 1906.<ref name=Hilzheimer>{{Cite journal |last=Hilzheimer |first=M.|year=1906 |title=Die geographische Verbreitung der Afrikanischen Grauschakale |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57592649|journal=Zoologischer Beobachter |volume=47 |pages=363–364}}</ref>

Fossil remains of the side-striped jackal date to the [[Pliocene]] era.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2008.05.002|title=''Canis accitanus'' nov. sp., a new small dog (Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Fonelas P-1 Plio-Pleistocene site (Guadix basin, Granada, Spain)|journal=Geobios|volume=41|issue=6|pages=751|year=2008|last1=Garrido|first1=Guiomar|last2=Arribas|first2=Alfonso|bibcode=2008Geobi..41..751G }}</ref> A [[mitochondrial DNA]] sequence alignment for the [[Evolution of the wolf#Wolf-like canids|wolf-like canids]] gave a phylogenetic tree with the side-striped jackal and the black-backed jackal being the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] members of this clade, which means that this tree is indicating an African origin for the clade.<ref name=Lindbladtoh2005/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Social Dog:Behavior and Cognition|author=Juliane Kaminski|author2=Sarah Marshall-Pescini|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Elsevier|year=2014|chapter=Chapter 1 - The Social Dog:History and Evolution|page=4|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THRAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|isbn=9780124079311}}</ref>

In 2019, a workshop hosted by the [[IUCN]]/SSC Canid Specialist Group recommends that because DNA evidence shows the side-striped jackal (''Canis adustus'') and black-backed jackal (''Canis mesomelas'') to form a monophyletic lineage that sits outside of the Canis/Cuon/Lycaon clade, that they should be placed in a distinct genus, ''Lupulella'' Hilzheimer, 1906 with the names ''Lupulella adusta'' and ''Lupulella mesomelas''.<ref name=Alvares2019/>

Studies indicate that the dentition of the side-striped jackal is different to that of the black-backed jackal, and propose that the side-striped jackal should be classified as ''Schaeffia adusta'' following Hilzheimer in 1906.<ref name=Zrzavy>{{cite journal |author1=Zrzavy, J. |author2=Ricankova, V. |year=2004 |title=Phylogeny of recent Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora): relative reliability and the utility of morphological and molecular datasets |journal=Zool. Scr. |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=311–333 |doi=10.1111/j.0300-3256.2004.00152.x |s2cid=84733263 }}</ref><ref name=Valenciano>{{cite journal |first1=Alberto |last1=Valenciano |first2=Jorge |last2=Morales |first3=Romala |last3=Govender |title=''Eucyon khoikhoi'' sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=194 |issue=2 |date=February 2022 |pages=366–394 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab022}}</ref><ref name=Chinsami>{{cite journal|first1=Anusuya|last1=Chinsami|first2=Alberto|last2=Valenciano|title=Multiple exostoses and an osteochondroma in a Pliocene canid from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry (South Africa)|journal=Journal of Anatomy|date=September 2024|doi=10.1111/joa.14133|doi-access=free|pmid=39233351 }}</ref> It is the surviving member from an African group of which the early [[Pliocene]] African ''Eucyon khoikhoi'' [[Species nova|sp. nov.]] is the [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] member.<ref name=Valenciano/><ref name=Chinsami/> The recent discovery of the 5 million years old ''E. khoikhoi'' supports the proposed radiation of the genus ''[[Eucyon]]'', with the oldest ''[[Eucyon ferox|E. ferox]]'' in North America, to ''[[Eucyon davisi|E. davisi]]'' in North America then to China, to ''E. debonisi'' in Western Europe, to ''E. khoikhoi'' in Africa.<ref name=Valenciano/>

==Description==
The side-striped jackal is a slender, medium-sized canid, which tends to be slightly larger on average than the black-backed jackal. Body mass ranges from {{cvt|6.5|to|14|kg}}, head-and-body length from {{cvt|69|to|81|cm}} and tail length from {{cvt|30|to|41|cm}}.<ref name="Burnie">{{cite book |editor-last1=Burnie |editor-first1=D |editor-last2=Wilson |editor-first2=DE |title=Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife |series=DK Adult |year=2005 |isbn=0789477645}}</ref> Shoulder height can range from {{cvt|35|to|50|cm}}.<ref name="Botswana Travel Guide">{{cite web | title = Side-Striped Jackal | publisher = Botswana Travel Guide| url = http://www.botswana-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1659 | access-date = 2013-07-10}}</ref> Its [[Fur|pelt]] is coloured buff-grey. The back is darker grey than the underside, and the [[tail]] is black with a grey, almost silver tip. Indistinct white stripes are present on the [[Latus (anatomy)|flanks]], running from elbow to hip. The boldness of the markings varies between individuals, with those of adults being better defined than those of juveniles.<ref name="canids">{{cite web | title = Side-Striped Jackal |author=IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group|publisher=Wildlife Conservation Research Unit|url=http://www.canids.org/species/view/PREKMO428071| access-date = 2016-07-11}}</ref>

The side-striped jackal's skull is similar to that of the black-backed jackal's, but is flatter, with a longer and narrower [[rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]]. Its [[sagittal crest]] and [[zygomatic arch]]es are also lighter in build. Due to its longer rostrum, its third upper [[premolar]] lies almost in line with the others, rather than at an angle. Its [[dentition]] is well suited to an [[omnivorous]] diet. The long, curved canines have a sharp ridge on the posterior surface, and the outer [[incisors]] are canine-like. Its [[carnassial]]s are smaller than those of the more [[carnivorous]] black-backed jackal. Females have four [[Groin|inguinal]] teats.<ref name=canids/>

==Dietary habits==
The side-striped jackal tends to be less carnivorous than other jackal species, and is a highly adaptable [[omnivore]] whose dietary preferences change in accordance to seasonal and local variation.<ref name="www.krugerpark.co.za">{{cite web | title = Side-Striped Jackal in the Kruger Park | publisher = www.krugerpark.co.za| url = http://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_side_striped_jackal.html | access-date = 2013-07-10}}</ref> It tends to forage solitarily, though family groups of up to 12 jackals have been observed to feed together in western [[Zimbabwe]]. In the wild, it feeds largely on [[invertebrate]]s during the wet season and small mammals, such as the [[springhare]], in the dry months. It frequently scavenges from campsites and the kills of larger [[predator]]s. In the wild, [[fruit]] is taken exclusively in season, while in ruralised areas, it can account for 30% of their dietary intake. The side-striped jackal tends to be comparatively less predatory when compared to other jackal species. It typically does not target prey exceeding the size of [[neonatal]] antelopes, and one specimen was recorded to have entered a [[duck]]'s pen to eat their feed, whilst ignoring the birds.<ref name=canids/>

A side-striped jackal from [[Angola]] was found to be a host of an intestinal [[acanthocephala]]n worm, ''[[Pachysentis angolensis]]''.<ref name=Golvan1957>{{cite journal
| last        = Golvan 
| first       = Y. J.
| date        = 1957
| title       = Acanthocephales de l'Angola. I. ''Oncicola angolensis'' n. sp.(Archiacanthocephala-Pachysentidae), parasite du Chacal, ''Canis adustus'' Sundevall
| trans-title = Acanthocephala from Angola. I. ''Oncicola angolensis'' n. sp.(Archiacanthocephala-Pachysentidae), parasite of the Jackal, ''Canis adustus'' Sundevall
| url         = 
| language    = fr
| journal     = Publicacion Servicos Culturais de la Companhia de Diamantes de Angola. Meseu Dundo Lunda.
| volume      = 34
| issue       = 
| pages       = 39–50
| doi         = 
| access-date = 
}}</ref>

==Social behaviour and reproduction==
[[File:Canis adustus Kidepo National Park.jpg|right|thumb|In [[Kidepo National Park]], [[Uganda]]]]
[[File:Side-striped Jackal (Canis adustus)- rare sighting of this nocturnal animal ... (13799182833).jpg|right|thumb|In [[Kruger National Park]], [[South Africa]]]]
The side-striped jackal lives both [[solitary but social|solitarily]] and in family groups of up to seven individuals. The family unit is dominated by a [[breeding pair]], which remains [[Monogamy in animals|monogamous]] for a number of years.<ref name=canids/>{{failed verification|date=October 2019}}

The [[breeding season]] for this species depends on where they live; in [[Southern Africa]], breeding starts in June and ends in November. The side-striped jackal has a [[gestation period]] of 57 to 70 days, with average [[Litter (animal)|litter]] of three to six young. The young reach [[sexual maturity]] at six to eight months of age, and typically begin to leave when 11 months old. The side-striped jackal is among the few mammal species that mate for life, forming [[Monogamy in animals|monogamous]] pairs.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

==Subspecies==
There are seven recognized [[subspecies]] of the side-striped jackal:<ref name=Wozencraft2005/>
*''L. a. adusta'' (West Africa to most of [[Angola]]) – Sundevall's side-striped jackal
*''L. a. bweha'' (East Africa; Kisumu, [[Kenya]]) – Elgon side-striped jackal<ref name=heller1914>Heller, E. (1914). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8816777 New subspecies of mammals from equatorial Africa]. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 63, No. 7. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution</ref>
*''L. a. centralis'' (Central Africa; [[Cameroon]], near the Uham River)
*''L. a. grayi'' (North Africa; [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]])
*''L. a. kaffensis'' (Kaffa, southwestern [[Ethiopia]]) – Kaffa side-striped jackal
*''L. a. lateralis'' (East Africa; [[Kenya]], [[Uasin Gishu County|Uasin Gishu Plateau]], south of Gabon)
*''L. a. notatus'' (East Africa; [[Kenya]], [[Loita Plains]], Rift Valley Province) – Loita side-striped jackal<ref name=heller1914/>

==See also==
*[[Wajee Nature Park]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=Alvares2019>{{cite web |first1=Francisco|last1=Alvares|first2=Wieslaw|last2=Bogdanowicz|first3=Liz A.D.|last3=Campbell|first4=Rachel|last4=Godinho|first5=Jennifer|last5=Hatlauf|first6=Yadvendradev V.|last6=Jhala|first7=Andrew C.|last7=Kitchener|first8=Klaus-Peter|last8=Koepfli|first9=Miha|last9=Krofel|first10=Patricia D.|last10=Moehlman|first11=Helen|last11=Senn |first12=Claudio|last12=Sillero-Zubiri|first13=Suvi|last13=Viranta|first14=Geraldine|last14=Werhahn|year=2019|website=IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group|url=https://www.canids.org/CBC/Old_World_Canis_Taxonomy_Workshop.pdf|title=Old World Canis spp. with taxonomic ambiguity: Workshop conclusions and recommendations. CIBIO. Vairão, Portugal, 28th - 30th May 2019|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>

<ref name=Castello2018a>{{cite book|last1= Castelló|first1=José R.|title=Canids of the World: Wolves, Wild Dogs, Foxes, Jackals, Coyotes, and Their Relatives (Princeton Field Guides)|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2018|chapter=Ch2-Wolf-like Canids|pages=160–165|isbn=978-0691176857|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=islgDwAAQBAJ|page=160}}}}</ref>

<ref name=Lindbladtoh2005>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature04338 |pmid=16341006 |title=Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog |journal=Nature |volume=438 |issue=7069 |pages=803–819 |year=2005 |last1= Lindblad-Toh |first1= Kerstin |last2=Wade |first2= Claire M. |last3=Mikkelsen |first3=Tarjei S. |last4=Karlsson |first4= Elinor K. |last5=Jaffe |first5=David B. |last6=Kamal |first6=Michael |last7=Clamp |first7=Michele |last8=Chang |first8=Jean L. |last9=Kulbokas |first9=Edward J. |last10=Zody |first10=Michael C. |last11=Mauceli |first11=Evan |last12=Xie |first12=Xiaohui |last13=Breen |first13=Matthew |last14=Wayne |first14=Robert K. |last15=Ostrander |first15=Elaine A. |last16=Ponting |first16=Chris P. |last17=Galibert |first17=Francis |last18=Smith |first18= Douglas R. |last19=Dejong |first19=Pieter J. |last20=Kirkness |first20=Ewen |last21=Alvarez |first21=Pablo |last22=Biagi |first22=Tara |last23=Brockmann |first23=William |last24=Butler |first24=Jonathan |last25=Chin |first25=Chee-Wye |last26=Cook |first26=April |last27=Cuff |first27=James |last28=Daly |first28=Mark J. |last29=Decaprio |first29=David |last30=Gnerre |first30= Sante |display-authors=6 |bibcode=2005Natur.438..803L|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=MDD>{{cite taxon |asm |title=''Lupulella adusta'' (Sundevall, 1847) |id=1005952|access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref>

<ref name=Perri2021>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-03082-x|title=Dire wolves were the last of an ancient New World canid lineage|year=2021|last1=Perri|first1=Angela R.|last2=Mitchell|first2=Kieren J.|last3=Mouton|first3=Alice|last4=Álvarez-Carretero|first4=Sandra|last5=Hulme-Beaman|first5=Ardern|last6=Haile|first6=James|last7=Jamieson|first7=Alexandra|last8=Meachen|first8=Julie|last9=Lin|first9=Audrey T.|last10=Schubert|first10=Blaine W.|last11=Ameen|first11=Carly|last12=Antipina|first12=Ekaterina E.|last13=Bover|first13=Pere|last14=Brace|first14=Selina|last15=Carmagnini|first15=Alberto|last16=Carøe|first16=Christian|last17=Samaniego Castruita|first17=Jose A.|last18=Chatters|first18=James C.|last19=Dobney|first19=Keith|last20=Dos Reis|first20=Mario|last21=Evin|first21=Allowen|last22=Gaubert|first22=Philippe|last23=Gopalakrishnan|first23=Shyam|last24=Gower|first24=Graham|last25=Heiniger|first25=Holly|last26=Helgen|first26=Kristofer M.|last27=Kapp|first27=Josh|last28=Kosintsev|first28=Pavel A.|last29=Linderholm|first29=Anna|last30=Ozga|first30=Andrew T.|last31=Presslee|first31=Samantha|last32=Salis|first32=Alexander T.|last33=Saremi|first33=Nedda F.|last34=Shew|first34=Colin |last35=Skerry|first35=Katherine|last36=Taranenko|first36=Dmitry E.|last37=Thompson|first37=Mary|last38=Sablin|first38=Mikhail V.|last39= Kuzmin|first39=Yaroslav V.|last40=Collins|first40=Matthew J.|last41=Sinding|first41=Mikkel-Holger S.|last42=Gilbert|first42=M. Thomas P.
|author-link42=Marcus Thomas Pius Gilbert|last43=Stone|first43=Anne C.|last44=Shapiro|first44=Beth |last45=Van Valkenburgh|first45=Blaire|author-link45=Blaire Van Valkenburgh|last46=Wayne|first46=Robert K.|last47=Larson|first47=Greger|last48=Cooper|first48=Alan|last49= Frantz|first49=Laurent A. F.|journal=Nature|volume=591|issue=7848|pages=87–91|pmid=33442059|bibcode=2021Natur.591...87P |s2cid=231604957 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c087f6d0-e084-4558-be53-d503697ce140 |quote=This finding is consistent with previously proposed designations of the genera Lupulella for the African jackals}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |title=The New Encyclopedia of Mammals |editor-first=David |editor-last=MacDonald |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-19-850823-9}}
* {{cite book |title=Cry of the Kalahari |first1=Mark |last1=Owens |first2=Delia |last2=Owens |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Mariner Books |year=1992}}
* {{cite book |title=The Velvet Claw: A natural history of the carnivores |first=David |last=MacDonald |publisher=BBC Books |year=1992}}
* {{cite book |title=Foxes, Wolves, and Wild Dogs of the World |first=David |last=Alderton |publisher=Facts on File |year=2004}}
{{ref end}}

{{Portal bar|Africa|Animals|Mammals|Dogs}}

{{Carnivora|Ca.}}
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[[Category:Lupulella]]
[[Category:Jackals|side-striped jackal]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Africa]]
[[Category:Mammals of Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Fauna of East Africa]]
[[Category:Mammals of Southern Africa]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1847|side-striped jackal]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of Africa]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]] <!-- Lupulella adusta -->