View source for Siarnaq

{{Short description|Moon of Saturn}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

{{Infobox planet
| name             = Siarnaq
| image            = Siarnaq Cassini color composite.png
| image_scale      = 
| caption          = Composite of three images taken by the ''[[Cassini (spacecraft)|Cassini]]'' spacecraft in 2013, showing Siarnaq's location at ten-minute intervals{{efn|Merger of three images, colored red, green, and blue respectively, to highlight Siarnaq as it moves relative to the background stars.}}
| mpc_name         = Saturn XXIX
| alt_names        = S/2000 S 3
| named_after      = [[Sedna (mythology)|Siarnaq]] {{small|([[Inuit mythology]])}}
| pronounced       = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|ɑr|n|ɑː|k}}
| adjectives       = Siarnaupian, Siarnaqian{{efn|name=adj|The [[genitive case|genitive]] form of ''Siarnaq'' is ''Siarnaup''. Thus the adjectival form could be [[absolutive case|absolutive]] ''Siarnaqian'' or genitive ''Siarnaupian'', parallel to nominative ''Venusian'' and genitive ''Venerian'' for [[Venus]]. See [https://www.inuktitutcomputing.ca/Technocrats/ILFT.php#morphology Inuktitut morphology]}}
| discovery_ref    = <ref name="jpl-satdisc"/><ref name="Gazetteer"/><ref name="IAUC7513"/>
| discoverer       = [[Brett J. Gladman]] et al.{{efn|name=team|Brett J. Gladman, [[John J. Kavelaars]], [[Jean-Marc Petit]], [[Hans Scholl (astronomer)|Hans Scholl]], [[Matthew Holman]], [[Brian G. Marsden]], [[Phil Nicholson]] and [[Joseph A. Burns]].<ref name="jpl-satdisc"/><ref name="Gazetteer"/>}}
| discovery_site   = [[Mauna Kea Observatory|Mauna Kea Obs.]]
| discovered       = 23 September 2000
| orbit_ref        = <ref name="MPC127090"/><ref name="horizons"/>
| epoch            = 17 December 2020 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2459200.5)
| observation_arc  = 
| semimajor        = {{cvt|0.1187382|AU|km|sigfig=6|lk=on}}
| eccentricity     = 0.5293834
| period           = +2.42 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (+883.87 [[Julian day|d]])
| mean_anomaly     = 35.08520[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| inclination      = 43.80073° {{small|(to [[ecliptic]])}}
| asc_node         = 40.96116°
| arg_peri         = 79.59603°
| satellite_of     = [[Saturn]]
| group            = [[Inuit group]] (Siarnaq)
| mean_diameter    = {{val|39.3|5.9|u=km}}<ref name="Grav2015"/>
| mass             = 
| density          = 
| rotation         = {{val|10.18785|0.00005|ul=h}}<ref name="Denk2019"/><ref name="Denk2018"/>
| surface_grav     = 
| escape_velocity  = 
| pole_ecliptic_lat = {{val|98|15|u=°}}<ref name="Denk2018"/>
| pole_ecliptic_lon = {{val|-23|15|u=°}}<ref name="Denk2018"/>
| albedo           = {{val|0.050|0.017}}<ref name="Grav2015"/>
| magnitude        = 20.1 ([[Visible spectrum|visible]])<ref name="SheppardMoons"/><ref name="Siarnaq-Denk"/>
| abs_magnitude    = {{val|10.9|0.05}}<ref name="Grav2015"/>
| spectral_type    = [[D-type asteroid|D]] (reddish)<ref name="Grav2007"/><br/>[[Asteroid spectral types#Asteroid color indices|B−V]]={{val|0.87|0.01}}<ref name="Grav2007"/><br/>V−R={{val|0.48|0.01}}<br/>V−I={{val|1.03|0.01}}
}}

'''Siarnaq''' is the second-largest [[irregular moon]] of [[Saturn]]. It was discovered on 23 September 2000 by a team of astronomers led by [[Brett J. Gladman]]. It was named after the [[Inuit mythology|Inuit]] goddess of the sea, Siarnaq, who is more commonly known as [[Sedna (mythology)|Sedna]]. Siarnaq is the largest member of Saturn's [[Inuit group]] of [[Retrograde and prograde motion|prograde]] irregular moons, which orbit far from Saturn in the same direction as the planet's rotation. The moons of the Inuit group are believed to have originated as fragments from the [[Impact event|collisional]] breakup of a larger progenitor moon after it was [[Gravitational capture|gravitationally captured]] into orbit around Saturn several billion years ago.<ref name="Sheppard2023"/><ref name="Bottke2010"/> Several other small Inuit group moons share similar orbits to Siarnaq, indicating that the moon had experienced another collision after forming from its progenitor.<ref name="Sheppard2023"/>

== Discovery ==
[[File:Siarnaq-discovery-CFHT.gif|thumb|left|Discovery images of Siarnaq taken by the [[CFHT]] in September 2000]]
Siarnaq was discovered on 23 September 2000, by an international team of astronomers consisting of Brett J. Gladman, [[John J. Kavelaars]], [[Jean-Marc Petit]], [[Hans Scholl (astronomer)|Hans Scholl]], [[Matthew Holman]], [[Brian G. Marsden]], [[Phil Nicholson]] and [[Joseph A. Burns]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The discovery of Siarnaq formed part of an observational campaign to search for distant [[irregular satellite]]s around Saturn. The campaign was coordinated by Gladman in late 2000 using various [[ground-based telescope]]s equipped with sensitive [[CCD camera]]s to survey Saturn's [[Hill sphere]], the region within which satellites can have stable orbits around the planet.<ref name="satpress2001"/><ref name="Brand2000"/>

In September 2000, Gladman and collaborators conducted a wide-area survey around Saturn down to a [[Photometric system|R-band]] [[limiting magnitude]] of 24.5 with the 3.6-meter [[Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope]] (CFHT) at the [[Mauna Kea Observatory]] in [[Hawaii]].<ref name="Gladman2001"/> They reobserved their previous irregular satellite discoveries from August 2000 ([[Ymir (moon)|Ymir]] and [[Paaliaq]]) and identified two new irregular satellite candidates: Siarnaq and [[Tarvos (moon)|Tarvos]].<ref name="satpresse1"/> Siarnaq, the brighter of the two, was detected at an [[apparent magnitude]] of 20.<ref name="IAUC7513"/>

=== Follow-up and confirmation ===
[[File:Saturn-irregulars-offset-31jan01.jpg|thumb|left|Offset plot showing the positions and [[ephemeris|ephemerides]] of 13 irregular satellites relative to Saturn in 2001. Siarnaq {{nowrap|(S/2000 S 3)}} is located at the upper left from the center.]]
Between 25–29 September 2000, follow-up observations of Siarnaq and other newly-discovered Saturnian irregular satellites were made at various observatories.<ref name="siarnaq-astrometry"/> Preliminary orbit calculations ruled out the possibility that the satellites could be foreground [[asteroid]]s and confirmed they were indeed orbiting Saturn.<ref name="satpresse1"/> The discovery of Ymir, Paaliaq, Siarnaq, and Tarvos were formally reported by the [[International Astronomical Union]] on 25 October 2000<ref name="IAUC7513"/><ref name="IAUC7512"/> and announced by Gladman's team a day later at a meeting hosted by the [[American Astronomical Society]]'s [[Division for Planetary Sciences]].<ref name="Brand2000"/> The discovery of the four satellites raised [[Moons of Saturn|Saturn's known moons]] to 22, surpassing [[Uranus]]'s moon count of 21 at the time.<ref name="satpresse1"/>

Although Siarnaq was confirmed as a satellite, the orbit was poorly known due to an insufficient number of observations.<ref name="IAUC7521"/> The moon was reobserved by the [[Kitt Peak National Observatory]] in December 2000,<ref name="MPEC-2000-Y14"/> and later by the [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] and [[Roque de los Muchachos Observatory|La Palma]] observatories in early 2001.<ref name="siarnaq-astrometry"/> In the interim, Gladman's team had discovered eight more irregular satellites of Saturn, raising the planet's number of known moons to 30 and resultingly overtaking [[Jupiter]] as the planet with the most known moons until 2003.<ref name="satpress2001"/><ref name="Hamilton2001"/>

== Name ==
The moon is named after Siarnaq, the [[Inuit]] sea [[giant]]ess or [[goddess]] and ruler of the Inuit underworld [[Adlivun]].<ref name="NASA"/> In other variants of [[Inuit mythology|Inuit legend]], she is also known by other names such as [[Nuliajuk]] and [[Sedna (mythology)|Sedna]]. Siarnaq is said to reside at the bottom of the ocean and to have conceived all sea life, which she will withhold from Inuit hunters when angered. In some versions of Inuit legend, Siarnaq was once a beautiful maiden who was tricked into marrying a bird-man and then was rescued by her father. They came under attack by a storm, which provoked the desperate father to sacrifice her to the sea in order to save himself.<ref name="Petten2003"/><ref name="Blunck2010"/>

The moon received its name in a formal notice published by the IAU on 8 August 2003, one month after its approval by the IAU's [[Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature]] in a general assembly held in July 2003.<ref name="Petten2003"/> Siarnaq was also assigned the [[Naming of moons#Roman numeral designations|Roman numeral designation]] Saturn XXIX, the 29th moon of Saturn.<ref name="IAUC8177"/>

=== Background ===
Before Siarnaq was given its name, it was formerly known by the [[provisional designation in astronomy|provisional designation]] S/2000 S 3 assigned by the IAU in the discovery announcement.{{efn|Gladman's [[astrometry]] page for Siarnaq notes that the moon was temporarily given the designation S/2000 ''S 2'' before being renumbered to ''S 3'' in the discovery announcement.<ref name="siarnaq-astrometry"/>}} The provisional designation indicates that it was the third Saturnian satellite identified in images taken in 2000.<ref name="IAUC7513"/> Siarnaq is among the first Saturnian irregular satellites discovered since [[Phoebe (moon)|Phoebe]] in 1898; the discovery of new satellite groups of Saturn provided the opportunity for their discoverers to establish new naming conventions for each of them.<ref name="satpress2001"/><ref name="Petten2003"/>

Kavelaars was advised by his colleagues to deviate from the traditional [[Greco-Roman mythology]] theme for Saturnian moons and instead propose names from different cultures. Throughout late 2000, Kavelaars spent several months consulting [[Amerindian]] scholars for appropriate name suggestions that were both multicultural and [[Canadians|Canadian]] in origin. In March 2001, he was reading the Inuit tale ''Hide and Sneak'' to his children and had a revelation. He contacted the author of the tale, [[Michael Kusugak]], to get his assent, and the latter suggested the names [[Kiviuq]] and Sedna.<ref name="Spitzer2001"/><ref name="Blunck2010"/> Kavelaars then decided that the selected Inuit names should end in the letter q to distinguish the group—hence the name Sedna was changed to Siarnaq.<ref name="Petten2003"/> The former name was later used for [[90377 Sedna]], a distant [[trans-Neptunian object]] discovered in 2003.<ref name="NASA"/>

{{quote|text=I sent [Kavelaars] that bit about Siarnaq, or we call her Nuliajuk, that creature that lives under the sea, who's also know {{sic}} as Sedna. She's got so many names ... sometimes she's simply called the Old Woman Who Lives Down There. Anyway, I was talking about the realm of the shaman in this book, and I said, "And the only person who can go down there and comb her hair and make her feel better is the shaman Paaliaq." And this was just something I made up in my story. So I was really surprised when the final approved list of names of these four moons of Saturn included Paaliaq, because I just made him up. That was fun.|author=Michael Kusugak|source=in a ''Windspeaker'' interview<ref name="Petten2003"/>}}

== Physical characteristics ==
[[File:Siarnaq Cassini.gif|thumb|upright|''Cassini'' images of Siarnaq moving among background stars on 30 December 2013. The moon was observed {{convert|22|e6km|e6mi|abbr=unit}} away from the spacecraft.]]
[[File:Siarnaq lightcurve shape model.png|thumb|3D model created based on [[Light curve|lightcurve]] data]]

=== Diameter and albedo ===
From [[infrared]] observations by the [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]] (WISE) spacecraft, Siarnaq is estimated to be {{cvt|39.3|km|mi}} in diameter.<ref name="Grav2015"/>

=== Surface and composition ===
Siarnaq is light red in color, and the Siarnaupian (Siarnaqan){{efn|name=adj}} spectrum in the infrared is very similar to the Inuit-group satellites [[Paaliaq (moon)|Paaliaq]] and [[Kiviuq (moon)|Kiviuq]], supporting the thesis of a possible common origin in the break-up of a larger body.<ref name="Grav2007"/><ref name="Grav2004"/><ref name="Grav2003"/>

The [[James Webb Space Telescope]] obtained the spectrum of Siarnaq over the 0.7-5.3 micron region with [[NIRSpec]], finding a 3.0 [[Micrometre|micron]] absorption feature associated with [[Mineral hydration|hydrated minerals]]. Water ice was not found to be present in substantial quantities on Siarnaq, in contrast to [[Phoebe (moon)|Phoebe]], the largest Saturnian irregular satellite. Additionally, [[carbon dioxide]] formed by irradiation of [[Organic compound|organic compounds]] was detected on Siarnaq's surface. Siarnaq appears nearly identical in its composition to [[Albiorix (moon)|Albiorix]], another Saturnian irregular satellite observed by James Webb Space Telescope.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Belyakov |first1=Matthew |last2=Brown |first2=Michael E. |date=2025-04-01 |title=Saturnian Irregular Satellites as a Probe of Kuiper Belt Surface Evolution |journal=The Planetary Science Journal |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=97 |doi=10.3847/PSJ/adc55d |doi-access=free |arxiv=2503.20046 |bibcode=2025PSJ.....6...97B |issn=2632-3338}}</ref> 

Observations of Siarnaq at different [[phase angle (astronomy)|phase angles]] show that its brightness stays relatively constant at high phase angles, where it produces a shallow [[phase curve (astronomy)|phase curve]], but exhibits a strong [[opposition surge]], where it sharply brightens by 0.2 magnitudes at [[opposition (astronomy)|opposition]] (zero phase).<ref name="Bauer2006"/>{{rp|page=14}} This phase curve behavior of Siarnaq suggests it has a highly [[porosity|porous]] surface likely covered with substantial [[regolith]].<ref name="Bauer2006"/>{{rp|page=14}}

=== Shape and rotation ===
The rotation period of Siarnaq was measured by the [[Cassini-Huygens|Cassini spacecraft]] to be 10.19 hours; this is the shortest rotation period of all prograde irregular moons of Saturn.<ref name="Denk2019"/> Siarnaq displays a [[light curve]] with three maxima and minima over a full rotation, implying a roughly triangular shape similar to that of [[Ymir (moon)|Ymir]].<ref name="Denk2018"/> From ''Cassini'' observations of Siarnaq at different [[phase angle (astronomy)|phase angle]]s, the orientation of its north rotational pole has been determined to be pointing toward 98° [[ecliptic latitude]] and −23° [[ecliptic longitude]].{{efn|For [[geocentric]] [[equatorial coordinates]], the north pole orientation of Siarnaq is [[right ascension|RA]] {{=}} {{val|97|15|u=°}}, [[declination|Dec]] {{=}} {{val|0|15|u=°}}.<ref name="Siarnaq-Denk"/>}} This corresponds to a sideways [[axial tilt]], indicating that Siarnaq experiences long, extreme seasons similar to the planet [[Uranus]].<ref name="Denk2018"/> 
{{clear}}

== Orbit and group ==
{{Irregular satellite
| name            = Siarnaq
| epoch           = 1 January 2000 12:00 UT (JD 2451545.0)
| ref_orb_elems   = <ref name="jpl-satelem"/>
| semimajor       = {{cvt|17880800|km|AU|sigfig=6}}
| eccentricity    = 0.311
| inclination     = 48.2
| period          = +2.45 yr (+895.87 d)
| apsidal_precession = 567.330 yr
| nodal_precession = 401.023 yr
}}

[[File:Saturn irregular moon orbits a vs. i.png|thumb|Diagram illustrating the orbits of the irregular satellites of Saturn. The inclination and semi-major axis are represented on the Y and X-axis, respectively. The satellites with inclinations below 90° are [[prograde orbit|prograde]], those above 90° are [[retrograde motion|retrograde]]. The X-axis is labeled in terms of Saturn's [[Hill radius]]. The prograde Inuit and Gallic groups and the retrograde Norse group are identified.]]
[[File:Animation of Saturn's Inuit group of satellites.gif|thumb|Animation of Saturn's Inuit group of satellites from 2018–2027<br/>{{legend2|RoyalBlue|[[Kiviuq (moon)|Kiviuq]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|Lime|[[Ijiraq (moon)|Ijiraq]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|Gold|[[Paaliaq]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|OrangeRed|'''Siarnaq'''}}{{·}}{{legend2|Cyan|[[Tarqeq]]}}]]

Siarnaq orbits Saturn at an average distance of {{convert|17.9|e6km|e6mi|abbr=unit}} in 896 days (2.45 years).<ref name="MPC127090"/> Due to gravitational [[perturbation (astronomy)|perturbations]] the Sun and other planets, the orbit of Siarnaq varies of time. Over a 200-year period, Siarnaq's semi-major axis fluctuates between {{convert|17.5–18.3|e6km|e6mi|abbr=unit}}, eccentricity between 0.089–0.554, and inclination between 41.4°–54.3° with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="Jacobson2022"/>{{rp|page=8}} The moon is in a temporary [[secular resonance]] with Saturn, in which Siarnaq and Saturn have matching [[apsidal precession]] periods.<ref name="Nesvorny2003"/><ref name="Cuk2004"/>{{efn|The ecliptic [[longitude of the periapsis|longitudes of the periapsis]] of the satellite and the planet are locked according to Cuk & Burns (2004),<ref name="Cuk2004"/> although Nesvorný et al. (2003) find that this locking is only temporary,<ref name="Nesvorny2003"/> while Turrini et al. (2008) did not find any evidence of secular resonance in Siarnaq.<ref name="Turrini2008"/> Siarnaq's secular resonance with Saturn was first reported by Cuk et al. September 2002.<ref name="Cuk2002"/>}} Siarnaq's high orbital eccentricity and inclination places it close to the threshold for [[Kozai mechanism|Lidov–Kozai resonance]].<ref name="Beauge2007"/>  

Siarnaq belongs to Saturn's [[Inuit group]] of prograde irregular moons, which have average semi-major axes between {{convert|11.2–18.4|e6km|e6mi|abbr=unit}} and high average inclinations between 45°–50°. The Inuit group is further split into three distinct subgroups at different semi-major axes: the [[Kiviuq (moon)|Kiviuq]] group, the [[Paaliaq]] group, and the Siarnaq group.<ref name="Sheppard2023"/> The Siarnaq group is the outermost Inuit subgroup and includes seven known members: Siarnaq, [[Tarqeq]], [[S/2004 S 31]], [[S/2019 S 14]], [[S/2020 S 3]], [[S/2019 S 6]], and [[S/2020 S 5]].<ref name="jpl-satelem"/> Moons in the Inuit group appear to be less abundant at smaller sizes, which implies that the Inuit group has existed long enough for collisions to have destroyed most of the smaller moons.<ref name="Ashton2021"/>

== Notes ==
{{notelist|2|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="jpl-satdisc">{{cite web
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<ref name="jpl-satelem">{{cite web
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<ref name="horizons">{{cite web
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<ref name="Siarnaq-Denk">{{cite web
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<ref name="NASA">{{cite web
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<ref name="IAUC7512">{{cite journal
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<ref name="IAUC7513">{{cite journal
  |title      = IAUC 7513: S/2000 S 3, S/2000 S 4
  |url        = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/07500/07513.html
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  |journal    = International Astronomical Union Circular
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  |bibcode    = 2000IAUC.7513....1G}}</ref>

<ref name="IAUC7521">{{cite journal
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<ref name="satpresse1">{{cite web
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<ref name="Brand2000">{{cite news
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<ref name="MPEC-2000-Y14">{{cite web
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<ref name="satpress2001">{{cite web
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<ref name="Hamilton2001">{{cite journal
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<ref name="Gladman2001">{{cite journal
  |display-authors = etal
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<ref name="Spitzer2001">{{cite news
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<ref name="Cuk2002">{{cite conference
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<ref name="siarnaq-astrometry">{{cite web
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== External links ==
{{Commons category|Siarnaq (moon)}}
* [http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/NatSats/NaturalSatellites.html Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service], Minor Planet Center
* [https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/siarnaq/in-depth/ Siarnaq In Depth], NASA Solar System Exploration, updated 19 December 2019
* [https://tilmanndenk.de/outersaturnianmoons/siarnaq/ Siarnaq (S/2000 S 3)], Tilmann Denk, updated 19 May 2023
* [https://www.nature.com/articles/35039684 Four more moons for Saturn], David Adam, ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', 26 October 2000
* [https://www.nature.com/articles/news001026-10 New moons: not standing alone], David Adam, ''Nature'', 26 October 2000
* [https://www.astro.ubc.ca/people/gladman/saturn.html The Irregular Satellites of Saturn], Brett Gladman, ''[[Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur]]'', October 2000

{{Moons of Saturn|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Saturn}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siarnaq (Moon)}}
[[Category:Inuit group]]
[[Category:Moons of Saturn]]
[[Category:Irregular satellites]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Brett J. Gladman]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 2000]]
[[Category:Moons with a prograde orbit]]