View source for Shukhov Tower

{{short description|Constructivist broadcasting tower in Moscow, Russia}}
{{other uses}}
{{expand Russian|date=May 2017}}
{{Coord|55|43|02|N|37|36|41|E|region:RU_type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Shukhov Tower
| native_name_lang = Шуховская башня
| image = Shukhov Tower photo by Maxim Fedorov. Night.jpg
| caption = The tower in 2007
| location_town = Moscow
| groundbreaking_date = 1920
| completion_date = 1922
| architect = [[Vladimir Shukhov]]
| architectural_style = [[Constructivist architecture]]
| tip = {{convert|160|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
}}

The '''Shukhov Radio Tower''' ({{langx|ru|Шуховская башня}}), also known as the '''Shabolovka Tower''' ({{lang|ru|Шаболовская башня}}), is a [[Radio masts and towers|broadcasting tower]] deriving from the [[Russian avant-garde]] in [[Moscow]] designed by [[Vladimir Shukhov]]. The {{convert|160|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} free-standing steel [[diagrid]] structure was built between 1920 and 1922, during the [[Russian Civil War]].

==History==
[[Image:Moscow ShukhovTower Y11.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[Shabolovka telecentre]] in December 2016]] 
===Design===
Vladimir Shukhov invented the world's first hyperboloid structure in the year 1890. Later he wrote a book, ''Rafters'', in which he proved that the triangular shapes are 20-25% heavier than the arched ones with a ray grating. After that, Shukhov filed a number of patents for a [[diagrid]]. He aimed not only to achieve greater strength and rigidity of the structure, but also ease and simplicity through the use of as little building material as possible.

[[Shukhov Tower in Polibino|The first diagrid tower]] was built for the [[All-Russia Exhibition 1896|All-Russia Exhibition]] in [[Nizhny Novgorod]] in 1896, and later was bought by [[Yury Nechaev-Maltsov]], a well-known manufacturer in the city. Shukhov was responsible for constructions of a new types of [[Adziogol Lighthouse|lighthouses]], [[Russian battleship Andrei Pervozvanny|masts]], [[:ru:Шуховская башня (Краснодар)|water towers]] and [[Shukhov Tower on the Oka River|transmission towers]].

The broadcasting tower at [[Shabolovka Street|Shabolovka]] is a diagrid structure in the form of a rotated [[hyperboloid]]. The Khodynka radio station, built in 1914, could no longer handle the increasing amount of radiograms. On July 30, 1919, [[Vladimir Lenin]] signed a decree of the [[Council of Labor and Defense|Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense]], which demanded "to install in an extremely urgent manner a radio station equipped with the most advanced and powerful devices and machines", to ensure the security of the country and allow constant communication with other republics. Tower designing was started immediately across many bureaus. Later that year Shukhov's Construction Office won a competition.

The planned height of the new nine-sectioned hyperbolic tower was {{convert|350|m}} ({{convert|15|m}} taller than the [[Eiffel Tower]], which was taken into consideration when creating the plan) with an estimated mass of 2,200 tons (the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons). However, in the context of the Civil War and the lack of resources, the project had to be revised: the height was reduced to {{convert|148.5|m}}, the weight to 240 tons.<ref name=Stevens>{{cite news |last=Stevens |first=Susannah |date=9 April 2014 |title=Shukhov Tower: The Eiffel of the East |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-26876243 |newspaper=BBCNews |publisher=BBC |access-date= 9 April 2014}}</ref>

===Installation===
Tower construction was carried out without any cranes and scaffolding, but only with winches. 240 tons of metal that was required for construction, was allocated by Lenin’s personal decree from the stocks of the Military Department. For lifting five wooden winches were used, which were moved to the upper sections.

The tower is composed of six sections, one above the other. Each section is an independent hyperboloid based on a larger one.

The sixth section was installed and finally secured on February 14, 1922.

==Structure==
The Shukhov tower is a [[hyperboloid structure]] ([[hyperboloid|hyperbolic]] steel [[gridshell]]) consisting of a series of hyperboloid sections stacked on one another to approximate an overall conical shape. The tower has a [[diagrid]] structure, and its steel shell experiences minimum [[wind]] load (a significant design factor for high-rising [[building]]s). The tower sections are single-cavity [[hyperboloid]]s of rotation made of straight beams, the ends of which rest against circular foundations.

==Location==
The tower is located a few kilometres south of the [[Moscow Kremlin]], but is not accessible to tourists. The [[street address]] of the tower is "Shabolovka Street, 37".

==Possible demolition==
As of early 2014, the tower faced demolition by the Russian State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting, after having been allowed to deteriorate for years despite popular calls for its restoration.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/17/arts/design/an-engineering-landmark-faces-demolition-in-moscow.html|title=Broadcasting a Plea to Save a Historic Tower |newspaper= The New York Times|date=March 16, 2014|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman}}</ref> Following a concerted campaign calling for the preservation of the tower, on July 3 the [[Ministry of Culture (Russia)|Ministry of Culture of Russia]] announced that the tower will not be demolished,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2014/07/07/60256-strazhniki-bashni|script-title=ru:Стражники Башни|work=Новая газета - Novayagazeta.ru|access-date=2018-07-07|language=ru-RU}}</ref> and in September 2014 that Moscow City Council had placed a preservation order on the tower in order to safeguard it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329840.100-sovietera-hyperboloid-tower-saved-from-destruction.html|title=Soviet-era hyperboloid tower saved from destruction|author=Penny Sarchet|work=New Scientist|date=2 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=moscowtimes2014>{{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/moscow-puts-iconic-shukhov-tower-on-protected-landmark-list/505295.html|title=Moscow Puts Iconic Shukhov Tower on Protected Landmark List|work=The Moscow Times|date=Aug 18, 2014}}</ref> 

In January 2017 the [[Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network|RTRS]] placed a [[request for tender]] for a plan to renovate and preserve the monument.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ria.ru/spravka/20170319/1490261054.html|script-title=ru:Шуховская башня|date=2017-03-19|work=РИА Новости|access-date=2018-07-07|language=ru}}</ref>

==Models==
There is a model of Shukhov's Shabolovka Tower at the Information Age gallery at the [[Science Museum, London|Science Museum]] in London. The model is at 1:30 scale and was installed in October 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Model of the 1922 Shabolovka Tower|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8364087/model-of-the-1922-shukhov-radio-tower-architectural-model|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* In 1922 one of the members of [[ASNOVA]] [[Vladimir Krinsky]] made a "Radio speaker of the Revolution" mural with a picture of a tower.
* A science fiction novel by [[Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy]] [[The Garin Death Ray]] was inspired by the public reaction towards construction of the tower.
* Shukhov Tower was a logo of a "L'art de l'ingénieur" exhibition in [[Centre Pompidou|Centre Georges-Pompidou]].
* In the novel ''A Gentleman in Moscow'' by [[Amor Towles]], set in 1922, the character Mikhail Fyodorovich Mindich declares the Shukhov tower a thing of beauty, "a two hundred foot structure of spiraling steel from which we can broadcast the latest news and intelligence - and, yes, the sentimental strains of your Tchaikovsky ..." (Windmill Books, p.85)

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
Image:Shukhov Hyperboloid Tower Project of 350 metres of 1919 year.jpg|[[Vladimir Shukhov|Shukhov]] Tower Project of 350 metres, 1919.
File:1979 stamp Radio Moscow.png|1979
File:Shukhov tower shabolovka moscow 02.jpg|2006
File:Shukhov Tower photo by Sergei Arsenyev 2006.JPG|2006
File:2015-may-9-Moscow.jpg|2015
File:Shukhov-April2016-Ivtorov.jpg|2016
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Constructivist architecture]]
*[[Lattice tower]]
*[[List of hyperboloid structures]]
*[[Shukhov tower on the Oka River]]

==References==

<references/>

== Literature ==
* P.Gössel, G.Leuthäuser, E.Schickler; [http://eng.archinform.net/quellen/10.htm "Architecture in the 20th century"]; [[Taschen Verlag]]; 1990; {{ISBN|3-8228-4123-4}}.
* [http://spec.lib.vt.edu/IAWA/inventories/English.html Elizabeth C. English], [http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9989589/ “Arkhitektura i mnimosti”: The origins of Soviet avant-garde rationalist architecture in the Russian mystical-philosophical and mathematical intellectual tradition”], a dissertation in architecture, 264 p., University of Pennsylvania, 2000.

{{in lang|de}} 
* [http://www.shukhov.ru/deutsch.html “Vladimir G. Suchov 1853–1939. Die Kunst der sparsamen Konstruktion.”],  [https://web.archive.org/web/20071122135221/http://www.uibk.ac.at/baugeschichte/mitarbeiter/graefe.html Rainer Graefe] und andere, 192 S., Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1990, {{ISBN|3-421-02984-9}}.
* Jesberg, Paulgerd   Die Geschichte der Bauingenieurkunst, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart (Germany), {{ISBN|3-421-03078-2}}, 1996; pp.&nbsp;198–9.
* Ricken, Herbert   Der Bauingenieur, Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin (Germany), {{ISBN|3-345-00266-3}}, 1994; pp.&nbsp;230.
{{in lang|fr}}
* Picon, Antoine (dir.), "L'art de l'ingenieur : constructeur, entrepreneur, inventeur", Éditions du Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, 1997, {{ISBN|2-85850-911-5}}
* Fausto Giovannardi "Vladimir Shukhov e la leggerezza dell'acciaio" at [https://www.giovannardierontini.it giovannardierontini.it]

==External links==
{{Commons|Shukhov tower}}

*{{YouTube|ykLxCs6SPSw|Shukhov Tower in Moscow}}
*[http://www.passportmagazine.ru/article/1289/ The Shukhov's Radio Tower]
*[http://www.shukhov.org/news.html?n=34&id=1#news_34 International campaign to save the Shukhov Tower in Moscow]
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/download.php?Number=912047&t=k&om=1 Shukhov Towers in Google Maps]
*{{Structurae|id=20000145|title=Shuhovskaya Tower}}
*[http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php/Cat/0/Number/380876/ 3D model of the Shukhov Tower]
*[http://arch.designcommunity.com/viewtopic.php?t=8725 Views of the hyperboloid tower]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060719132024/http://www.pubs.asce.org/WWWdisplay.cgi?0510374 Invention of Hyperboloid Structures]
*[http://www.shukhov.org/tower.html Shukhov Tower Foundation]

{{in lang|zh}}
*[http://www.fineemb.com/blog/archives/191.html Shukhov's Towers]

[[Category:Constructivist architecture]]
[[Category:Lattice shell structures by Vladimir Shukhov]]
[[Category:Towers completed in 1922]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Moscow]]
[[Category:Russian avant-garde]]
[[Category:High-tech architecture]]
[[Category:Hyperboloid structures]]
[[Category:Towers in Moscow]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in Moscow]]