View source for Shishumar-class submarine

{{Short description|Diesel-electric attack submarines of the Indian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin
| infobox caption = 
}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = INS Shishumar enters Port of Duqm Oman.jpg
| Ship caption = INS ''Shishumar'' enters Port of Duqm, [[Oman]].
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
| Name = ''Shishumar'' class
| Builders = *[[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft]]
*[[Mazagon Dock Limited]]
| Operators = {{navy|India}}
| Class before = {{sclass|Vela|submarine|4}}
| Class after = {{sclass|Kalvari|submarine|4||2015}}
| Subclasses = 
| Cost = €300 million each<ref>{{cite web |title=The Greek submarine scandal and HDW |url=https://sites.tufts.edu/corruptarmsdeals/2017/05/05/the-greek-submarine-scandal/ |website=www.sites.tufts.edu |publisher=World peace foundation |access-date=25 October 2018}}</ref>
| Built range = 
| In service range = 
| In commission range = 1986–present
| Total ships building = 
| Total ships planned = 6
| Total ships completed = 4
| Total ships cancelled = 2
| Total ships active = 4
| Total ships laid up = 
| Total ships lost = 
| Total ships retired = 
| Total ships preserved = 
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header = 
| Header caption = <ref name="jfs-0405"/>
| Ship type = [[Attack submarine]]
| Ship displacement = *{{convert|1450|t|LT|0|lk=out|abbr=on}} standard
*{{convert|1660|t|LT|0|lk=out|abbr=on}} surfaced
*{{convert|1850|t|LT|0|abbr=on}} submerged
| Ship length = {{convert|64.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam = {{convert|6.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| Ship draught = {{convert|6|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| Ship propulsion = *4 × MTU 12V 493 AZ80 GA31L [[Submarine#Diesel-electric transmission|diesel-electric]] motors, {{convert|2400|hp|0|abbr=on}} each
*1 × Siemens motor, {{convert|4600|hp|0|abbr=on}}
*4 × 1.8 MW Siemens alternators
*1 shaft
| Ship speed = *{{convert|11|kn|lk=in}} surfaced
*{{convert|22|kn}} submerged
| Ship range = *{{convert|8000|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|8|kn|abbr=on}}
*{{convert|13000|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}}
| Ship test depth = 
| Ship complement = 40 (8 officers)
| Ship sensors = *Atlas Elektronik CSU 83 sonar
*Thomson Sintra DUUX-5 passive sonar
*Thomson-CSF Calypso surface search radar
| Ship EW = *Argo Phoenix II AR 700 or Kollmorgen Sea Sentry
*C 303 acoustic decoys
| Ship armament = *14 × [[Weapon systems of the Indian Navy#Torpedoes|AEG-SUT Mod-1 torpedoes]]
*24 × external strap-on mines
*[[Harpoon (missile)#Harpoon Block II|UGM-84L Harpoon Block II]] missiles (S46 and S47 only)<ref name="diplomat-14jul16">{{cite web|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Germany to Upgrade Two Indian Attack Submarines|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/germany-to-upgrade-two-indian-attack-submarines/|website=The Diplomat|date=14 July 2016}}</ref>
| Ship armour = 
| Ship notes = 
}}
|}
The '''''Shishumar''-class submarines''' ({{Lit|[[Ganges river dolphin|Dolphin]]}}) are [[diesel-electric]] [[attack submarine]]s, currently in active service with the [[Indian Navy]]. These submarines are an Indian variant<ref name=fas>[http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/sub/ssn/part01.htm The Indian Strategic Nuclear Submarine Project An Open Literature Analysis<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> of the [[Type 209 submarine]]s developed by the German yard [[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft]] under the internal designation "Type 1500". The first two vessels were built by HDW at [[Kiel]], Germany, while the remainder were built by [[Mazagon Dock Limited]], at [[Mumbai]], India, under a technology transfer agreement.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nair-Ghaswalla|first1=Amrita|title=ThyssenKrupp bullish on defence sector|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/thyssenkrupp-bullish-on-defence-sector/article7941863.ece|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=2 December 2015|language=en}}</ref> The submarines were [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] between 1986 and 1994. These submarines have a [[Displacement (ship)|displacement]] of 1,660 tons when surfaced, a speed of {{convert|22|kn|lk=in}}, and a complement of 40 including eight officers.

The Shishumar class is unique among Type 209s for having an IKL-designed integrated escape sphere. The sphere has accommodations for the entire crew with an eight-hour air supply.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/navy/shishumar_class.htm|title=Shishumar class - Patrol submarine|last=ARG|access-date=2009-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127053113if_/http://military-today.com/navy/shishumar_class.htm|archive-date=2009-01-27|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/navy/equipment/submarines/shishumar-class/|title=Shishumar Class}}</ref>

The submarines form the 10th Submarine Squadron at [[INS Vajrabahu|INS ''Vajrabahu'']], Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Naval Squadrons – Indian Navy |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/navy/units/institutions/naval-squadrons/ |access-date=2024-11-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
India signed the agreement for these submarines with [[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft]] (HDW) on 11 December 1981. The agreement called for building of two submarines in [[West Germany]], the supply of knocked-down kits for assembling two more submarines in [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders|Mazagon Dock Limited]] (MDL), and training for construction and logistics services. An agreement was announced in 1984 for the construction of two additional submarines in MDL, but was subsequently cancelled due to economic crisis in the late 1980s.<ref name="jfs-0405"/> The four submarines that were finally built form the 10th submarine squadron based at [[Mumbai]].<ref name="diplomat-14jul16"/>

=== Timeline ===
Source: <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1990-03-15 |title=HDW submarine deal assumes centre stage again. An exclusive inside story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19900315-hdw-submarine-deal-assumes-centre-stage-again-an-exclusive-inside-story-812418-1990-03-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230603065411/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19900315-hdw-submarine-deal-assumes-centre-stage-again-an-exclusive-inside-story-812418-1990-03-14 |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=1990-03-15 |title=The Scandal Surfaces |url=https://akm-img-a-in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/static/media/others/mediaintoday/indiatoday/images/IV-submarine.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623162242/https://akm-img-a-in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/static/media/others/mediaintoday/indiatoday/images/IV-submarine.pdf |archive-date=2025-06-23 |access-date=2025-06-23 |work=indiatoday}}</ref><ref name="SSK History">{{Cite web |title=Undue favour to vendor in acquisition of submarines - Ministry Of Defence - Public Accounts Committee (2009-10) |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/64525/1/15_Public_Accounts_10.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225085545/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/64525/1/15_Public_Accounts_10.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-25 |website=eparlib.nic.in}}</ref>

* '''February 1979:''' The [[Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs]] (CCPA) — the apex body for approval of all international contracts under the then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Morarji Desai]] — approved the Indian Navy's programme to acquire four [[Attack submarine|hunter-killer submarines]] (SSKs) capable of diving to a depth of {{Convert|350|m|abbr=on}}. The acquisition, worth {{INRConvert|350|c|lk=on|year=1979}}, would include the [[technology transfer]] for their indigenous co-production.
* '''February 1979:''' Four offers were shortlisted by a nine-member negotiating committee, led by Additional Secretary of Defence M. K. Mukherjee. The four firms selected were Sweden’s [[Kockums]], West Germany’s [[HDW]], Italy’s Sauro and the TNSW-1400.
* '''March 1979:''' The then [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]], [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Swaraj Parkash]], appointed a six-member expert committee. The chief of the committee was [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] S. L. Sethi and also included [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] M. Kondath, the then Director (Submarines).
* '''16 May 1979:''' The six-member Sethi committee submitted its report to the Vice Chief of the Naval Staff. The Swedish 45-Kockums followed by the Italian Sauro submarine were the first and second preference of the committee, respectively. The HDW's submarine offer was rejected as it had a maximum diving depth of {{Convert|250|m|abbr=on}} against the Navy's depth requirement of {{Convert|350|m|abbr=on}}.
* '''15 June 1979:''' HDW was put back on list by the committee given that they would improve the submarine's design to meet the Navy requirements.
* '''Late June 1979:''' A delegation of officials from various [[List of ministries and departments of the Government of India|ministries]], led by Rear Admiral D. S. Painthal and including Captain Kondath, visited several shipyards across Europe and the United States to assess available options. The delegation concluded that the Kockums design was the best fit for the Indian Navy.
* '''July 1979:''' There were significant changes in the Indian politics including the collapse of [[Desai ministry]], which led to changes in the CCPA composition. Meanwhile, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Ministry]] had prepared a draft paper for the CCPA, identifying the Kockums design as the best option at a cost of {{INRConvert|318.79|c|lk=|year=1979}}, compared to the more expensive HDW which would cost {{INRConvert|336.81|c|lk=|year=1979}}. The paper also recommended reconstituting the negotiating team to enable a quick and final decision. However, due to the prevailing political uncertainty, the CCPA was unable to convene.
* '''Early 1980:''' The competitors extended their offers until 30 June 1980. The Ministry of Defence kept forwarding their proposal where Kockums and HDW was shortlisted and it was recommended that the committee be headed by the Secretary (Defence Production).
* '''10 April 1980:''' The CCPA met under the new Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] where the shortlisting was approved. However, the reconstitution of the committee was agreed to be decided upon by the Prime Minister.
* '''14 April 1980:''' The original committee met again but was presided over by the then newly-appointed Additional Secretary [[Shivinder Singh Sidhu]]. There were neither any written directives from the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO) nor any official records found as to how Sidhu replaced the [[Defence Secretary (India)|Secretary of Defence]] in the committee. During the meeting, he claimed that the CCPA had asked to constitute a new seven-member committee chaired by himself. However, there were reportedly no records for such a statement. Other members of the committee included B. M. Menon [Financial Adviser (Defence Services)], S. K. Banerjee ([[Solicitor]], [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law]]), Vice Admiral [[M. R. Schunker|M.]] [[M. R. Schunker|R. Schunker]], [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt]] [[Lieutenant general (India)|General]] S .G. Payara [Chief Co-ordinator (R&D)], Joint Secretary D. N. Prashad and Vice Admiral N. R. Dutta (the then chief of the [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders|Mazagon Docks]]).
* '''May 1980:''' Sidhu committee toured Germany and Sweden.
* '''17 May 1980:''' The committee held a formal meeting and switched its decision to HDW from the initial Kockums, citing the Kockums cost to be {{INRConvert|403|c|lk=|year=1980}} against HDW's {{INRConvert|332|c|lk=|year=1980}}
* '''30 June 1980:''' The CCPA convened a meeting and approved the committee's proposal though it directed them to hold further negotiations. Following this, Sidhu was temporarily replaced by S. K. Bhatnagar, who chaired further meetings for all purposes and set the stage for the deal.
* '''July 1980:''' Sanction was accorded for the acquisition of two Type 1500 submarines from HDW< West Germany and the indigenous contstruction of two more at the Mazagon Docks Limited (MDL.
* '''11 December 1981:''' The contract was signed for four HDW submarines, along with torpedoes, at a cost of {{INRConvert|465|c|lk=|year=1981}}. The submarines were to be delivered by 1987 following which another deal for further two boats could be placed.
* '''November 1985:''' The government sanctioned to execute the [[Option (finance)|option]] acquisition of two additional Type 1500 submarines. However, the proposal was dismissed in June 1989 due to the alleged transfer of [[Kickback (bribery)|illegal commissions]] from HDW to government officials.

=== Corruption charges ===
By mid-1987, only two submarines were delivered. Meanwhile, the then [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[V. P. Singh]], under the [[Rajiv Gandhi Ministry]], he was informed that the Germans might have overcharged India and attempted so that the next batch of two submarines could be priced correctly. However, things took a turn when J. C. Ajmani, the [[List of ambassadors of India to Germany|Indian ambassador to Bonn]], telegrammed the Defence Minister on 24 February 1987 that the Gernans alleged that the price could not be reduced since the contract included 7% commissions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

V. P. Singh first saw this message in April and ordered an immediate inquiry in 9 April. On 12 April, Singh resigned from the ministry. In May 1990, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) filed a [[First information report|First Information Report]] (FIR) in a [[New Delhi]] court identifying seven persons as principal conspirators in a criminal plot to award the contract to HDW, including S. K. Bhatnagar, former [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]]; S. S. Sidhu, former Additional Secretary of Defence and the then [[International Civil Aviation Organization#List of secretaries general|secretary-general]], [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO); [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] M. Kondath, former Director (Submarines); B. S. Ramaswamy, former financial adviser to the Defence Ministry; Directors and agents of HDW; Directors and agents of [[Atlas Elektronik|AEG-T]] West Germany (torpedo supplier) and Directors of [[Ferrostaal]]. The charges included the failure of [[Indian Civil Service|Indian Civil Servants]] to stand against HDW during negotiations and their acquiescence to its unrealistic financial demands, incorrect calculation of the HDW deal cost by Defence Ministry officials, manipulations to various technical and financial parameters of the HDW offer by senior officials and the members of the committee so as to rank HDW first against its earlier second preference and the change of price quotations by HDW, AEG-T and Ferrostaal without informing the government. The payments spanned between 1982 and mid-1988.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news |date=7 March 1990 |title=India charges 6 over submarine kickbacks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/07/world/india-charges-6-over-submarine-kickbacks.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624123408/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/07/world/india-charges-6-over-submarine-kickbacks.html |archive-date=2025-06-24 |access-date=25 October 2018 |newspaper=New York Times}}</ref><ref name="vp">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |date=1 July 2005 |title=Walk the talk - an interview with V.P.Singh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/walk-the-talk/walk-the-talk-with-vp-singh-aired-july-2005-303898 |access-date=25 October 2018 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

S. S. Sidhu was the prime accused as per the CBI investigation. Allegations registered against him ranged from manipulation of techno-commercial data as well as declaring himself chairman of negotiating committee without documentation which was accepted as a [[Fait accompli|''fait accompli'']] and misinforming the CCPA about the Germans willing to sign a [[memorandum of understanding]] on [[transfer of technology]]. The Germans under the norms of [[NATO]] security compulsions were not meant to transfer the technology and they ultimately did not do so.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

S. K. Bhatnagar had taken over Sidhu as the Additional Secretary of Defence and was responsible for finalising the deal. He reportedly dismissed the suggestions of the committee members to reopen the deal process before CCPA in due of the altered technical and financial details. He also ignored the then Vice Admiral M. R. Schunker's appeal during the meeting of 18 October 1980 about the technical specifications of HDW being unacceptable to the Navy. Schunker also stated during a meeting in November that the capabilities of the torpedo to be supplied by AEG-T could not be evaluated since classified data were not disclosed by the German Government. However, the appeal was also ignored by Bhatnagar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Captain M. Kondath, a key official in the SSK project, allegedly manipulated figures in favour of HDW while serving as Director (Submarine Armament). Accused of inflating Kockums’ cost and seeking post-retirement employment with HDW, he applied for premature retirement soon after the deal's approval. Though denied permission to join HDW, he continued liaising with its associates and later joined Ferrostaal. Meanwhile, financial adviser B.S. Ramaswamy allegedly inflated Kockums' cost by misapplying escalation to fixed components, making HDW appear cheaper. Both the CBI and [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|PAC]] later found Kockums was actually less expensive, contradicting Ramaswamy’s calculations used to justify the HDW deal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Mid Life Upgrades and Service history ===
The [[Indian Navy]] awarded a $151 million contract for mid-life upgrade and certification of INS ''Shishumar'' in 2018. The refit was carried out by MDL at Mumbai with technical cooperation from [[ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems]].<ref name="shishurefit">{{cite web|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/thyssenkrupp-refit-indian-ins-shishumar/|title=Germany's Thyssenkrupp to refit Indian Navy submarine INS Shishumar|date=26 September 2018 |access-date=27 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/23427/India___s_Mazagon_Dock__Germany___s_Thyssenkrupp_Bag__151M_Worth_Indian_Navy_Submarines_Refit_Contract#.W6zH0nUzZhE|title=India's Mazagon Dock, Germany's Thyssenkrupp Bag $151M Worth Indian Navy Submarines Refit Contract|date=27 September 2018|publisher=DefenseWorld.net|access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref> The refit was planned to be completed by 2021 with a similar upgrade for another vessel of ''Shishumar''-class submarine to follow. <ref name="shishurefit" /> The ship was expected to be delivered by 2021 but owing to [[Covid-19]] delays the ship will now be delivered to the [[Indian Navy]] in August 2023.<ref name="TH-010723">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/submarine-ins-shankush-to-undergo-life-extension-at-mdl-under-2725-crore-contract/article67031131.ece|title=Submarine INS Shankush to undergo life extension at MDL under ₹2,725-crore contract|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Dinaker|last=Peri|date=2023-07-01}}</ref>

Similarly, a second mid-life upgrade contract was awarded to the Mazagon Dock for refit and life certification of the second submarine {{INS|Shankush|S45|2}} on 30 June 2023. The completion date of mid-life upgrade and certification is 2026. The total estimated cost to be around {{INRConvert|2725|c|lk=on|year=2023}}.<ref name="PIB-300623">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1936402|title=MoD signs a contract of Rs. 2725 Cr with Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd for Medium Refit with Life Certification of Submarine INS Shankush|work=PIB|date=2023-06-30}}</ref>

Total three ships out of four will undergo mid-life refit and certification, this will extend the life of the submarine by 10–15 years.<ref name="TH-010723"/>

One of the submarine participated in [[Exercise Malabar]] 2024 which was held from 8 to 18 October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-18 |title=CLOSING CEREMONY OF MALABAR 2024 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2066287 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

Two of these submarines were deployed alongside {{Ship|INS|Vikrant|2013|6}} along with seven frontline warships and four submarines ({{Sclass|Kalvari|submarine|4||2015}} and {{Sclass|Sindhughosh|submarine|4|}}) on 7 November 2024. The operations included carrier operations of [[MiG-29K]], missile firing drills, submarine manoeuvres and flypasts by 30 aircraft demonstrated to the [[President of India]] [[Droupadi Murmu]] who was present on board INS Vikrant.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-07 |title=President Droupadi Murmu witnesses Indian Navy operations onboard INS Vikrant |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/president-droupadi-murmu-witnesses-indian-navy-operations-onboard-ins-vikrant/articleshow/115059599.cms |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-08 |title=President Murmu witnesses Indian Navy’s demonstration on INS Vikrant |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-murmu-indian-navys-demonstration-ins-vikrant-goa-2630023-2024-11-08 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1854535368651203059 |user=ANI |title=Indian Navy today showcased six of its conventional submarines at the capability demonstration to President Draupadi Murmu during her visit to the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant at sea... |date=2024-11-07 |access-date=2024-11-08}}</ref>

==Ships of the class==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Pennant !! Builder !! Laid down !! Launched !! Commissioned !! Upgrade !! Note
|-
! colspan="8" |{{navy|India}}
|-
| {{INS|Shishumar|S44|2}} || S44 || rowspan="2" |[[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft]]
|  1 May 1982 || 13 December 1984 || 22 September 1986 || 2018 — 2023<ref name="shishurefit"/><ref name="TH-010723"/> ||<ref name="jfs-0405">{{cite book|editor1-last=Saunders|editor1-first=Stephen|editor1-mask=Commodore Stephen Saunders|title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2004-2005|date=2004|publisher=Jane's Information Group|location=Coulsdon|isbn=978-0710626233|page=305|edition=107th|chapter=India}}</ref>
|-
| {{INS|Shankush|S45|2}} || S45 || 1 September 1982 || 11 May 1984 || 20 November 1986 || 2023 — 2026<ref name="PIB-300623"/> ||<ref name="jfs-0405"/>
|-
| {{INS|Shalki|S46|2}} || S46 || rowspan="2" |[[Mazagon Dock Limited|Mazagon Dock]]
| 5 June 1984 || 30 September 1989 || 7 February 1992 || {{N/A}} || <ref name="jfs-0405"/>
|-
| {{INS|Shankul|S47|2}} || S47 || 3 September 1989 || 21 March 1992 || 28 May 1994|| {{N/A}} ||<ref name="jfs-0405"/>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060311030141/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Shishumar.html Bharat Rakshak]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/s-shishumar.htm Global Security]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAeS5jfW5cg Hellenic Navy's Submarine OCEANOS (S-118) 3d animation]

{{Modern German submarines}}
{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}
{{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shishumar Class Submarine}}
[[Category:Submarine classes]]
[[Category:Attack submarines]]
[[Category:Shishumar-class submarines| ]]
[[Category:Type 209 submarines]]