View source for Shipyard Railway

{{Short description|Former railway line in California, US}}
{{good article}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox rail line
 | box_width   =
 | name        = Shipyard Railway
 | image       = Postcard of Shipyard Railway car 509.jpg
 | image_width = 300px
 | caption     = Car #509 in Richmond
 | image_alt   = Two electric railway cars, one with a pantograph, at the end of a track
 | status      =
 | locale      = [[East Bay]], California, US
 | start       = [[Richmond Shipyards]]
 | end         = 40th Street and Louise, [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]
 | stations    = 17
 | routes      =
 | daily_ridership =
 | open        = January 18, 1943
 | close       = September 30, 1945
 | owner       = [[United States Maritime Commission]] 
 | operator    = [[Key System]]
 | stock       =
 | linelength  = {{convert|11.5|miles}}
 | tracklength = 
 | tracks      = 2
 | gauge       = {{RailGauge|ussg|allk=on}}
 | minradius   = 
 | electrification = {{600 V DC|conductor=overhead}}
 | speed       = 
 | map         = {{Shipyard Railway|inline=yes}}
 | map_state   = collapsed
}}

The '''Shipyard Railway''' was an electric [[commuter rail]]/[[interurban]] line that served workers at the [[Richmond Shipyards]] in [[Richmond, California]], United States, during [[World War II]]. It was funded by the [[United States Maritime Commission]] and was built and operated by the [[Key System]], which already operated similar lines in the [[East Bay]]. The line ran from a pair of stations on the [[Emeryville, California|Emeryville]]/[[Oakland, California|Oakland]] border – where transfer could be made to other Key System lines – northwest through Emeryville, [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], [[Albany, California|Albany]], and Richmond to the shipyards. It operated partially on city streets and partially on a dedicated right-of-way paralleling the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]] mainline.

The Maritime Commission authorized the line in June 1942 over two competing proposals and construction began that August. It was built quickly with available materials, including rails reused from other lines and a bridge constructed from old [[railway turntable|turntable]]s. The line operated with former elevated railway cars from New York City, which were rebuilt for use on the Shipyard Railway. Service began to Shipyard #2 on January 18, 1943, with two extensions to the other shipyards over the following month. It closed on September 30, 1945, after the conclusion of the war. Most of the 90 cars were later scrapped, but two are preserved at the [[Western Railway Museum]].

==Route==
[[File:Shipyard Railway test train at 40th and San Pablo, January 1943.jpg|thumb|left|The station at 40th Street and San Pablo|alt=Electric railway cars, some with pantographs, at a wooden platform in an urban area]]
The southern terminus of the line was at Yerba Buena Avenue (40th Street){{efn|Now part of Mandela Parkway. The modern 40th Street is on a different alignment to the north.}} and Louise Street on the [[Emeryville, California|Emeryville]]/[[Oakland, California|Oakland]] border. A [[fare control]]led platform was built for the Shipyard trains. Connections could be made there with Key System routes A and B, which turned south on Louise Street, outside of fare control. The line ran east on 40th Street (on the south side of the Key System mainline) to San Pablo Avenue, where a pair of fare controlled platforms were located; connections could be made there with other Key System routes outside of fare control.<ref name=jan17 />{{efn|Some sources incorrectly give 40th Street and San Pablo as the terminus.<ref name=ford />}}

[[File:Shipyard Railway routemap.svg|thumb|right|upright|Route and stations overlaid on modern street map]]
The line ran north on San Pablo Avenue, turned west for two blocks on Grayson Street{{efn|Some secondary sources incorrectly place the jog on Heinz Street, one block to the south, which was the original planned route.<ref name=ford /><ref name=june6 />}}, then continued north on Ninth Street.<ref name=jan17 /><ref name=ford /> Splitting from Ninth Street, it crossed [[Codornices Creek]] and ran diagonally northwest on a private right-of-way across [[University Village, Albany, California|Albany Village]], a federal housing project for war workers. A curved [[trestle bridge]] brought the line over the main line of the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]] (SP). It ran north on dedicated tracks between the [[Eastshore Freeway|Eastshore Highway]] and the Southern Pacific tracks.<ref name=jan17 /> [[Wigwag (railroad)|Wigwags]] were used at grade crossings on this segment.<ref name=rice />{{rp|100}}

The line turned west along Potrero Avenue in Richmond, reaching Shipyard #2 at 14th Street.<ref name=jan17 /> After the stop at the Pre-fab Yard (10th Street), it turned north on 8th Street to Cutting Boulevard. It ran west on Cutting Boulevard with a stop at Shipyard #1 at 5th Street.<ref name=jan30 /> Near Canal Boulevard, the line turned south onto private right-of-way, with stops at Shipyard #4 and Shipyard #3.<ref name=feb21 /> 

The line was fully double track except for Grayson Street and two short sections in Richmond.<ref name=cost /> Express trains at shift changes served only the shipyard stops and the Key System transfer points at 40th Avenue. Local trains ran every 35–40 minutes and served additional local stops in Emeryville, Berkeley, Albany, and Richmond.<ref name=1945timetable>{{cite web |url=https://wx4.org/to/foam/maps/1more8/1945-05-27RichmondShipyardsRy-KeySystemPTT.pdf |title=[Untitled timetable] |date=May 27, 1945 |publisher=Key System}}</ref><ref name=jan17>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106685649/oakland-tribune/ |title=New Richmond Shipyard Railway Starts Operation Monday! |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |date=January 17, 1943 |page=14 |via=Newspapers.com}} ([https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106685617/oakland-tribune/ Map detail])</ref> Running time was about 45 minutes for local trains  and several minutes faster for express trains.<ref name=1945timetable />

==History==
[[File:Construction of Key System bridge, 1942.jpg|thumb|left|Construction of the bridge over the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1942|alt=Construction of a bridge with wooden trestles and a long metal span over a railway line]]
As the [[Richmond Shipyards]] were expanded at the beginning of World War II, mass transit was needed to bring East Bay workers to the shipyards.<ref name=rice />{{rp|85}} Two "belt line" proposals were advanced in early 1942. "Plan 1", created by an Oakland mayoral commission, would have run from [[San Leandro, California|San Leandro]] to the shipyards.<ref name=muddle>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106714168/oakland-tribune/ |title=Traffic Plan Muddle Put Before U.S. |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |date=May 16, 1942 |page=11 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> It would have reused several abandoned [[East Bay Electric Lines|Interurban Electric Railway]] (IER) lines: the Dutton Avenue line (some of which had been taken over by the Key System), tracks along the SP mainline, the 7th Street Line, and the 9th Street Line. New trackage would have been built from Solano Avenue along Panhandle Boulevard (now Carlson Boulevard) and Cutting Boulevard.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106713970/oakland-tribune/ |title=Bay Belt Line To Richmond Under Study |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |date=May 11, 1942 |page=1 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> An alternate proposal by a business association would have used existing [[Western Pacific Railroad]], SP, and [[Santa Fe Railway]] tracks.<ref name=muddle /> On June 6, 1942, the [[United States Maritime Commission]] authorized the Key System to construct and operate a line connecting the [[Richmond Shipyards]] to existing mass transit lines in Oakland. The "belt line" proposals were rejected at that time.<ref name=june6>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106723129/oakland-tribune/ |title=Key Shipyard Rail Plan O.K.'d |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |date=June 6, 1942 |page=1 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

The line was built from scrap and available materials, as the war made regular construction materials unavailable. The portion on San Pablo Avenue shared the tracks of the #2 streetcar line of Key System subsidiary Oakland Traction Company, while the Ninth Avenue portion reused part of a 1941-abandoned IER line.<ref name=ford /> Rails were salvaged from other defunct lines, including portions of the IER, abandoned Key System streetcar lines, and even the [[Pacific Electric Railway]] in Los Angeles.<ref name=monument>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106915926/oakland-tribune/ |title=Shipyard Railway Monument to Ingenuity of Key Engineers |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |date=January 17, 1943 |pages=16, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106915956/oakland-tribune/ 17] |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> A new quarry was opened in Albany to provide [[track ballast]], as existing quarries were at capacity.<ref name=monument />

Overhead lines were reused from Key System streetcar lines and from the [[San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge|Bay Bridge]]. (Key System cars used [[third rail]] on the bridge, and the [[Sacramento Northern Railway]] and IER had discontinued service using the bridge in 1941).<ref name=monument /><ref name=ford /> Two defunct IER substations were relocated to provide power.<ref name=ford>{{cite book |last=Ford |first=Robert S. |title=Red Trains in the East Bay |year=1977 |publisher=[[Interurban Press]] |isbn=0-916374-27-0 |pages=280–281}}</ref> For the trestle over the SP mainline, bridge beams were fashioned out of used SP [[Turntable (railroad)|turntables]] from [[Bayshore Cutoff#Bayshore Yard|Bayshore]] and [[Tracy, California|Tracy]].<ref name=monument /> Timbers were reused from the [[Key System Mole]] (pier), which had been abandoned after the completion of the Bay Bridge.<ref name=cost>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106916362/oakland-tribune/ |title=Road Cost $1,600,000 |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |date=January 17, 1943 |page=17 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

[[File:Shipyard Special logo.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|Logo used on station signs<ref name=duke />|alt=A logo reading "Shipyard Special" over a stylized United States flag. The logo of the United States Marine Commission, with an anchor on a shield against a similar flag background, occupies the upper half of the logo.]]
The line was constructed by the Key System under a $1.65 million contract (equivalent to ${{inflation|US-GDP|1.65|1942}} million in {{inflation year|US-GDP}}) from the Marine Commission.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106916352/oakland-tribune/ |title=Rail Line to Open Jan. 18 |first=D.W. |last=Fernhout |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |date=January 17, 1943 |page=17 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Around-the-clock construction began on August 3, 1942.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106918549/oakland-tribune/ |title=Shipyard Trains To Run Dec. 1 |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |date=August 1, 1942 |page=1 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Testing of trains on Ninth Avenue began on December 1, 1942.<ref name=testrun>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106764533/oakland-tribune/ |title=Richmond Shipyard Railway Makes Test Run Of 'El' Cars |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |date=December 2, 1942 |page=11 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The line opened as far as Shipyard #2 on January 18, 1943.<ref name=jan17 /><ref name=OT-430117>{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT19430117.1.15 |title=New Transportation Will Commence Operation Tomorrow |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |date=January 17, 1943 |access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> It was extended to Shipyard #1 on February 1, and to Shipyard #3 on February 22.<ref name=jan30>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106723505/oakland-tribune/ |title=Shipyard Railway Extends Service |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |date=January 30, 1943 |page=2 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref name=feb21>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106723401/oakland-tribune/ |title=Shipyard Rail Runs Extended |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |date=February 21, 1943 |page=16 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106773074/oakland-tribune/ |title=Shipyard Railway Now Complete |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |date=February 20, 1943 |page=10 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> This completion allowed most bus service to the shipyards – which used scarce gasoline and tire rubber – to be discontinued.<ref name=feb21 />

Built for 50,000 passengers a day, the Shipyard Railway only operated at 20% capacity; it was heavily used at shift changes but poorly used at other times.<ref name=testrun /><ref name=report /><ref name=duke>{{cite book |title=Electric Railways Around San Francisco Bay: Volume Two |first=Donald |last=Duke |year=2000 |publisher=Golden West Books |isbn=0870951165 |pages=147–151}}</ref> Although it was planned to primarily serve riders from Oakland and San Francisco, the fare structure discouraged ridership from those points{{efn|Fare was one token or ten cents within Richmond, versus two tokens or twenty cents from points further south. Tokens cost 50 cents for 7 at that time.<ref name=jan17 /><ref name=startsmonday />}}, and the highest ridership was within Richmond.<ref name=report>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkpAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA15 |page=15 |title=Report on Key System, Oakland, California |publisher=United States Office of Defense Transportation |date=February 1945 |via=Google Books}}</ref> A 1945 government report noted that "The shipyard management actually went out of its way to propagandize against the railway almost as soon as it started service and criticized Key for schedules which were specified by the shipyard's own staff."<ref name=report />

The line was "half a century out of date the day it opened"; the old wooden cars rode roughly and had uncomfortable seating.<ref name=duke /> Because construction was done cheaply with available materials, the track quality deteriorated quickly. By early 1945, most curves were no longer smooth, and two had significant kinks.<ref name=report /> Shipbuilding continued even after the war ended in August 1945, but many workers switched to private automobiles as gasoline rationing ended. The Shipyard Railway was offered to the Key System, but the Key declined, viewing the line as unprofitable. It would have required substantial reconstruction for continued service, as well as new trackage to serve downtown Richmond.<ref name=duke /> Service ended on September 30, 1945, and the line was quickly dismantled.<ref name=duke /><ref name=rice>{{cite book|last=Rice |first=Walter |last2=Echeverria |first2=Emiliano |title=The Key System: San Francisco and the Eastshore Empire |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]] |date=2007 |isbn=9780738547220}}</ref>{{rp|85}}

==Rolling stock==
[[File:Interior of Shipyard Railway car, January 1943.jpg|thumb|left|Interior of a Shipyard Railway car|alt=Interior of a railway car with two rows of seats]]
For unknown reasons, the Maritime Commission did not acquire rolling stock from the IER or the [[Northwestern Pacific Railroad interurban lines]], which had also been abandoned in 1941.<ref name=duke /> Instead, the commission purchased 90 obsolete [[New York City Subway rolling stock|New York City elevated ("El") cars]] awaiting scrap. These wood-bodied cars had been built in 1887 for the [[IRT Second Avenue Line]] as coaches pulled by steam locomotives. They were converted for [[electric multiple unit]] operation in 1900, and retired when the elevated line closed in 1942.<ref name=wrm /><ref name=trimble>{{cite book |title=Interurban Railways of the Bay Area |first=Paul C. |last=Trimble |year=1977 |publisher=Valley Publishers |isbn=0913548472 |pages=47, 48}}</ref> The elevated cars were purchased by the Maritime Commission in June 1942 and overhauled in the Key System's Emeryville shops that August.<ref name=duke /> The commission supplied [[battleship grey|maritime gray]] paint for the cars.<ref name=trimble />

The elevated cars had been built for high-level platforms in New York. Wooden platforms were installed at the express stops.<ref name=startsmonday>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106908546/oakland-tribune/ |title=Shipyard Line Starts Monday |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |date=January 17, 1943 |pages=15, 16 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106775743/oakland-tribune/ |title=Shipyard Rails Rushed |newspaper=Oakland Tribune |date=September 13, 1942 |page=37 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Local trains were operated with Key System "bridge units" until a small number of the elevated cars were refitted with folding steps to allow them to serve street-level stops.<ref name=rice />{{rp|101}} The cars were operated as [[married pair]]s. One car in each pair had an ex-IER [[Pantograph (rail)|pantograph]], which replaced the third rail equipment used in New York.<ref name=trimble /><ref name=ford /> Typical train lengths were four to six cars.<ref name=trimble /><ref name=duke />

After the line's closure, most of the cars were scrapped or sold off for use as sheds or bunkhouses.<ref name=trimble /><ref name=rice />{{rp|101}} Married pair #561 and #563 were purchased by the Pacific Coast Chapter of the Railway and Locomotive Historical Society. They remained at the Key System yard in Emeryville until 1960, when they were moved to the [[Western Railway Museum]] for preservation.<ref name=rice />{{rp|100}}<ref name=wrm>{{cite web |url=https://www.wrm.org/visit/car-roster/passenger-cars/interurban/item/66-key-system-561 |title=Key System 561 |website=Western Railway Museum |publisher=Bay Area Electric Railroad Association}}</ref>
{{clear left}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=The Key Route, Part 2: Transbay Commuting by Train and Ferry (Interurbans Special 97) |first=Harre |last=Demoro |publisher=[[Interurban Press]] |date=1985 |isbn=978-0916374686}}
* {{cite book |title=A selective history of the Codornices-University Village, the City of Albany & environs: With special attention given to the Richmond Shipyard Railway and the Albany Hill and shoreline |first1=Warren |last1=Lee |first2=Catherine |last2=Lee |place=Albuquerque, N.M. |publisher=Belvidere Delaware Railroad Company Enterprises, Ltd |date=2000 |isbn=978-0967564609}}
* {{cite book |title=From Shore to Shore: The Key Route |first=Vernon J. |last=Sappers |publisher=Peralta Associates |date=1948}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{attached KML |display=inline,title}}
{{commons category inline}}
*Western Railway Museum: [https://www.wrm.org/visit/car-roster/passenger-cars/interurban/item/66-key-system-561 Key System 561] and [https://www.wrm.org/visit/car-roster/passenger-cars/interurban/item/67-key-system-563 Key System 563]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWHtXTlTseo "East Bay Key System and Richmond Shipyard Railway History" (at 37:30 et seq)]

{{Richmond, California}}

[[Category:Defunct California railroads]]
[[Category:History of the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Interurban railways in California]]
[[Category:United States home front during World War II]]
[[Category:Transportation in Contra Costa County, California]]
[[Category:Electric railways in California]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1943]]
[[Category:Railway lines closed in 1945]]
[[Category:Key System]]