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{{Short description|Jain pilgrimage centre and hill forest in Jharkhand, India}}
{{About|the Jain holy site|the mountain peak|Parasnath}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name                  = Sammet Shikharji
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image                 = Shikharji Parasnath Giridih.jpg
| alt                   = Shikharji
| caption               = Jain Temples at Shikarji
| map_type              = India Jharkhand#India
| map_alt               = Shikharji
| map_caption           = Location within Jharkhand
| coordinates           = {{coord|23|57|40|N|86|8|13.5|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location              = [[Giridih]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| elevation_m           = 1,365
| festivals             = [[Paryushana]]
| deity                 = [[Tirthankar]]
}}
'''Shikharji''' ({{IAST|Śikharjī}}), also known as Sammet or Sammed Shikharji, is one of the holiest pilgrimage sites for [[Jains]], in [[Giridih district]], [[Jharkhand]]. It is located on [[Parasnath]] hill, the highest mountain in the state of Jharkhand.{{Sfn|Shukla|Kulshreshtha|2019|p=103}} It is the most important [[Tirtha (Jainism)|Jain Tirtha]] (pilgrimage site), for it is the place where twenty of the twenty-four Jain [[tirthankara]]s (supreme preachers of Dharma) along with many other monks attained [[Moksha (Jainism)|Moksha]]. It is one of the seven principal pilgrimage destinations along with [[Girnar]], [[Pawapuri]], [[Champapuri]], [[Dilwara]], [[Palitana]] and [[Kailash|Ashtapad Kailash]].

== Etymology ==
''Shikharji'' means the "venerable peak". The site is also called Sammed Śikhar "peak of concentration" because it is a place where twenty of twenty-four [[Tirthankara]]s attained Moksha through meditation.{{sfn|Burgess|Spiers|1910|p=44}}{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=130-133}}{{Sfn|Jharkhand Tourism}} The word "Parasnath" is derived from [[Parshwanatha|Lord Parshvanatha]], the twenty-third Jain Tirthankara, who was one of those who attained [[Moksha (Jainism)|Moksha]] at the site in 772 BCE.{{Sfn|Balfour|1885|p=141}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=30}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=103}}{{sfn|University of Calcutta|1845|p=256}}

== Geography ==
Shikarji is located in an inland part of rural east India. It lies on NH-2, the Delhi-Kolkata highway in a section called the Grand Trunk road Shikharji rises to {{convert|4480|ft|m}} making it the highest mountain in [[Jharkhand]] state.{{Sfn|Jharkhand Tourism}}

== Jain tradition ==
[[File:Tirthapata.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Tirth Pat]], ''Pancha Tirth'' including Shikharji, [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]], 20th century ]]
{{further|Tirth Pat}}

Shikharji is the place where twenty of the twenty-four Jain [[tirthankara]]s including Parshvanatha along with many other monks attained [[Moksha (Jainism)|Moksha]].{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=30}}{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=130-133}}{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=202}}{{sfn|Shah|2004|p=191}} This pilgrimage site is considered the most important [[Tirtha (Jainism)|Jain Tirtha]] by both [[Digambara]] and [[Śvētāmbara]].{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=221}}{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=718}} Shikharji along with [[Mount Kailash|Ashtapad]], [[Girnar]], [[Dilwara Temples]] of [[Mount Abu]] and [[Shatrunjaya]] are known as Śvētāmbara ''Pancha Tirth'' (five principal pilgrimage shrine).{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=132}}

== History ==
[[File:Akbar's Farman.png|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[Firman]] issued by [[Akbar]] which considered Shikharji as pilgrimage]]

Archaeological evidences indicate the presence of Jains going back to at least 1500 BCE. The earliest literary reference to Shikharji as a tirth (place of pilgrimage) is found in the ''[[Jnatrdharmakathah|Jñātṛdhārmakātha]]'', one of the twelve core texts of Jainism compiled in 6th century BCE by chief disciple of [[Mahavira]]. Shikharji is also mentioned in the ''Pārśvanāthacarita'', a twelfth-century biography of Pārśva. A 13th century CE palm-leaf manuscript of ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'' and ''Kalakacaryakatha'' has an image of a scene of Parshavanatha's [[nirvana]] at Shikharji.{{sfn|Eastman|1943|p=95}}

Modern history records show that Shikharji Hill is regarded as the place of worship of the Jain community. [[Vastupala]], prime minister during the reign of king Vīradhavala and [[Vigraharaja IV|Vīsaladeva]] of [[Vaghela dynasty]], constructed a Jain temple housing 20 [[Cult image|idols]] of Tirthankaras.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=98}} The temple also housed images of his ancestors and [[Samavasarana]].{{sfn|Granoff|Shinohara|2003|p=320}} During the regime of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]'s rule in India, [[Emperor]] [[Akbar]] in the year 1583 had passed an [[firman]] (official order) granting the management of Shikharji Hill to the Jain community under the leadership of Harivijaya Suri to prevent the [[Animal sacrifice|slaughter of animals]] in the vicinity.{{sfn|Jain|2012|p=43}}{{sfn|Jain|2018}} Seth Hiranand Mukim, personal jeweller of Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]], lead a party from Agra to Shikharji for Jain pilgrimage.{{sfn|Gopal|2019|p=165}} In 1670, a Jain merchant from Agra named Kumarpal Lodha financed construction of temples at the site. In 1725, the area came under the control of the [[Jagat Seth family]] of [[Murshidabad]]. In 1825, Jagat Seth Kushalchand spent a substantial amount of money in consecrating the exact sites of liberation of all 20 tirthankaras, a Jal mandir, [[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamsalas]] & shrines to subsidiary deities at the site, under the guidance of [[Tapa Gaccha]] monk Devijayji, with divine intervention from the Jain {{ill|Śāsanadevī|hi|शासन देव-देवी (जैन धर्म)}} [[Padmāvatī]]. After the Jagat Seth family died out in 1912, the area came under the local zamindar based in Palganj of [[Giridih district|Giridih]]. In 1918, Seth [[Badridas Mukeem|Badridas Mukhim]] of the influential Johari Seth [[Jainism in Bengal|Jain community of Kolkata]] & Bahadur Singh Dugar of Murshidabad purchased the site from the zamindar on behalf of the [[Anandji Kalyanji Trust|Anandji Kalyanji trust]] & renovated the structures built by the Jagat Seths. The site went further renovations in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Sammet Shikharji - Jain Stories |url=https://jainknowledge.com/media-information/158/jain_stories/History-of-Sammet-Shikharji |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=jainknowledge.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SHRI SAMETSHIKAR TIRTH - Jain Tirthsthaans |url=https://jainknowledge.com/information/310/jain_tirthstaans/SHRI-SAMETSHIKAR-TIRTH |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=jainknowledge.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, the [[Government of Delhi]] included Sammed Shikharji under Mukhyamantri Tirth Yatra Yojana.{{Sfn|Outlook|2019}}

== Approach ==
[[File:Shikharji trail map.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Trail map showing tonks on Parasnath Hill]]

The pilgrimage of Shikharji starts with a ''Palganj'' on [[Giridih]] road. Palganj has a small shrine dedicated to Parshvanatha. Then, offerings are made to temples at [[Madhuban, Giridih|Madhuban]] on the base of Parasnath hill.{{sfn|Bengal Printing Company|1868|p=23}} Madhuban has many [[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamshala]]s and [[bhojnalaya]]s for pilgrims.{{sfn|Cooke|1906|p=350}}

The section from Gandharva Nala stream to the summit is the most sacred to Jains.{{Sfn|Shukla|Kulshreshtha|2019|p=103}} The pilgrimage is made on foot or by a [[litter (vehicle)|litter]] or ''doli'' carried by a ''doliwallah'' along a concrete paved track.{{sfn|Shrinivasa|2018}} A trek of {{convert|16.777|miles}} is covered while performing [[Parikrama]] of Shikharji.{{sfn|Jain|2018}} However, the complete parikrama of Madhuban to Shikharji and back is {{convert|57|km}}.{{sfn|Bengal Printing Company|1868|pp=24-25}}

== Temples ==
[[File:Sikharji jalmandir.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of Jal Mandir]]

[[File:Lotus Jain Temple.jpg|thumb|Shwetambar Lotus temple of Lord Parshwanath at foothills of Parasnath hill]]

Shikharji is considered as the most important pilgrimage centre by both the Digambara and Śvētāmbara sects of Jainism and the jurisdiction of the main temples is shared by both sects.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=221}}

The current structure of temples at Shikharji was re-built by Jagat Seth Mahtabchand (father of the Kushalchand mentioned before) in 1768 CE.{{sfn|Bengal Printing Company|1868|p=24}} However, the idol itself is very old. The Sanskrit inscription at the foot of the image is dated 1678 CE. One of the shrines dates back to the 14th century.{{sfn|Cooke|1906|p=350}} Several Śvētāmbara temples were constructed in 20th century.{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=148}} Pilgrims offer rice, sandal, [[dhupa]], flower, fruits and [[Diya (lamp)|diya]].{{sfn|Bengal Printing Company|1868|p=24}}

At the base of Shikharji is a temple to Bhomiyaji (Taleti). On the walls of the [[Jain temple]] at the village of Madhuban, there is a mural painting depicting all the temples on Parasnath Hill. Śvētāmbara Bhaktamara temple, established by Acharya [[Ramchandrasuri]], is the first temple to house a [[Bhaktamara Stotra]] [[yantra]].{{sfn|Gough|2021|pp=209-2010}}

A large Digambara Jain temple depicting ''Nandishwar Dweep'' is at the base of the hill.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=85}} The ''Nichli temple'', built by a Calcutta merchant in 18th century, is noteworthy for its architecture. The temple features arched gateways and carvings of Tirthankaras on the temple wall.{{sfn|Bradley-Birt|1998|p=143}}

=== Tonks ===
{{multiple image
| image1 = Tonk SHRI 10008 PARASNATH BHAGVAN.jpg
| width1 = 150
| caption1 = Parshvanatha Tonk
| image2 = Parshwanath Tonk, Shikharji.jpg
| width2 = 125
| caption2 = Parshvanatha footprint
}}
[[File:Valley parasnath temple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Temples at base of the hill]]

There are 31 tonks each enshrines footprints, in black or white marble, of each Tirthankara. Since, these temple does not have images these tonks are worshipped by both Digambara and Śvētāmbara.{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=148}}

; Parshvanatha tonk
The hilltop where Parshvanatha attained moksha is called 'suvarṇabhadra kūța' and is considered the most sacred hilltop on Shikharji. The Parshvanatha tonk is constructed at this summit.{{sfn|Jain|2019|p=4}}{{sfn|Cooke|1906|p=351}}{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=148}} The [[Chatra (umbrella)|chatra]] distinguishes Parshvanatha footprint from footprints of other 23 Tirthankaras which does not have chatra and are indistinguishable.{{sfn|Bengal Printing Company|1868|p=25}}  The temple consists of two floors.  The top floor has a tonk with no footprints of Parshvanatha, and lower floor enshrines a saffron coloured replica of the face of Parasnath built into a wall. Devotees make offerings of uncooked rice and sweets here.{{sfn|JTDCL}}

The tonks along the track are as follows:{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=148}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=A study of Jain sacred place - Sammed Shikharji: Religious significance to its physical form |url=https://vebuka.com/document/180409103244-2e4ab2a24555645ddd9dffc66e679013 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Vebuka.com |language=en}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
# [[Gautama Swami|Gautam Ganadhara Swami]]
# [[Kunthunatha]]
# [[Rishabhanatha]]
# [[Chandraprabha]]
# [[Naminatha]]
# [[Aranatha]]
# [[Māllīnātha]]
# [[Shreyanasanatha]]
# [[Pushpadanta]]
# [[Padmaprabha]]
# [[Munisuvrata]]
# [[Chandraprabha]]
# Rishabha
# [[Anantanatha]]
# [[Shitalanatha]]
# [[Sambhavanatha]]
# [[Vasupujya]]
# [[Abhinandananatha]]
# Ganadhara
# Jal Mandir
# [[Dharmanatha]]
# [[Mahavira]]
# Varishen
# [[Sumatinatha]]
# [[Shantinatha]]
# Mahavira
# [[Suparshvanatha]]
# [[Vimalanatha]]
# [[Ajitanatha]]
# [[Neminatha]]
# Parshvanatha
{{div col end}}

=== Fair ===
Sammed Shikhar festival is annual fair organised here that draws a huge number of devotees.{{sfn|Ministry of Tourism}}

== Replicas ==
[[File:Gaj Madir, Rohtak - Mural - Shikharji.jpg|thumb|Shikharji mural, Gaj Mandir in Rohtak]]

The representation of Sammeta-Shikharji is a popular theme in Jain shrines.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=98}}

On 13 August 2012, the world's first to-scale complete replication of Shikharji was opened in [[Siddhachalam]] in [[New Jersey]] over 120 acres of hilly terrain called ''Shikharji at Siddhachalam'', it has become an important place of pilgrimage for the Jain diaspora.{{Sfn|Richardson|2014|p=174}} There is a small scale replica of Shikharji at [[Dādābadī#Mehrauli|Dādābadī, Mehrauli]]. [[Ranakpur Jain temple]] has a depiction of Shikharji.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=340}} Shitalnath temple in [[Patan, Gujarat]] has a wooden plaque with carving of Shikharji.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=132}}

== Transport ==
The nearest railway station is [[Parasnath Station]] which is situated in [[Isri|Isri Bazar]], Dumri, Jharkhand. It is around 25&nbsp;km from [[Madhuban, Giridih|Madhuban]], at the base of Shikharji. Parasnath station is situated on [[Grand Chord]], which is part of [[Howrah-Gaya-Delhi line]] and [[Howrah-Allahabad-Mumbai line]]. Many long-distance trains halt at Parasnath Station. Daily connectivities to Mumbai, Delhi, Jaipur, Ajmer, Kolkata, Patna, Allahabad, Kanpur, Jammutawi, Amritsar, Kalka etc. are available. Even 12301-12302 [[Howrah Rajdhani Express]] via [[Gaya Junction]] has a halt on Parasnath station which run 6 days a week.

By Airway;

The Nearest airport is [[Deoghar Airport]] in Deoghar Dist, known as Baidyanath dham which is famous for Hindu pilgrimage sites, part of 12 jyotirling for Lord Shiva. The airport is 107&nbsp;km away from Shikharji and a 3-hour drive.

Another airport is [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]], Durgapur (RDP) West Bengal and a 4-hour drive from the airport. Durgapur has direct flights from Kolkata and Delhi.

[[Birsa Munda Airport]], Ranchi (IXR), Jharkhand is also around 180&nbsp;km (Approximately 4.5 hours), and the drive to Shikhar Ji is quite smooth. Direct flights are available from Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Chennai, Delhi, Deoghar, Goa–Mopa, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mangalore, Mumbai, Patna and Pune.

== Shikharji movement ==
[[Shikharji movement|Save Shikharji]] was a protest movement by [[Jainism in India|Jain sects]] against the state's alleged development plans for Shikharji. Jains opposed the plans of the state government to improve the infrastructure on the site of the hill in order to boost tourism as alleged attempts to commercialize the Shikharji hill.{{Sfn|TNN|2016}} The movement demanded that Shikharji Hill be declared officially a place of worship by the [[Government of Jharkhand]].{{sfn|Jain|2018}} On 26 October 2018, the Government of Jharkhand issued an official memorandum declaring the Shikharji hill as a 'place of worship'.

In December 2022, Jains carried out massive protests and a one-day nationwide strike against the rule by the Government of Jharkhand to tag Shikharji as a place of tourism.{{sfn|Abraham|2018}} Jharkhand government's decision to declare 'sacred' Shri Sammed Shikharji a tourist place and incidents of allegedly desecrating the sacred [[Shatrunjaya Tirtha|Shetrunjaya]] Hills in Gujarat's Bhavnagar district have triggered anger among lakhs of people belonging to the Jain community. A 72-year-old Jain monk who was on a fast against the Jharkhand government's decision died Tuesday in Jaipur, according to a community leader. Police said after participating in a peace march in Jaipur against the decision, Sugyeysagar Maharaj sat on the fast at Sanghiji temple in Sanganer area of the city.

In January 2023, the Central government halted all tourism development activities on Parasnath Hills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Jain Community Slams Tourism Tag For Shrine, Centre's Big Move |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/as-jains-slam-tourist-place-tag-for-sammed-shikharji-shrine-in-jharkhand-hemant-soren-taps-centre-3666242 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Shikharji Jain temple.jpg|Jal Mandir
File:Pushpadanta idol, Shikharji.jpg|Pushpadanta idol inside Pushpadanta Jinalaya
File:Gautam Labdhi Vihar, Madhuban.jpg|Gautam Swami Temple at Madhuban
File:Mahavir Tonk, Shikharji.jpg|Mahavir Tonk
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Religion|India}}
* [[List of Jain temples]]
* [[Tirth Pat]]
* [[Nirvana Kanda]]

== References ==
=== Citation ===
{{Reflist}}

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* {{cite news | last=Abraham | first=Bobins |date=2018-10-26|title=Huge Relief For Jain Community As Jharkhand Accepts Plea To Save The Holy Shikharji Hill|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/huge-relief-for-jain-community-as-jharkhand-accepts-plea-to-save-the-holy-shikharji-hill-355487.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en-IN}}
* {{cite news | last=Jain | first=Bhavika |title=Jains protest plan to convert sacred hill into tourist centre |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/jains-protest-plan-to-convert-sacred-hill-into-tourist-centre/articleshow/66200246.cms |date=14 October 2018 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}
* {{Cite news  | last=Shrinivasa | first=M. | title=Expert team of doli lifters carries devotees to the top | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/expert-team-of-doli-lifters-carries-devotees-to-the-top/articleshow/62847644.cms| date=9 February 2018 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }} 
* {{Cite web | url=https://tourism.jharkhand.gov.in/destinationDetails/82 | publisher=Jharkhand Tourism | title=Parasnath | ref={{SfnRef|Jharkhand Tourism}} }}
* {{cite news | author=TNN |title=Plot identified for helipad atop Parasnath Hill |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Plot-identified-for-helipad-atop-Parasnath-Hill/articleshow/50531293.cms |access-date=14 October 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 January 2016 }} 
* {{cite news| url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/jain-community-thanks-delhi-cm-for-including-sammed-shikharji-under-mukhyamantri-tirth-yatra-yojana/1642145 | newspaper=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] | title=Jain community thanks Delhi CM for including Sammed Shikharji under Mukhyamantri Tirth Yatra Yojana | date=16 October 2019 | ref={{SfnRef|Outlook|2019}} }}
* {{cite web | url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-04/Jharakhand.pdf | title=Tourism survey in the State of Jharkhand | publisher=[[Ministry of Tourism (India)]] | ref={{sfnref|Ministry of Tourism}} }}
* {{cite web | title=Johar Jharkhand | url=https://tourism.jharkhand.gov.in/Application/uploadDocuments/emagazine/Emagazine20190218_123401.pdf | publisher=Jharkhand Tourism Development Corporation Limited | website=Department of Tourism Government of Jharkhand | ref={{sfnref|JTDCL}} }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://giridih.nic.in/tourist-places|Tourist Places in Giridih (Official Website)}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Parasnath Hills}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}
{{Temple towns in Jharkhand}}
{{Damodar Valley}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Giridih district]]
[[Category:Holy cities]]
[[Category:Religion in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jain pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Mountains in Jainism]]