View source for Sherman Firefly

{{Short description|British medium tank of WWII}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = Sherman Firefly
| is_UK              = yes
| image              = British Sherman Firefly Namur.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = A Sherman Firefly during the [[Battle of the Bulge]], 1944
| origin             = United Kingdom
| type               = [[Medium tank]]
| is_vehicle         = yes
| is artillery       =
| designer           =
| design_date        = 1943
| manufacturer       = 
| unit_cost          =
| production_date    =
| number             = 2,100–2,200
| variants           =
| crew               = 4 (Commander, gunner, loader{{\}}radio-operator, driver)
| length             = {{convert|19|ft|4|in|abbr=on}}; {{convert|25|ft|6|in|abbr=on}} overall
| width              = {{convert|8|ft|8|in|abbr=on}}
| height             = {{convert|9|ft|0|in|abbr=on}}
| weight             = 34.75 long tons (35.3 tonnes)
| armour             = 89 mm maximum (turret front)
| primary_armament   = [[Ordnance QF 17-pounder|QF 17-pounder]] (76.2 mm) gun, 77 rounds
| secondary_armament = {{plainlist |
* .50 in (12.7 mm) [[M2 Browning|Browning M2 machine gun]] (generally not mounted)
* coaxial .30 in (7.62 mm) [[M1919 Browning machine gun|Browning M1919 machine gun]], 5,000 rounds}}
| engine             = inline or [[radial engine]] [[gasoline engine|petrol engine]] depending on chassis used
| engine_power       = 425 hp
| suspension         = Vertical volute coil spring
| speed              = 20 mph (32 km/h) sustained <br />25 mph (40 km/h) at bursts<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hunnicutt|first1=R. |title=Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank|date=1978|publisher=Taurus Enterprises|location=San Rafeal|isbn=978-0-89141-080-5|page=550}}</ref>
| pw_ratio           = 12 hp (9 kW) / tonne
| vehicle_range      = 120 miles (193 km)
}}
{{M4 Sherman navigation}}

The '''Sherman Firefly''' was a [[medium tank]] used by the United Kingdom and some armoured formations of other [[Allies in World War II|Allies]] in the [[Second World War]]. It was based on the US [[M4 Sherman]] but was fitted with the more powerful British {{cvt|76.2|mm}} calibre [[Ordnance QF 17-pounder|17-pounder]] [[anti-tank gun]] as its main weapon. Conceived as a stopgap until future British tank designs came into service, the Sherman Firefly became the most common vehicle mounting the 17-pounder in the war.

The [[British Army]] made extensive use of Sherman tanks, but they expected to have their own tank models developed soon, so the idea of mounting the 17-pounder in the Sherman was initially rejected. However, through the efforts of two persistent British officers, government reluctance was eventually overcome, and the Firefly went into production. This proved fortunate, as the [[Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger]] and [[Cromwell tank|Cruiser Mk VIII Cromwell]] tank designs experienced difficulties and delays.

After the problem of getting such a large gun to fit in the Sherman's turret was solved, the Firefly was put into production in early 1944, in time to equip the [[21st Army Group]], commanded by General [[Bernard Montgomery]], for the [[Normandy landings]]. It soon became highly valued, as its gun could almost always penetrate the armour of the [[Panther tank|Panther]] and [[Tiger I|Tiger tanks]] it faced in Normandy, something no other British or American tank could reliably do.<ref>Milner, Marc, (2014) ''Stopping the Panzers'', University of Kansas Press, 1</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Joshua |date=2024-06-05 |title=Sherman M4 and M4A3 17-Pounder: The Sherman Fireflies built for the United States |url=https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2/usa/sherman-m4-and-m4a3-17-pounder-the-sherman-fireflies-built-for-the-united-states/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Tank Encyclopedia |language=en-US}}</ref> Because the Firefly's barrel was visibly longer than that of a normal 75&nbsp;mm Sherman, crews tried to [[countershading|countershade camouflage]] it so the tank would look like a regular Sherman from a distance. Between 2,100 and 2,200 were manufactured before production ended in 1945; it is unknown if this includes 100 tanks built for the United States.<ref name=":0" />

== Origins ==
The idea of fitting a 17-pounder gun into a Sherman tank was rejected by the [[Ministry of Supply]]'s Tank Decision Board. Although the [[British Army]] had made extensive use of the American-built Sherman, it was intended that a new generation of British tanks would replace it. First, there was the [[Cromwell tank|Cromwell]], which was expected to use the [[Vickers-Armstrongs|Vickers]] high-velocity 75&nbsp;mm gun; this gun would have had superior anti-tank performance to the US [[75 mm gun (US)|75&nbsp;mm]] and [[76 mm gun M1|76&nbsp;mm guns]] that were mounted in the Sherman. The second was the [[Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger|A30 Challenger]], which was based on the Cromwell but with the even more powerful 17-pounder gun.<ref name=Buckley>J. Buckley (2004){{page needed|date=November 2010}}</ref> These two tanks and their successors&mdash;the [[Comet (tank)|Comet]] and the [[Centurion (tank)|Centurion]], which were already on the drawing board&mdash;were to replace the Sherman in British service and the prospect of diverting resources to mount the 17-pounder on the Sherman seemed undesirable.<ref name = "Fletch">Fletcher (2008)</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2012}}

Major George Brighty of the [[Royal Tank Regiment]] was at the [[Lulworth]] Armoured Fighting School in early 1943. Despite the A30 Challenger undergoing initial trials at Lulworth, Brighty was convinced that the Sherman was a better mount for the 17-pounder. The turret of the Sherman was too small to allow for the very long recoil of the gun. In a radical adjustment, Brighty removed the recoil system and locked the gun in place, thus making the entire tank absorb the recoil, but this was a far from ideal situation and there was no telling how long the tank would have been able to handle such a set-up.<ref name="Fletch"/>

Around June 1943, a colleague of Brighty, Lieutenant Colonel George Witheridge of the Royal Tank Regiment, arrived at Lulworth. A veteran of the [[North Africa campaign]], Witheridge had experienced first-hand the one-sided battles between British tanks armed with the 40&nbsp;mm [[Ordnance QF 2 pounder|2-pounder gun]] and [[Erwin Rommel|Rommel]]'s formidable tanks and anti-tank guns. During the [[Battle of Gazala]] in mid-1942, Witheridge had been blown out of his [[M3 Lee|M3 Grant]] medium tank and though he recovered from his wounds, he was declared unfit to return to combat duty. In January 1943, he was posted to [[Fort Knox]] in the United States for six months to advise on gunnery, where he was "sold" on the Sherman.<ref>Fletcher (2008), p. 10</ref> While at Lulworth, Witheridge inspected the A30 Challenger and "joined in the chorus of complaints" about the tank. Upon looking up Brighty and learning of his attempts to improve the Sherman, Witheridge lent his assistance.<ref name=Buckley/> He advised Brighty on methods to solve the recoil problem.

Not long after, Witheridge and Brighty received a notice from the Department of Tank Design (DTD) to cease their efforts. Unwilling to abandon the project, Witheridge, using his connections with such influential people as Major General [[Raymond Briggs (British Army officer)|Raymond Briggs]], former [[General Officer Commanding]] the [[1st Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|1st Armoured Division]] in North Africa and then director of the [[Royal Armoured Corps]], successfully lobbied [[Claude Gibb]], Director-General of Weapons and Instruments Production at the Ministry of Supply, to make it an official ministry project. Gibb was able to explain to the detractors that not only was it possible but it should be doable in England. He had liaised with Colonel William Watson, who in late 1942 had returned from secondment to Australia to work on the production of the Australian [[Sentinel tank|AC1 Sentinel]] tank, onto which the 17-pounder had been mounted. With this development, the endeavor was taken out of the hands of the highly enthusiastic and devoted amateurs at Lulworth who had initiated it and given to professional tank developers.<ref name="Buckley"/><ref>Fletcher (2008), pp. 11–12</ref>

== Design ==
[[File:The Tank Museum (2344).jpg|thumb|left|Rear view of the Firefly at the [[Bovington Tank Museum]] showing the external radio "bustle".]]

W. G. K. Kilbourn, a [[Vickers]] engineer working for the DTD, transformed their idea into the reality of the prototype of the tank that would serve the British forces from the [[invasion of Normandy]] in June 1944. The first thing he had to fix was the lack of a workable recoil system for the 17-pounder. The 17-pounder traveled {{convert|40|in|m|abbr=on}} back as it absorbed the recoil of the blast. This was too long for the Sherman's turret.<ref>Fletcher (2008), p. 13</ref> Kilbourn solved this problem by redesigning the recoil system completely rather than modifying it. The recoil cylinders were shortened and placed on both sides of the gun to take advantage of the width of the turret.

The gun breech itself was also rotated 90 degrees to allow loading from the left rather than from on top.<ref name=Hart>Hart (2007), {{page needed|date=June 2012}}</ref><ref group=note>US-designed tanks put the gunner on the right and loader on the left. British practice was the reverse.</ref> The radio, normally mounted in the back of the turret in British tanks, had to be moved; an armoured box (a "[[Bustle rack|bustle]]") was attached to the back of the turret to house it, with access through a large hole cut through the turret.

The next problem encountered by Kilbourn was that the gun cradle, the metal block on which the gun sat, had to be shortened to allow the gun to fit into the Firefly and thus the gun itself was not very stable. Kilbourn had a new barrel designed for the 17-pounder that had a longer un-tapered section at the base, which helped solve the stability problem. A new [[Gun mantlet|mantlet]] was designed to house this gun and the modified cradle. The Firefly had no armour or mobility advantages over the normal Sherman tank beyond the additional 13&nbsp;mm of protection added to its mantlet. The modifications were extensive enough that 17-pounders intended for the Firefly had to be factory-built specifically for it.<ref name="Fletch"/><ref name=Hart />

Kilbourn had to deal with additional complications. On the standard Sherman tank, there was a single hatch in the turret through which the commander, gunner, and loader entered and exited the tank. The 17-pounder's larger breech and recoil system made it significantly more difficult for the loader to exit quickly; a new hatch was cut into the top of the turret over the gunner's position to resolve this.<ref>Fletcher (2008), p. 14</ref> The final major change was the elimination of the hull gunner in favour of space for more 17-pounder ammunition, which was longer than the original 75&nbsp;mm.

By October and November 1943, enthusiasm began to grow for the project. The [[21st Army Group]] was informed of the new tank in October.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} Even before final testing had taken place in February 1944, an order for 2,100 Sherman tanks armed with the 17-pounder gun was placed, as the Challenger program was suffering constant delays and it was realized that few would be ready for Normandy. Even worse, it was discovered that the Cromwell did not have a turret ring wide enough to take the new High Velocity 75&nbsp;mm gun (50 calibres long), so it would have to be armed with the general purpose [[Ordnance QF 75 mm]]. This left the Firefly as the only tank available with firepower superior to the QF 75&nbsp;mm gun in the British arsenal, earning it the "highest priority" from [[Winston Churchill]].<ref name="Buckley"/>

==Name==
The nickname "Firefly" was a British nickname given to armored vehicles with an adapted 17pdr due to either the bright muzzle flash or because of the detonation of leftover gunpowder while firing creating a flash that was directed towards both the gunner and loader. the nickname was only recorded to be used by the British army and was never officially adopted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tout |first=Ken |title=Tank! |date=1985 |publisher=R. Hale |isbn=978-0-7090-2277-0 |location=London}}</ref> During the war, Shermans with 17-pounder guns were usually known as "1C", "1C Hybrid", or "VC", depending on the basic mark of the vehicle. In British nomenclature, a "C" at the end of the Roman numeral indicated a tank equipped with the 17-pounder.<ref group="note">for more on the explanation of the various marks, see [[Lend-Lease Sherman tanks#British nomenclature]]</ref>

The name "Firefly" in period sources often refers to any vehicle with a 17-pounder gun, often the [[17pdr SP Achilles]] M10C variant of the [[M10 tank destroyer]].{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

== Armament ==
[[File:Loading 17 pounder rounds into Sherman Firefly 1944 IWM B 8793.jpg|thumb|left|Loading 17-pounder APCBC rounds into a Firefly]]

The main armament of the Sherman Firefly was the [[Ordnance QF 17-pounder|Ordnance Quick-Firing 17-pounder]]. Designed as the successor to the British [[Ordnance QF 6 pounder|QF 6-pounder]], the 17-pounder was the most powerful British tank gun of the war, and one of the most powerful of any nationality, being able to penetrate more armour than the [[8.8 cm KwK 36]] fitted to the German [[Tiger I]]. The 17-pounder was theoretically able to penetrate some {{convert|163|mm|abbr=on}} of armour at {{convert|500|m|yd|abbr=on}} and {{convert|150|mm|abbr=on}} at {{convert|1000|m|yd|abbr=on}} using standard [[APCBC|armour piercing, capped, ballistic capped (APCBC)]] ammunition. [[Armour-piercing discarding sabot|Armour piercing, discarding sabot]] (APDS) ammunition could penetrate some 256&nbsp;mm of armor at 500 m and 233&nbsp;mm at 1,000 m, which on paper could defeat the armour of almost every German armoured fighting vehicle at any likely range.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bird |first1=Lorrin Rexford|last2=Livingston|first2=Robert D.|title=WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery|date=2001|publisher=Overmatch Press|page=60}}</ref> However, war production APDS rounds lacked accuracy, and the 50&nbsp;mm penetrator was less destructive after it had penetrated enemy tank armour than the 76.2&nbsp;mm APCBC shell. APDS ammunition was rare until the post-war period. While the Sherman Firefly was capable of carrying 77 rounds of ammunition, the tank's design features meant that only 23 rounds were easily and readily available when the tank was in action.{{sfnb|Fletcher|2008|p=19}}

Though the 17-pounder had superior anti-tank capabilities, it lacked an effective HE round and was thus inferior to the standard Sherman 75&nbsp;mm gun against soft targets, such as infantry, buildings and lightly armoured vehicles. As the war in Europe neared its close, the Allies found themselves encountering these more often than heavy German tanks. Allied tank units therefore typically refused to completely switch to Fireflies.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} A good HE shell for the gun only became available in late 1944 and even then was not as potent as the standard Sherman 75&nbsp;mm HE shell.<ref name=Buckley />

Another problem was that the powerful blast from the 17-pounder gun kicked up large amounts of dirt as well as smoke, making it difficult for the gunner to observe the fall of the shot (and forcing him to rely on the commander to observe it and to order corrections) and revealing the position of the tank (forcing the Firefly to move every few shots). The recoil and muzzle blast could be severely jarring to Firefly crews and the muzzle blast frequently caused [[night blindness]]. The latter{{clarify|This passage formerly read simply "This was"|date=September 2018}} was a problem common to any tank armed with a high-velocity gun, including the Panther and Tiger I. The cramped turret meant that loading the large shell was difficult, so the Firefly had a slower rate of fire than a standard M4 Sherman.<ref name=Hart /> Since the Firefly was a stopgap, these problems were never eliminated, as it was supposed to be retired with the introduction of the new British tank designs such as the [[Comet (tank)|Comet]] and later [[Centurion (tank)|Centurion]].

[[File:The British Army in North-west Europe 1944-45 BU4676.jpg|thumb|British Army Sherman Tulip on the left. Note the 17-pounder gun, countershaded to appear like the standard 75 mm gun seen on the center tanks.]]

The Firefly's secondary armament was the standard 0.3 inch (7.62&nbsp;mm) [[Browning M1919 machine gun]] coaxial in the turret, the hull-mounted machine gun being removed to increase ammunition storage for the main gun. A .50-inch (12.7&nbsp;mm) [[M2 Browning]] heavy machine gun was also fitted on the turret roof, though many crews removed it, due to its awkward mounting and position near the commander, which limited a full 360-degree view when the hatch was open.

In 1945, some British Fireflies were fitted with a rail on either side of the turret for two [[RP-3]] "60lb" high-explosive 3-inch rockets. Called "Sherman Tulips", these were used at the Rhine crossing by the 1st Battalion, [[Coldstream Guards]]. The rockets, accurate when fired from aircraft, were less accurate when fired from a stationary platform, such as a tank, as they had little initial slipstream over the fins. The RP-3 was only effective when its 60-pound warhead hit the target.<ref>Fletcher (2008), p. 6</ref>

== Production and distribution ==
[[File:Shermancrossingbridgegoodwood.jpg|thumb|right|A Sherman Firefly crosses 'Euston Bridge' over the Orne as it moves up to the start line for [[Operation Goodwood]], 18 July 1944]]

Three different variants of Sherman Firefly served during the Second World War, each based on a different variant of the M4 Sherman. The Firefly conversion was carried out on Sherman I (M4), Sherman I Hybrid (M4 Composite), Sherman IV (M4A3, 65-68 built for the United States),<ref name=":0" /> and Sherman V (M4A4) tanks. Some sources state that several Sherman IIs (M4A1) were converted and used in action, but photos allegedly showing these conversions are in fact views of the front half of Sherman I Hybrid Fireflies.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} To complicate matters, a very small number of Canadian license-built Sherman IIs (M4A1), the [[Grizzly I cruiser|Grizzly]], were converted to Fireflies in Canada and used for training, but none saw action.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Skaarup |first1= Harold |title= "Ironsides": Canadian Armoured Fighting Vehicle Museums and Monuments |year= 2011 |publisher= iUniverse.com |page= 78|isbn= 978-1462034642}}</ref> The majority of Shermans converted were the Sherman V/M4A4 model, of which the British received about 7,200. The Sherman VC and IC variants are easily distinguished by their lower hulls; the VC having a lengthened hull, and larger gaps between the suspension units. They employed the three-piece bolted transmission housing. The Sherman IC usually had a cast transmission housing. The Hybrid can be distinguished by its upper hull, which is cast and gives it a distinctive curved look in comparison to the more boxy hull of a typical Sherman.{{original research inline|date=September 2014}}

Production of the Firefly started in January 1944 and, by 31 May, some 342 Sherman Fireflies had been delivered to the 21st Army Group for the [[D-Day]] landings.<ref name=Hart /> British tank troops were composed of three units equipped with standard Shermans and one with Fireflys. The same distribution occurred in Cromwell units, but this caused logistical problems, as each Cromwell troop then needed to be supplied with parts for two different tanks. The Firefly was also slower than the Cromwell. [[Churchill tank|Churchill]] units received no Fireflies, and as a result, often had to rely on any attached [[M10 Wolverine|M10]] or M10 Achilles units to provide increased firepower to deal with tanks their own guns could not handle.<ref name=Buckley />

Production was limited by the availability of suitable tanks, with the phasing out of 75&nbsp;mm Sherman production. To make up numbers, Sherman I and Sherman I Hybrids were also converted.<ref name="Fletch"/> From D-Day in June to the end of the Battle of Normandy in late August, almost 400 Sherman Fireflies were converted, more than sufficient to replace any permanent tank losses during the battle.<ref name="Hayward-p20">Hayward (2001), p. 20</ref> In late 1944, with the creation of an effective high-explosive shell for the 17-pounder gun, British units started to receive two Fireflies per troop.<ref name=Buckley /> By February 1945, some 2,000 Sherman Fireflies had been built and British, Commonwealth, and Polish armoured units were equipped with a 50/50 mix of 75&nbsp;mm and 17-pounder-armed Shermans.

In spring 1945, production of the Firefly was scaled down, with the last tank being delivered in May 1945. This was the result of several factors, from superior home-grown designs like the Comet and Centurion coming into service to replace the Firefly, to the impending defeat of Nazi Germany, and the inferior design of Japan's tanks, which it seemed would be the next opponents the British would have to face after the fall of Germany.<ref name=Hart />

Production of the Sherman Firefly reached some 2,100 – 2,200 tanks; exact numbers are hard to determine as documents give contradictory totals.<ref name=Hart /> ''Jane's World War II Tanks and Fighting Vehicles'' gives a production of 1,783 vehicles in 1944 and 563 in 1945, for a total of 2,346.<ref>Ness (2002), p. 22</ref> ''Sherman Firefly'' gives a number of 2,002 conversions made between January 1944 and February 1945<ref name="Hayward-p20" /> or a total of 2,139 conversions.<ref>Hayward (2001), p. 21</ref>

== Service ==
=== Normandy ===
Fireflies were introduced to armoured brigades<ref group="note">The British "Tank Brigades" were equipped with Churchills</ref> and divisions in the 21st Army Group in 1944, just in time for the [[Normandy landings]]. The timing was fortunate as Allied intelligence had begun to realize in early 1944 through [[German tank problem#Historical problem|statistical analysis]] that the Germans were fielding a much larger number of more formidable tanks (such as the Panther) than had been anticipated. This information was slow to reach Allied military planners, who had mistakenly assumed the Panther, like the Tiger, would be a rare heavy tank with a limited production run, so the number of Panthers deployed came as a surprise to Allied formation commanders and tank crews forced to engage them with guns that could not penetrate the frontal armor except at short range.<ref name=Buckley />

Ken Tout, who served as a tank gunner and tank commander in the [[1st Northamptonshire Yeomanry]] in Normandy in 1944, described the effect of mounting a 17-pounder in the Sherman:
{{blockquote|The Firefly tank is an ordinary Sherman but, in order to accommodate the immense breech of the 17-pounder and to store its massive shells, the co-driver has been eliminated and his little den has been used as storage space. ... The flash is so brilliant that both the gunner and commander need to blink at the moment of firing. Otherwise, they will be blinded for so long that they will not see the shot hit the target. The muzzle flash spurts out so much flame that, after a shot or two, the hedge or undergrowth in front of the tank is likely to start burning. When moving, the gun's overlap in front or, if traversed, to the side is so long that the driver, gunner, and commander have to be constantly alert to avoid wrapping the barrel around some apparently distant tree, defenseless lamp-post or inoffensive house.<ref name = "Tout, p.130">Tout (1989), p. 130</ref>}}

Panthers and Tigers accounted for only about 126 of the 2,300 German tanks deployed in Normandy; the rest being [[Panzer IV]]s, [[Sturmgeschütz III]] tank destroyers and other armoured vehicles that the 75&nbsp;mm Shermans could penetrate. The importance of [[Caen]] and Montgomery's operations, which pinned German armoured forces in front of the British positions so the American units could break out to the west, meant that British and other Commonwealth units had to face over 70 percent of the German armour deployed during the Battle of Normandy, as well as over half of the elite, well-equipped [[Waffen-SS]] ''Panzer'' units. As a result, the Sherman Firefly was perhaps the most valued tank by British and other Commonwealth commanders, as it was the only tank in the British Army able to reliably penetrate the frontal armour of Panthers and Tigers at the standard combat ranges in Normandy.<ref name=Buckley />

This fact did not go unnoticed by the Germans, who realized that these long-barrel Shermans posed a much greater threat to their heavy tanks than the normal Shermans, and German tank crews and anti-tank gun crews were instructed to eliminate Fireflies first.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} Similarly, the Firefly crews realized that the distinctive long barrel of their 17-pounder gun made their Fireflies stand out from standard Shermans, so they attempted to disguise their tanks to reduce the likelihood of being targeted.{{sfnb|Fletcher|2008}} Some crews had the front half of the [[olive drab]] gun barrel painted white on the bottom, or white with dark green on top, to give the illusion of a shorter gun barrel. Another suggestion was for a shorter wooden dummy gun to be mounted on the rear of the turret and point forward; however, this tactic does not appear to have been used in combat.<ref name=Hart />

[[File:The British Army in North-west Europe 1944-45 BU4215.jpg|thumb|left|Firefly of 5th Canadian Armoured Division assists troops of 49th (West Riding) Division to clear the Germans from [[Ede, Netherlands]], 17 April 1945]]
Despite being a high-priority target, Fireflies appear to have had a statistically lower chance of being knocked out than standard Shermans, probably due more to how they were employed than to the effectiveness of the camouflaging of the long barrel.<ref name=Buckley /> Given the high value placed on Fireflies, a common tactic was for commanders to reconnoitre the battlefield before a battle, to look for good [[Overwatch (military tactic)|overwatch]] positions. During the battle, Fireflies would stay behind in those positions and cover the ordinary Shermans as they pushed forward, eliminating any enemy tanks that revealed themselves when they opened fire on the advancing Shermans, and moving forward only when the standard Shermans had secured the area or when the Fireflies could no longer cover them. Similarly, when on the move, troop commanders tended to position Fireflies in the rear to reduce the chance of their being knocked out. Given the relatively unpredictable nature of battle, this was not always possible and many times, Fireflies were forced to engage enemies in the open, where they could be identified.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Despite this, the Firefly's increased firepower was much valued, and during many engagements, the Firefly proved its worth, knocking out Tigers and Panthers at long range, as well as less formidable tanks such as [[Panzer IV]]s and [[Sturmgeschütz|StuG]] tank destroyers.

====Norrey-en-Bessin====
One example of this increased firepower was displayed by Lt. G. K. Henry's Firefly during the defence of [[Norrey-en-Bessin]] on 9 June against an attack by the 3rd Company of the 12th SS Panzer Regiment of the [[12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend|12th SS Panzer Division ''Hitlerjugend'']]. Determined to capture the village in preparation for a larger offensive to drive the British and Canadians back into the sea, [[Kurt Meyer (soldier)|Kurt Meyer]] ordered 12 Panthers of the 3rd Company and infantry to attack Norrey and drive out the Canadians. The attack got underway at 1300 hours, with the Panthers racing towards the town at full speed, stopping only to fire their guns. They quickly outran their infantry support, which was forced to ground by Allied artillery fire. Within {{cvt|1000|m|yd}} of the village, nine standard Shermans of the Canadian [[1st Hussars|6th Canadian Armoured Regiment]] opened fire into the advancing Panthers' flanks. Lt. Henry's gunner, Trooper A. Chapman, waited until the Panthers "lined up like ducks in a row" and quickly knocked out five Panthers with just six rounds. The attack was repulsed with the loss of seven of the 12 Panthers.<ref>Milner (2014), 5</ref>

====Tilly-sur-Seulles====
[[File:Hamburg Liberation 04.jpg|thumb|A Sherman Firefly of 7th Armoured Division in Hamburg, 4 May 1945]]

A similar event occurred on 14 June, during [[Operation Perch]]. Sgt. Harris of the [[4th/7th Dragoon Guards]], along with three standard Shermans, set up defensive positions along with the infantry after capturing the village of [[Lingèvres]], near [[Tilly-sur-Seulles]], France. Looking through his binoculars, Sgt. Harris spotted two Panthers advancing from the east. He opened fire at a range of {{cvt|800|m|yd}}, knocking out the lead Panther with his first shot, and the other with his second. Relocating to a well-concealed flanking position on the other side of the town, he spotted another three Panthers approaching from the west. He and his gunner, Trooper Mackillop, knocked them out with three rounds.<ref name=Hart />

====Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil====
In perhaps their most famous action, British and Canadian Fireflies defeated the heavy armour of a German counterattack at [[Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil]] during [[Operation Totalize]] on 8 August 1944, resulting in the destruction of five [[Tiger I|Tiger]] tanks and the death of the attack's leader, the noted German tank commander [[Michael Wittmann]]. The battle involved Fireflies from A Squadron, [[1st Northamptonshire Yeomanry]], 33rd Armoured Brigade; A Squadron, the [[Sherbrooke Fusiliers Regiment]], [[2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade]] and B Squadron, The [[144th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps]], 33rd Armoured Brigade. They ambushed a group of seven Tiger tanks from the 3rd Company and HQ Company, [[SS Heavy Panzer Battalion 101|101st SS Heavy Tank Battalion]] supported by Panzer IV tanks and [[StuG IV]] assault guns, which were attempting to retake the high ground.<ref name="Buckley"/><ref name="Fletch" /><ref name="Hart"/><ref>Reid (2005), p. 414</ref><ref name="Tout Fine Night">Tout (1998)</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2012}} The tanks of the 1st Northamptonshire Yeomanry reached the French village of [[Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil]] on the morning of 8 August 1944.<ref name=Reid>Reid (2005),{{page needed|date=June 2012}}</ref><ref name="ToutDVE">Tout (2007),{{page needed|date=June 2012}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2012}}<ref name="Tout Fine Night">Tout (1998)</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2012}} While B Squadron stayed around the village, A and C Squadrons moved further south into a wood called Delle de la Roque.<ref name="Hart5269"/>

C Squadron positioned themselves on the east side of the woods and the under-strength A Squadron in the southern portion with No. 3 Troop on the western edge of the wood.<ref name=Reid /><ref name="ToutDVE"/><ref name="Hart5269"/> From this position, they overlooked a large open section of ground and were able to watch as German tanks advanced up [[Route nationale|Route Nationale]] 158 from the village of [[Cintheaux]]. They held their fire until the German tanks were well within range. [[Joe Ekins]], the gunner of [[Sergeant]] Gordon's Sherman Firefly (''[[Velikiye Luki]]'' – A Squadron's tanks were named after towns in the [[Soviet Union]]) had yet to fire his gun in action.<ref name="Hart5269">Hart (2007), pp. 52-69</ref> With the Tigers in range, a 12-minute exchange of fire commenced that saw Ekins destroy all three Tigers that No. 3 Troop could see.<ref name=Reid /><ref name="ToutDVE"/> A short time later, the main German counterattack was made in the direction of C Squadron. A Squadron (less Sgt Gordon, who had been wounded and had already bailed out of the Firefly) moved over to support them and Ekins destroyed a Panzer IV before his tank was hit and the crew were forced to bail out.<ref name="Hart5269"/>

=== Italy ===
Although the Normandy campaign had priority, Fireflies also served with distinction in British, Commonwealth and Polish units in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]]. British units in Italy also used the Sherman with the US [[76 mm gun M1]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

=== Post-war use ===
==== Argentina ====
[[File:Azules-colorados.jpg|thumb|Two Argentine Fireflies during the "[[1963 Argentine Navy revolt|Azules y Colorados]]" revolt, in 1963]]

In 1947, the [[Argentine Army]] purchased surplus armament that was stored in Belgium, including some 200 Sherman Fireflies of all sub-types; they were in use from 1948. Starting in 1959, 150 Fireflies Mk.V had their original [[Chrysler A57 multibank|Chrysler A57]] engine substituted for a [[Ford GAA engine|Ford GAA V8]], to improve reliability; these remained in service until the mid-1970s.<ref>Cicalesi & Bianucci (2018), pp. 4-8, 16-17</ref>  Due to increase in regional conflicts, the Fireflies were up-graded to the "[[Post–World War II Sherman tanks#Argentina|Sherman Repotenciado]]" standard, which included a new gun (derived from the French [[CN-105-57]]) and a new engine (the French diesel Poyaud 520/V8-S2); the first units were incorporated in January 1978.<ref>Cicalesi & Bianucci (2018), pp. 16-17, 29-30</ref>

==== Paraguay ====
In 1971, the Argentine Army transferred to the [[Paraguayan Army]] three upgraded Fireflies; these were exchanged in 1988 for three "Sherman Repotenciados" recently decommissioned.<ref>Cicalesi & Bianucci (2018), pp. 38</ref>

====Lebanon====
In 1949, the [[Lebanese Armed Forces|Lebanese Army]] purchased 16 Firefly Mk Vc tanks from Italy as scrap. These tanks first saw action during the [[1958 Lebanon crisis]], being subsequently retired from frontline service and replaced by 18 [[M41 Walker Bulldog|M41A3 Walker Bulldog light tank]]s provided by the United States. The Lebanese Shermans remained in reserve storage until 1976, when two of them were seized by the [[Al-Mourabitoun]] militia and the remaining 14 taken by the [[Lebanese Arab Army]] (LAA), which were employed by these two factions in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. All the vehicles were returned to Lebanese Army ownership in 1977-78 when they were finally decommissioned.<ref>Cooper & Santana, ''Lebanese Civil War Volume 1: Palestinian diaspora, Syrian and Israeli interventions, 1970-1978'' (2019), p. 34.</ref>

== Operators ==
=== World War II ===
[[File:SHERMAN TANKS OF PRETORIA REGIMENT IN ITALY.jpg|thumb|Firefly tanks of the South African [[Pretoria Regiment]], Italy 1944]]

;{{flagu|United Kingdom}}
'''North-West Europe'''
* [[4th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|4th Armoured Brigade]]
* [[8th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|8th Armoured Brigade]]
* [[27th Armoured Brigade]]
* [[33rd Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|33rd Armoured Brigade]]
* [[Guards Armoured Division]]
* [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Division]]
* [[11th Armoured Division]]
'''Italy'''
* [[1st Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|1st Armoured Division]]
* [[6th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|6th Armoured Division]]
(The [[7th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Brigade]] and [[9th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|9th Armoured Brigade]] do not appear to have used Fireflies.)
;{{flag icon|Canada|1921}} Canada
* [[1st Canadian Armoured Brigade]] received two Fireflies per troop when it moved to the Netherlands from Italy in 1945.
* [[2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade]]
* [[4th Canadian Armoured Division]]
* [[5th Canadian Armoured Division]] usedemployedlies in northwest Europe in 1945.
;{{flagu|New Zealand}}
* The [[4th New Zealand Armoured Brigade]] operated Firefly tanks in Italy in 1944 and 1945.
;{{flagu|Poland}}
* Both the [[Polish 1st Armoured Division]] in northwestern Europe and the [[Polish 2nd Armoured Brigade]] in Italy operated Firefly tanks.
{{Flagu|Czechoslovakia}}
* [[1st Czechoslovak Independent Armoured Brigade]]
;{{flagu|South Africa|1928}}
* The [[6th South African Armoured Division]] operated Firefly tanks in Italy in 1944 and 1945.

;{{United States}}
* The United States received 80 specially made fireflies. They were uniquely operated 56-58 M4A3 based (with the rest being M4).<ref name=":0" />

=== Post-war ===
;{{flagu|Argentina}}
* [[Argentine Army]] purchased over 200 in 1947, in service until the mid-1970s.
;{{flagu|Belgium}}
;{{flagu|Italy}}
;{{flagu|Lebanon}}
* The [[Lebanese Armed Forces|Lebanese Army]] received 16 Firefly tanks sold by Italy as scrap in 1949, in service until the mid-1970s. Two of them were passed on to the [[Al-Mourabitoun]] militia and 14 to the [[Lebanese Arab Army]] in 1976.
;{{flagu|Netherlands}}
;{{flagu|Paraguay}}
* Received 3 donated by Argentina in 1971.

==Surviving vehicles==
[[The Tank Museum]] at Bovington in the United Kingdom has a Sherman Vc.<ref>Surviving Panzers</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=140>
File:Sherman Firefly 9-08-2008 15-05-43.JPG|A Firefly VC in [[Ursel Air Base]], Belgium; gun barrel is painted with [[countershading]] pattern used to disguise length
File:Liberation monument in Tielt, Belgium (DSCF0068).jpg|Firefly VC of 1st Polish Armoured Division at the [[Tielt]] liberation monument
File:Sherman M4 no T341213 pic9-001.JPG|A Firefly IC Hybrid in the [[Dutch Cavalry Museum]] at [[Amersfoort]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[M4 Sherman variants]]
* [[Lend-Lease Sherman tanks]]
* [[Allied technological cooperation during World War II]]
* [[ROF Nottingham]] (carried out conversion)
* [[Ordnance QF 75 mm]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |title=British Armour in the Normandy Campaign 1944 |publisher=Routledge |last=Buckley |first=John |authorlink=John Buckley (historian) |year=2004 |isbn=0-7146-5323-3}}
* {{cite book |title=M4 Sherman |last=Cicalesi |first=Juan Carlos |author2=Hugo Bianucci |year=2018 |publisher=Australis |series=Terrestre |volume=2 |isbn=978-9871682607|language=es |url=https://articulo.mercadolibre.com.ar/MLA-754101542-libro-m4-sherman-padin-_JM#stayOnWeb&gid=1&pid=3 |access-date=2021-08-07}}
* {{cite book |last=Fletcher |first=David |authorlink = David Fletcher (military historian) |title=Universal Tank: British Armour in the Second World War Part 2 |year=1989 |publisher=[[HMSO]]}}
* {{cite book |last = Fletcher |first = David |title= Sherman Firefly |series=New Vanguard 141 |year=2008 |publisher= Osprey Publishing |isbn = 978-1-84603-277-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Hart |first=Stephen |year=2007 |title=Sherman Firefly vs Tiger |publisher=Osprey |isbn=9781846031502}}
* {{cite book |last=Hayward |first=Mark |title=Sherman Firefly |year=2001 |publisher=Barbarossa Books |isbn=0-9538777-2-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Ness |first=Leland |title=Jane's World War II Tanks and Fighting Vehicles&nbsp;– The Complete Guide |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2002 |isbn=9780007112289}}
* {{cite book |last=Reid |first=Brian |title=No Holding Back |publisher=Robin Brass Studios |year=2005 |isbn=9781896941400}}
* {{cite book |last=Sandars |first=John |year=1982 |title=The Sherman Tank in British service 1942–1945 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |series=Vanguard No. 15 |location=Oxford |isbn=0-85045-361-5}}
* {{cite book |title=Tanks, Advance! |publisher= Grafton Books |year=1989 |last=Tout |first=Ken |isbn=0-586-20321-4}}
* {{cite book |title=By Tank&nbsp;– D to VE Days |publisher= Robert Hale Ltd |year=2007 |last=Tout |first=Ken |isbn=978-0-7090-8148-7}}
* {{cite book |title=A Fine Night for Tanks: The Road to Falaise |publisher= Sutton Publishing Ltd |year=1998 |last=Tout |first=Ken |isbn=0-7509-1730-X}}
*Tom Cooper & Sergio Santana, ''Lebanese Civil War Volume 1: Palestinian diaspora, Syrian and Israeli interventions, 1970-1978'', Middle East@War No. 21, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2019. {{ISBN|978-1-915070-21-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Zuehlke |first=Mark |year=2004 |title=Holding Juno: Canada's Heroic Defence of the D-Day Beaches: June 7–12, 1944 |publisher=Douglas & McIntyre |isbn= 1-55365-102-2}}
* {{cite web|last= Zuehlke |first=Mark |url=https://legionmagazine.com/en/2017/08/42743/ |title=Heroes and Villains: Radley-Walters & Wittmann |work=Legion Magazine |date=August 8, 2017}}
* {{cite web |title=Sherman Firefly tanks : Sherman Ic, Sherman Hybrid Ic, Sherman Vc |date=5 January 2023 |url=http://the.shadock.free.fr/Surviving_Sherman_Fireflies.pdf |website= Surviving Panzers}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Blindados Argentinos, de Uruguay y Paraguay |last=Sigal Fogliani |first=Ricardo Jorge |year=1997 |publisher=Ayer y Hoy |isbn=987-95832-7-2 |language=es |url= |access-date= }}
* {{cite book |title=El Sherman en El Ejercito Argentino |last=Sigal Fogliani |first=Ricardo Jorge |year=2018 |publisher=Kanon Editores |isbn=9789874112132 |language=es |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AagHvgEACAAJ |access-date=2021-08-07}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060620000806/http://freespace.virgin.net/shermanic.firefly/home.htm Sherman Firefly Book Homepage]
* [http://web.inter.nl.net/users/spoelstra/g104/firefly-cam.htm Camouflage of 17-pdr Gun Mounted in Sherman Tank]

{{WWIIBritishAFVs}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:World War II medium tanks]]
[[Category:Medium tanks of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War II tanks of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:World War II armoured fighting vehicles of Canada|Sherman]]
[[Category:M4 Sherman tanks|Firefly]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944]]