View source for Sheffield

{{Short description|City in South Yorkshire, England}}
{{About|the city in South Yorkshire}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox UK place
| official_name = Sheffield
| type = [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]] and [[metropolitan borough]]
| civil_parish = 
| population_demonym = [[List of demonyms for the United Kingdom|Sheffielder]]
| country = England
| region = Yorkshire and the Humber
| coordinates = {{coord|53|22|51|N|01|28|13|W|region:GB-YOR_type:city(557,000)|display=inline,title}}
| os_grid_reference = SK355875
| post_town = SHEFFIELD
| postcode_area = S
| postcode_district = S1-S17, S20, S35-36
| dial_code = 0114
| parts_type = Areas of the city<br />(2011 census BUASD)
| p1 = [[Beauchief and Greenhill]]
| p2 = [[Birley]]
| p3 = [[Brightside, Sheffield|Brightside]]
| p4 = [[Broomhill, Sheffield|Broomhill]]
| p5 = [[Burngreave]]
| p6 = Castle
| p7 = Chapel Green
| p8 = [[Sheffield City Centre|City centre]]
| p9 = [[Darnall]]
| p10 = [[Dore, Sheffield|Dore]]
| p11 = [[Ecclesall]]
| p12 = [[Firth Park]]
| p13 = Hallam
| p14 = [[Handsworth, Sheffield|Handsworth]]
| p15 = [[Heeley]]
| p16 = [[Hillsborough, Sheffield|Hillsborough]]
| p17 = [[Intake, Sheffield|Intake]]
| p18 = [[Manor, Sheffield|Manor]]
| p19 = [[Mosborough]]
| p20 = [[Nether Edge]]
| p21 = Nether Green
| p22 = [[Netherthorpe, Sheffield|Netherthorpe]]
| p23 = [[Norton, Sheffield|Norton]]
| p24 = [[Owlerton]]
| p25 = [[Park Hill, Sheffield|Park Hill]]
| p27 = Parson Cross
| p28 = [[Sharrow]]
| p29 = [[Stannington, Sheffield|Stannington]]
| p30 = [[Stocksbridge]] (Town)
| p31 = [[Walkley]]
| p32 = [[Woodseats]]
| p33 = [[Wybourn]]
| metropolitan_borough = [[City of Sheffield|Sheffield]]
| metropolitan_county = [[South Yorkshire]]
| population = 556,500
| population_ref = (2021 census)
| area_total_km2 = 122.5
| static_image = {{multiple images|border=infobox|perrow=1 2|total_width=270px|align=center
 | image1 = Sheffield City Centre - geograph.org.uk - 8071410.jpg
 |caption1= View of Central Sheffield
 | image2 = Sheffield Town Hall (27475677653).jpg
 | caption2 = [[Sheffield Town Hall|Town Hall]]
 | image3 = The Moor Market, Sheffield (geograph 6580271).jpg
 | caption3 = [[Moor Market]]
 | image4 = Sheffield Cathedral (geograph 6906981).jpg
 | caption4 = [[Sheffield Cathedral|Cathedral]]
 | image5 = Botanical Gardens (west side).jpg
 | caption5 = [[Sheffield Botanical Gardens|Botanical Gardens]]
 | image6 = Sheffield City Hall - geograph.org.uk - 6559096.jpg
 | caption6 = [[Sheffield City Hall|City Hall]]
 | image7 = Winter Garden - Sheffield (geograph 7050537).jpg
 | caption7 = [[Sheffield Winter Garden|Winter Garden]]
 }}
| static_image_2 = Coat of arms of Sheffield City Council.svg
| static_image_2_caption = Coat of arms
| static_image_2_width = 100
| static_image_caption = 
| website = {{official URL}}
| constituency_westminster = [[Penistone and Stocksbridge]]
| constituency_westminster1 = [[Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough]]
| constituency_westminster2 = [[Sheffield Central]]
| constituency_westminster3 = [[Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)|Sheffield Hallam]]
| constituency_westminster4 = [[Sheffield Heeley]]
| constituency_westminster5 = [[Sheffield South East]]
}}

'''Sheffield''' is a [[city status in the United Kingdom|city]]{{Efn|The area that is the subject of this article does not have legal city status of itself, but is widely regarded as a city since it is the main and nominate settlement in the City of Sheffield local government area.}} in [[South Yorkshire]], England, situated {{convert|29|mi|adj=off}} south of [[Leeds]] and {{convert|32|mi|adj=off}} east of [[Manchester]]. The city is the administrative centre of the [[City of Sheffield]]. It is [[Historic counties of England|historically]] part of the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]]. It is the largest settlement in South Yorkshire<ref>{{cite news |title=Here's Yorkshire in a Nutshell |url=https://yorkshiretimes.co.uk/facts.php |access-date=30 December 2021 |work=[[The Yorkshire Times]] |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230170242/https://yorkshiretimes.co.uk/facts.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Most populated districts in Yorkshire {{!}} Yorkshire guide gazetteer of cities, towns and villages |url=https://yorkshire.guide/content.pl?action=populations |website=yorkshire.guide |access-date=30 December 2021 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230170242/https://yorkshire.guide/content.pl?action=populations |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yorkshire Facts and Statistics |url=https://www.yorkshirenetwork.co.uk/yorkshire/yorkshire-facts-and-statistics/ |website=Yorkshire Enterprise Network |access-date=30 December 2021 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230170243/https://www.yorkshirenetwork.co.uk/yorkshire/yorkshire-facts-and-statistics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the third largest of [[Northern England]].<ref name="ONS release August 2023">{{cite web |title=Towns and cities, characteristics of built-up areas, England and Wales: Census 2021 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/townsandcitiescharacteristicsofbuiltupareasenglandandwales/census2021#towns-and-cities-characteristics-of-built-up-areas-england-and-wales-census-2021-data |access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref>

The city is in the eastern foothills of the [[Pennines]] and the valleys of the [[River Don, Yorkshire|River Don]] with its four tributaries: the [[River Loxley|Loxley]], the [[Porter Brook]], the [[River Rivelin|Rivelin]] and the [[River Sheaf|Sheaf]]. Sixty-one per cent of Sheffield's entire area is green space and a third of the city lies within the [[Peak District]] [[national park]] and it is the fifth-largest city in England.<ref name="sheffgeog">{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/sheffield-profile/introduction.html |title=City Profile Introduction |date=31 January 2013 |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019173822/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/sheffield-profile/introduction.html |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2023 |title=The 10 biggest cities in England by population and where Leeds is ranked |url=https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/people/the-10-biggest-cities-in-england-by-population-and-where-leeds-is-ranked-4072115 |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=Yorkshire Evening Post }}</ref> There are more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens in the city,<ref name="sheffgeog"/> which is estimated to contain around 4.5&nbsp;million trees.<ref name="GEO_treecount">{{cite news |last=Sofos |first=Dino |title=Sheffield tree-felling: Gove will 'do anything' to end row |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-43492887 |work=BBC News |date=23 March 2018 |access-date=24 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326022242/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-43492887 |archive-date=26 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sheffield played a crucial role in the [[Industrial Revolution]], developing many significant technologies. In the 19th century, the city saw a huge expansion of its traditional cutlery trade, when processes for high-quality [[stainless steel]] and [[crucible steel]] were invented. This fuelled an almost tenfold increase in the population. Sheffield received its [[municipal charter]] in 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in these industries in the 1970s and 1980s, coinciding with the collapse of coal mining in the area. The Yorkshire [[riding (division)|ridings]] became counties in their own right in 1889; the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]] county was disbanded in 1974. The city then became part of the county of [[South Yorkshire]]; this has been made up of separately governed [[unitary authorities]] since 1986. The 21st century has seen extensive [[Urban renewal|redevelopment]] in Sheffield, consistent with other British cities. Sheffield's [[gross value added]] (GVA) has increased by 60% since 1997, standing at £11.3&nbsp;billion in 2015. The economy has experienced steady growth, averaging around 5% annually, which is greater than that of the broader region of Yorkshire and the Humber.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/sheffield-facts-figures/sheffield-economy/income--wealth |title=Income & Wealth |date=30 November 2007 |publisher=[[Sheffield City Council]] |access-date=7 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521085049/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/sheffield-facts-figures/sheffield-economy/income--wealth |archive-date=21 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sheffield had a population of 556,500 at the 2021 census, making it the second-largest city in the [[Yorkshire and the Humber]] region. The [[Sheffield Urban Area|Sheffield Built-up Area]], of which the Sheffield sub-division is the largest part, had a population of 685,369 also including the town of [[Rotherham]]. The [[City of Sheffield|district borough]], governed from the city, had a population of {{English district population|GSS=E08000019}} at the mid-2019 estimate, making it the [[List of English districts by population|{{English district rank|GSS= E08000019}}]]-most-populous district in England. It is one of eleven British cities that make up the [[Core Cities Group]].<ref>{{cite news |title=What is Core Cities UK? |url=https://www.corecities.com/about-us/what-core-cities-uk |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=CoreCities.com |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809133235/https://www.corecities.com/about-us/what-core-cities-uk |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, the unparished area had a population of 490,070.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/yorkshireandthehumber/admin/sheffield/E43000173__sheffield/ |title=Sheffield |publisher=City Population |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725162107/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/yorkshireandthehumber/admin/sheffield/E43000173__sheffield/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city has a long sporting heritage and is home both to the world's oldest football club, [[Sheffield F.C.]],<ref name="celebration">{{cite news |title=Pelé joins Sheffield celebrations |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7081034.stm |agency=BBC |date=24 June 2015 |work=BBC News |first=Jonathan |last=Rawcliffe |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112151430/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7081034.stm |archive-date=12 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the world's oldest football ground, [[Sandygate (stadium)|Sandygate]]. Matches between the two professional clubs, [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]] and [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]], are known as the [[Steel City derby]]. The city is also home to the [[World Snooker Championship]] and the [[Sheffield Steelers]], the UK's first professional ice hockey team.

==Etymology==
Sheffield takes its name from the [[River Sheaf]], which runs through the city centre (albeit in underground [[culvert]]s).<ref>{{cite web |date=6 March 2019 |title=Subterranean city: Vast 'cathedral' in the Sheffield no-one knows |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/arts-and-culture/film-and-tv/subterranean-city-vast-cathedral-in-the-sheffield-no-one-knows-88917 |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=Yorkshire Post }}</ref> The river's name comes from the [[Old English]] word {{lang|ang|scēað}}, meaning "boundary", possibly because the Sheaf once formed part of the boundary between the kingdoms of [[Mercia]] and [[Northumbria]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Place-Names of the West Riding of Yorkshire|date=1962|last=Smith|first=A. H.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=7|page=137|url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofwest0367ahsm/page/137}}</ref> The second element is Old English {{lang|ang|feld}}, meaning "open countryside", and the name thus means "open countryside near the River Sheaf". It first appears in the [[Domesday Book]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Place-Names of the West Riding of Yorkshire|date=1961|last=Smith|first=A. H.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=1|pages=204 f|url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofwest0000ahsm/page/204}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Sheffield}}

===Early history===
[[File:Ruins of Sheffield Manor 1819 1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Lithograph drawing showing a large stately home in ruins|[[Sheffield Manor]] ruins as they appeared {{circa|1819}}]]
The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have been inhabited since at least the late [[Upper Paleolithic]], about 12,800 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pike |first1=Alistair W. G. |last2=Gilmour |first2=Mabs |last3=Pettitt |first3=Paul |last4=Jacobid |first4=Roger |last5=Ripoll |first5=Sergio |last6=Bahn |first6=Paul |last7=Muñoz |first7=Francisco |year=2005 |title=Verification of the age of the Palaeolithic cave art at Creswell Crags, UK |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1649–1655 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.002|bibcode=2005JArSc..32.1649P }}</ref> The earliest evidence of human occupation in the Sheffield area was found at [[Creswell Crags]] to the east of the city. In the [[British Iron Age|Iron Age]] the area became the southernmost territory of the [[Pennines|Pennine]] tribe called the [[Brigantes]]. It is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several [[hillfort]]s in and around Sheffield.<ref name=VICKERS/>

Following the departure of the Romans, the Sheffield area may have been the southern part of the [[Celtic Britons|Brittonic]] kingdom of [[Elmet]], with the rivers Sheaf and Don forming part of the boundary between this kingdom and the kingdom of [[Mercia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cox |first=Tony |year=2003 |title=The Ancient Kingdom of Elmet |journal=The Barwicker |volume=39 |page=43 |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm |access-date=17 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001181311/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm |archive-date=1 October 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Gradually, [[Angles (tribe)|Anglian]] settlers pushed west from the kingdom of [[Deira]]. A Britonnic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called [[Wales, South Yorkshire|Wales]] and Waleswood close to Sheffield.<ref>The word ''Wales'' derives from the Germanic word ''[[Walhaz]]'', and was originally used by the Anglo-Saxons to refer to the native Britons. In reference to the villages of Wales and Waleswood, [[Sidney Oldall Addy|S.O. Addy]], in his ''A Glossary of Words Used in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield'', p. 274, states "The Anglo-Saxon invaders or settlers called the old inhabitants or aborigines of this country wealas, or foreigners." See also, "Welsh" in {{cite book |title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |year=1989 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |isbn=0-19-210019-X |last1=Simpson |first1=Jacqueline |last2=Roud |first2=Stephen}}</ref> The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the second half of the first millennium, and are of [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Danelaw|Danish]] origin.<ref name="VICKERS">{{cite book |last=Vickers |first=J.&nbsp;Edward |title=Old Sheffield Town. An Historical Miscellany |year=1999 |edition=2nd |publisher=The Hallamshire Press Limited |isbn=1-874718-44-X}}</ref> In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of [[Mercia]] and [[Kingdom of Northumbria|Northumbria]]. The ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' reports that [[Eanred of Northumbria]] submitted to [[Egbert of Wessex]] at the hamlet of [[Dore, South Yorkshire|Dore]] (now a suburb of Sheffield) in 829,<ref>In an entry dated 827, the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' states "Egbert led an army against the Northumbrians as far as Dore, where they met him, and offered terms of obedience and subjection, on the acceptance of which they returned home" ([http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/part2.html transcription] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413124643/http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/part2.html |date=13 April 2018 }}). Most sources (for example Vickers, ''Old Sheffield Town'') state that the date given in the chronicle is incorrect, and that 829 is the more likely date for this event.</ref> a key event in the unification of the kingdom of England under the [[House of Wessex]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fry |first=Plantagenet Somerset |title=The Kings & Queens of England & Scotland |year=1990 |publisher=Grove Atlantic Press |isbn=0-8021-1386-9 |author-link=Plantagenet Somerset Fry |page=[https://archive.org/details/kingsqueensofeng00some/page/11 11] |url=https://archive.org/details/kingsqueensofeng00some/page/11}}</ref>

After the [[Norman conquest of England]], insurrection by the populace led to the devastation of the Sheffield area during the [[Harrying of the North]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunter |title=Hallamshire |page=20}}</ref> and [[Sheffield Castle]] was built to control the ruined local settlements. A small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunter |first=Joseph |title=[[Hallamshire]]: The History and Topography of the Parish of Sheffield in the County of York |publisher=Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mayor, and Jones |year=1819 |pages=24–29 |chapter=Sheffield under [[Roger de Busli|De Busli]] and [[William de Lovetot|De Lovetot]]}}</ref> By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as [[Castle Square, Sheffield|Castle Square]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/business-economy/markets/history-and-visits/history-of-the-markets-in-sheffield/markets-history---1700s-and-before |title=Markets history – 1700s and before |access-date=7 October 2008 |publisher=Sheffield City Council |date=30 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611230740/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/business-economy/markets/history-and-visits/history-of-the-markets-in-sheffield/markets-history---1700s-and-before |archive-date=11 June 2011}}</ref> and Sheffield subsequently grew into a small [[market town]]. In the 14th&nbsp;century, Sheffield was already noted for the production of [[knives]], as mentioned in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'',<ref>[[Geoffrey Chaucer]] in [[The Reeve's Prologue and Tale|The Reeve's Tale]] from his book ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'' wrote: "Ther was no man, for peril, dorste hym touche. A Sheffeld thwitel baar he in his hose. Round was his face, and camus was his nose"</ref> and by the early 1600s it had become the main centre of [[cutlery]] manufacture in England outside London, overseen by the [[Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hey |first=David |title=Mesters to Masters: a History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire |editor-first=Clyde |editor-last=Binfield |editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Hey |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |pages=12–25 |chapter=The Establishment of the Cutlers Company |isbn=0-19-828997-9}}</ref>

From 1570 to 1584, [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and [[Sheffield Manor]] by [[George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury]], the husband of [[Bess of Hardwick|Bess of Hardwick, Countess of Shrewsbury]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Leader |first=John Daniel |title=Mary Queen of Scots in captivity: a narrative of events from January, 1569, to December, 1584, whilst George Earl of Shrewsbury was the guardian of the Scottish Queen |url=https://archive.org/details/maryqueenofscots00lead_0 |publisher=Leader & Sons |year=1880 |oclc=57701910 }}</ref> The Earl is buried in Sheffield Cathedral.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |year= 2024|title= The Shrewsbury Chapel |url= https://www.sheffieldcathedral.org/the-shrewsbury-chapel#:~:text=The%20monument%20to%20the%20left,rest%20on%20a%20marble%20tomb|location= Sheffield |publisher= The Sheffield Cathedral |access-date= 7 July 2025}}</ref>

===Industrial Revolution===
[[File:'Owd Shevvield'.jpg|thumb|left|alt=19th century picture of Sheffield|Sheffield in the 19th century. The dominance of industry in the city is evident.]]
[[File:13th December 1940- Sheffield blitz - NARA - 196508.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Bombing in Sheffield during the Sheffield Blitz, WW2.|Sheffield was targeted heavily by the [[Luftwaffe]] during WW2, owing to the city's industrial importance. The bombing campaign became known as the [[Sheffield Blitz]].]]
During the 1740s, a form of the [[crucible steel]] process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible.<ref name="Tweedale1986">{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3105143 |last=Tweedale |first=Geoffrey |year=1986 |title=Metallurgy and Technological Change: A Case Study of Sheffield Specialty Steel and America, 1830–1930 |jstor=3105143 |journal=Technology and Culture |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Society for the History of Technology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=189–222|s2cid=112532430 }}</ref> In about the same period, a technique was developed for fusing a thin sheet of silver onto a copper ingot to produce silver plating, which became widely known as [[Sheffield plate]].<ref>{{cite ODNB |last=Phillips |first=Helen&nbsp;L. |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |edition=online |year=2004 |chapter=Boulsover, Thomas (1705–1788) |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/53918}}</ref> These innovations spurred Sheffield's growth as an industrial town,<ref>{{cite book |last=Southall |first=Aidan William |title=The city in time and space |url=https://archive.org/details/citytimespace00sout_491 |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/citytimespace00sout_491/page/n315 306]–419 |chapter=The transformation of the city: from the Feudal to the Capitalist mode of production, and on to the apocalypse |isbn=0-521-78432-8}}</ref> but the loss of some important export markets led to a recession in the late 18th and early 19th&nbsp;centuries. The resulting poor conditions culminated in a [[cholera]] epidemic that killed 402&nbsp;people in 1832.<ref name="VICKERS"/> The population of the town grew rapidly throughout the 19th&nbsp;century; increasing from 60,095 in 1801 to 451,195 by 1901.<ref name="VICKERS"/> The [[Sheffield and Rotherham Railway|Sheffield and Rotherham railway]] was constructed in 1838, connecting the two towns. The town was incorporated as a [[borough]] in 1842, and was granted [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] by [[letters patent]] in 1893.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/roles-who/lord-mayor/history-of-lord-mayor.html |title=History of the Lord Mayor |access-date=13 October 2013 |publisher=Sheffield City Council |date=17 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019173804/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/roles-who/lord-mayor/history-of-lord-mayor.html |archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26374|date=21 February 1893|page=944}}</ref> The influx of people also led to demand for better water supplies, and a number of new [[reservoir]]s were constructed on the outskirts of the town.

The collapse of the dam wall of one of these reservoirs in 1864 resulted in the [[Great Sheffield Flood]], which killed 270 people and devastated large parts of the town.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Samuel |title=A complete history of the great flood at Sheffield on March 11 & 12, 1864 |publisher=S. Harrison |year=1864 |oclc=2905832 |isbn=0-904293-01-7}}</ref> In 1880 ten men from Sheffield were part of a group of 47 men who had attended a fancy-dress ball in Hulme, Manchester, but they were tried for soliciting sex between men.<ref name=":0">{{cite thesis |last=Wells |first=Lauren Elizabeth |title=Male-to-Female Cross-Dressing in Yorkshire: 1870–1939 |year=2021 |degree=phd |publisher=University of Leeds |url=https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/29988/ |page=71}}</ref> Described by historian Lauren Wells as the 'Sheffield Ten', men from the city had their addresses published in local news.<ref name=":0" />

The growing population led to the construction of many back-to-back dwellings that, along with severe pollution from the factories, inspired [[George Orwell]] in 1937 to write: "Sheffield, I suppose, could justly claim to be called the ugliest town in the [[Old World]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Orwell |first=George |author-link=George Orwell |title=[[The Road to Wigan Pier]] |year=1937 |chapter=Chapter 7 |publisher=[[Victor Gollancz Ltd]] |page=72 |isbn=0-905712-45-5}}</ref>
[[File:Women of steel.jpg|alt=Photo of the statue Women of Steel at barker's Pool, Sheffield|thumb|upright|The ''[[Women of Steel]]'' statue commemorates the women of Sheffield who worked in the city's steel industry during the First and Second World Wars.]]

===Blitz===
{{Main|Sheffield Blitz}}
[[Great Depression|The Great Depression]] hit the city in the 1930s, but as international tensions increased and the [[Second World War]] became imminent; Sheffield's steel factories were set to work manufacturing weapons and ammunition for the war effort. As a result, the city became a target for bombing raids, the heaviest of which occurred on the nights of 12 and 15 December 1940, now known as the [[Sheffield Blitz]]. The city was partially protected by barrage balloons managed from [[RAF Norton]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/rafnortonaerodrome/ |title=RAF Norton |website=sites.google.com |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015185815/https://sites.google.com/site/rafnortonaerodrome/ |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 660&nbsp;people died and many buildings were destroyed or left badly damaged, including the Marples Hotel, which was hit directly by a 500-pound bomb, killing over 70 people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walton |first1=Mary |last2=Lamb |first2=Joseph Percy |title=Raiders over Sheffield: the story of the air raids of 12th & 15th December 1940 |publisher=Sheffield City Libraries |year=1980 |isbn=0-900660-55-4 |oclc=7273086}}</ref>

===Post-Second World War===
{{See also|Brutalism in Sheffield}}
[[File:Parkhill2.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Panorama of a brutalist housing estate|[[Park Hill, Sheffield|Park Hill flats]], an example of 1950s and 1960s council housing estates in Sheffield]]
In the 1950s and 1960s, many of the city's slums were demolished, and replaced with housing schemes such as the [[Park Hill, Sheffield|Park Hill flats]]. Large parts of the city centre were also cleared to make way for a new system of roads.<ref name="VICKERS"/> In February 1962, the city was devastated by the [[Great Sheffield Gale]]; winds of up to {{cvt|97|mph}} killed four people and damaged 150,000 houses, more than two-thirds of the city's housing stock at the time.<ref name="rmets">{{cite web |last=Eden |first=Philip |title=The Sheffield Gale of 1962 |url=https://www.rmets.org/sites/default/files/hisnews1201.pdf |website=Royal Meteorological Society |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121220023/https://www.rmets.org/sites/default/files/hisnews1201.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Increased automation and competition from abroad resulted in the [[steel crisis|closure of many steel mills]]. The 1980s saw the worst of this run-down of Sheffield's industries, along with those of many other areas of the UK.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Ian&nbsp;R. |last2=Evans |first2=Karen |last3=Fraser |first3=Penny |title=A tale of two cities: global change, local feeling and everyday life in the North of England : a study in Manchester and Sheffield |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1996 |pages=63–72 |chapter=The catastrophic decline of Sheffield's industrial district |isbn=0-415-13829-9}}</ref> The building of the [[Meadowhall Centre]] on the site of a former steelworks in 1990 was a mixed blessing, creating much-needed jobs but hastening the decline of the city centre. Attempts to regenerate the city were kick-started when the city hosted the 1991 [[Universiade|World Student Games]], which saw the construction of new sporting facilities such as the [[Sheffield Arena]], [[Don Valley Stadium]] and the [[Ponds Forge]] complex.<ref name="VICKERS"/>

===21st century===
Sheffield is changing rapidly as new projects regenerate some of the more run-down parts of the city. One such, the ''Heart of the City Project'', with £470&nbsp;million investment,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://heartofsheffield.co.uk/|title=Home|website= Heart of Sheffield|accessdate=25 February 2025}}</ref> has initiated a number of public works in the city centre: the [[Peace Gardens]] were renovated in 1998, the [[Millennium Galleries|Millennium Gallery]] opened in April 2001, the [[Sheffield Winter Gardens|Winter Gardens]] were opened in May 2003, and a public space to link these two areas, the [[Millennium Square (Sheffield)|Millennium Square]], was opened in May 2006. Additional developments included the remodelling of [[Sheaf Square]], in front of the refurbished railway station: the square contains "The Cutting Edge", a sculpture designed by Si Applied Ltd<ref>{{cite web |url=http://public-art.shu.ac.uk/sheffield/kni420.html |title=SI (Chris Knight, Keith Tyssen and Brett Payne) with Keiko Mukaide 'Cutting Edge', 2006 |access-date=15 March 2007 |work=Public Art Research Archive |publisher=Sheffield Hallam University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316114003/http://public-art.shu.ac.uk/sheffield/kni420.html |archive-date=16 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> and made from Sheffield steel. Recent development known as the 'Heart of the City' includes the restoration of the listed Leah's Yard complex.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cy0rvnvgjwqo |title=New independent retail hub opens its doors |work=BBC News |last=Modak |first=Naj |date=24 August 2024}}</ref>

Sheffield was particularly hard hit during the [[2007 United Kingdom floods]] and the [[Winter of 2009–10 in Great Britain and Ireland|2010 'Big Freeze']]. Many landmark buildings such as Meadowhall and the [[Hillsborough Stadium]] flooded due to being close to rivers that flow through the city. In 2010, 5,000 properties in Sheffield were identified as still being at risk of flooding. In 2012 the city narrowly escaped another flood, despite extensive work by the Environment Agency to clear local river channels since the 2007 event. In 2014 Sheffield Council's cabinet approved plans to further reduce the possibility of flooding by adopting plans to increase water catchment on tributaries of the River Don.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-29245851 |title=£55m flood scheme plans backed |date=17 September 2014 |work=BBC News |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106214822/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-29245851 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.floodprotectionsheffield.com/pages/foreword |title=Foreword {{!}} Protecting Sheffield from Flooding |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103055647/http://www.floodprotectionsheffield.com/pages/foreword |archive-date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/289379/River_Don_Catchment_Flood_Management_Plan.pdf |title=River Don Catchment Flood Management Plan |date=December 2010 |website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004919/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/289379/River_Don_Catchment_Flood_Management_Plan.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[2019–20 United Kingdom floods#Sheffield|Another flood hit the city in 2019]], resulting in shoppers being contained in Meadowhall Shopping Centre.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheffield flooding: Torrential rain leaves city flooded |work=BBC News |date=8 November 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-50333233 |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128084103/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-50333233 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gillett |first=Francesca |title=UK flooding: Dozens spend night in Sheffield Meadowhall shopping centre |work=BBC News |date=8 November 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-50341846 |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108232639/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-50341846 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between 2014 and 2018, there were [[Sheffield tree felling protests|disputes]] between the city council and residents over the fate of the city's 36,000 highway trees. Around 4,000 highway trees have since been felled as part of the 'Streets Ahead' [[Private Finance Initiative]] (PFI) contract signed in 2012 by the city council, [[Amey plc]] and the [[Department for Transport]] to maintain the city streets.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kirby |first=Dean |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/sheffield-residents-in-bitter-row-with-council-over-tree-felling-proposals-a6698471.html |title=Sheffield residents are involved bitter row with the council over tree-felling |work=The Independent |access-date=17 November 2015 |date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118085113/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/sheffield-residents-in-bitter-row-with-council-over-tree-felling-proposals-a6698471.html |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The tree fellings have resulted in many arrests of residents and other protesters across the city even though most felled trees in the city have been replanted, including those historically felled and not previously replanted.<ref>{{cite web |title=New trees take root on Sheffield highways |url=http://www.sheffieldnewsroom.co.uk/newstreettreestakeroot/ |website=Sheffield News Room |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005324/http://www.sheffieldnewsroom.co.uk/newstreettreestakeroot/ |archive-date=7 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The protests eventually stopped in 2018 after the council paused the tree felling programme as part of a new approach developed by the council for the maintenance of street trees in the city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Halliday |first=Josh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/26/sheffield-council-pauses-tree-felling-scheme-after-criticism |title=Sheffield council pauses tree-felling scheme after criticism |date=26 March 2018 |work=The Guardian |access-date=20 August 2021 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830105004/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/26/sheffield-council-pauses-tree-felling-scheme-after-criticism |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2022, Sheffield was named a "[[Tree Cities of the World|Tree City of the World]]" in recognition of its work to sustainably manage and maintain urban forests and trees.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 May 2022 |title=Sheffield wins Tree City of the World accolade |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-61479873 |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518022216/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-61479873 |url-status=live }}</ref> This honour was given before the release of the independent inquiry's report on the so-called "Sheffield Chainsaw Massacre". The report concluded that "thousands of healthy and loved trees were lost. Many more could have been" and was critical of Sheffield City Council. The latter issued this statement on receipt of the report: "the council has already acknowledged that it got many things wrong in the handling of the street-trees dispute, and we wish to reiterate our previous apologies for our failings".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/news/the-sheffield-chainsaw-massacre-inquiry-report-227-pages-of-dishonesty-and-shocking-behaviour-253655 |title=The 'Sheffield Chainsaw Massacre' inquiry report: 227 pages of dishonesty and shocking behaviour |date=22 March 2023 |work=Country Life |access-date=23 March 2023 |quote=}}</ref>

==Governance==
{{See also|Sheffield City Council elections}}

===Local authority===
[[File:Sheffield-town-hall-staircase.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Sheffield Town Hall|The staircase at Sheffield Town Hall]]
Sheffield is governed at the local level by [[Sheffield City Council]] and is led by Councillor Tom Hunt (Assumed office 16 May 2023).<ref>{{cite news |last=Wright |first=Oliver |date=17 May 2023 |title=Sheffield City Council: Labour's Tom Hunt elected as new leader |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-65621912 |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518203759/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-65621912 |archive-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> It consists of 84&nbsp;councillors elected to represent 28&nbsp;[[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]]: three councillors per ward. Following the [[2024 Sheffield City Council election|2024 local elections]], the distribution of council seats is [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] 36, [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] 27, the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] 14, [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] 0 and [[Independent politician|Independent]] 7. The city also has a [[List of mayors of Sheffield|Lord Mayor]]; though now simply a ceremonial position, in the past the office carried considerable authority, with executive powers over the finances and affairs of the city council. The position of Lord Mayor is elected on an annual basis.

For much of its history the council was controlled by the Labour Party, and was noted for its [[left-wing politics|leftist]] sympathies; during the 1980s, when Sheffield City Council was led by [[David Blunkett]], the area gained the epithet the "[[People's Republic of South Yorkshire|Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=David |title=Sheffield Troublemakers: Rebels and Radicals in Sheffield History |publisher=Phillimore & Co. Ltd |year=2008 |pages=149–160 |chapter=Blunkett and the Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire |isbn=978-1-86077-569-7}}</ref> However, the Liberal Democrats controlled the Council between 1999 and 2001 and took control again from 2008 to 2011.

The majority of council-owned facilities are operated by independent charitable trusts. [[Sheffield International Venues]] runs many of the city's sporting and leisure facilities, including [[Sheffield Arena]] and the [[English Institute of Sport, Sheffield]]. [[Sheffield Museums Trust|Sheffield Museums]] take care of galleries and museums owned by the council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/coresite/html/background.asp |title=Introducing Museums Sheffield |work=Museums Sheffield website |publisher=Sheffield Galleries & Museums Trust |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621014917/http://www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/coresite/html/background.asp |archive-date=21 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simt.co.uk/about |title=About SIMT |work=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust website |publisher=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust |access-date=15 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814134606/http://www.simt.co.uk/about |archive-date=14 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Combined authority===
{{main|South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority}}
The city of Sheffield is part of the wider [[South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority]], headed by mayor [[Oliver Coppard]] since 2022. The [[combined authority]] covers the former 1974–1986 [[South Yorkshire County Council]] area which functions either went to local or regional authorities.

In 2004, as part of the ''Moving Forward: [[The Northern Way]]'' document,<ref name="Moving Forward:The Northern Way">{{cite web |url=http://www.thenorthernway.co.uk/trackdoc.asp?id=19&pId=55 |title=Moving Forward:The Northern Way |access-date=24 September 2017 |archive-date=11 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311102634/http://www.thenorthernway.co.uk/downloaddoc.asp?id=19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> city regions were created in a collaboration with the three northern [[Regional development agency|regional development agencies]]. These became independent [[Local enterprise partnership]]s in 2011.

The area's partnership retains the Sheffield City Region name, covering the South Yorkshire authorities, as well as [[Bolsover District]], [[Borough of Chesterfield]], [[Derbyshire Dales]], [[North East Derbyshire]] and [[Bassetlaw District]]. In 2014, the ''Sheffield City Region Combined authority'' was formed by the South Yorkshire [[Local government|local authorities]] with the other councils as non-constituent members and the partnership integrated with the authority structure. In September 2020, the authority changed to its current name.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sheffieldcityregion.org.uk/about-us-governance-policy/who-we-are/ |title=It's fun to become the YMCA! |publisher=sheffieldcityregion.org.uk |access-date=18 September 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923103343/https://sheffieldcityregion.org.uk/about-us-governance-policy/who-we-are/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Parliamentary Representation===
The city returns five members of parliament to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], with a sixth, the Member of Parliament for [[Penistone and Stocksbridge]] representing parts of Sheffield and Barnsley.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harston |first=Jonathan&nbsp;G. |title=Sheffield Parliamentary Boundary Review |url=http://mdfs.net/User/JGH/Docs/Politics/ParlReview/per2.htm |work=MDFS |publisher=Jonathan G. Harston |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229214632/http://mdfs.net/User/JGH/Docs/Politics/ParlReview/per2.htm |archive-date=29 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The former Deputy Prime Minister [[Nick Clegg]] was an MP for Sheffield, representing [[Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)|Sheffield Hallam]] from [[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005]] until he was unseated [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017]], when the seat returned a Labour MP for the first time in its history.<ref>{{cite web |last=Perraudin |first=Frances |title=Nick Clegg loss surprises Lib Dems and Labour alike |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/10/nick-clegg-loss-surprises-lib-dems-and-labour-alike |website=The Guardian |date=10 June 2017 |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=10 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910125857/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/10/nick-clegg-loss-surprises-lib-dems-and-labour-alike |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Sheffield}}
[[File:Sheffield City Centre Panorama - geograph.org.uk - 1930479.jpg|700px|thumb|Sheffield panorama]]

Sheffield is located at {{coord|53.38297|-1.4659|format=dms|region:GB-SHF_type:city_source:wikidata|display=inline}}. It lies directly beside [[Rotherham]], from which it is separated largely by the [[M1 motorway]]. Although [[Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley|Barnsley Metropolitan Borough]] also borders Sheffield to the north, the town itself is a few miles further away. The southern and western borders of the city are shared with [[Derbyshire]]; in the first half of the 20th&nbsp;century Sheffield extended its borders south into Derbyshire, annexing a number of villages,<ref name="derbyshire_expansion">{{cite web |url=http://mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Borders/ |title=The borders of Sheffield from 1843 to 1994 |access-date=26 December 2005 |last=Harston |first=Jonathan&nbsp;G. |year=2005 |publisher=MDFS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060327011104/http://www.mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Borders/ |archive-date=27 March 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> including [[Totley]], [[Dore, South Yorkshire|Dore]] and the area now known as [[Mosborough]] Townships. 
[[File:Rivelin Valley - geograph.org.uk - 171316.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Rivelin Valley|[[Rivelin Valley]]]]
Sheffield is a geographically diverse city.<ref name="GEO_diverse">{{cite web |url=http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11/sheffield.htm |title=Greenstructure and Urban Planning – Case Study – Sheffield, UK |access-date=17 July 2010 |work=Greenstructures and Urban Planning |publisher=European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229084359/http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/sheffield-case.htm |archive-date=29 December 2007}}</ref> It nestles in the eastern foothills of the [[Pennines]],<ref>{{cite web |title=A Short History of Sheffield |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/dam/sheffield/docs/libraries-and-archives/archives-and-local-studies/research/Short-History--PDF--428-KB-.pdf |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820100137/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/dam/sheffield/docs/libraries-and-archives/archives-and-local-studies/research/Short-History--PDF--428-KB-.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> between the main upland range and [[Peak District|Peak District National Park]] to the west, and the lower-lying [[South Yorkshire Coalfield]] to the east. It lies at the confluence of five rivers: [[River Don, South Yorkshire|Don]], [[River Sheaf|Sheaf]], [[River Rivelin|Rivelin]], [[River Loxley|Loxley]] and [[Porter Brook|Porter]]. As such, much of the city is built on hillsides with views into the city centre or out to the countryside. Blake Street, in the S6 postcode area, is the third-steepest residential street in England, with a gradient of 16.6°.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-38568893 |title=Where is England's steepest street? |last=Meierhans |first=Jennifer |date=19 March 2017 |work=BBC News |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319021931/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-38568893 |archive-date=19 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The highest point in the City of Sheffield is {{cvt|548|m|0}} near [[High Stones]] and [[Margery Hill]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bathurst |first=David |year=2012 |title=Walking the county high points of England |location=Chichester |publisher=Summersdale |isbn=978-1-84-953239-6 |pages=192–201}}</ref> The city's lowest point is just {{cvt|29|m|0}} above sea level near [[Blackburn Meadows]]. However, 79% of the housing in the city is between {{cvt|100|and|200|m}} above sea level<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/arb-sheff.htm |title=Sheffield Metropolitan District – Major Greenspace and other Land Use Statistics |last=Beer |first=A.&nbsp;R. |year=2000 |work=Greenstructure and Greenspace in Urban Planning |publisher=Map21 Ltd. |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104062412/http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/arb-sheff.htm |archive-date=4 January 2008}}</ref> and the highest residential street is Redmires Lane at {{cvt|302|m|0}}.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kessen |first=David |title=Highest streets in Sheffield: These are the four sky-scraping city streets closest to the clouds |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/environment/highest-streets-in-sheffield-these-are-the-four-sky-scraping-city-streets-closest-to-the-clouds-4744634 |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=The Star |date=16 August 2024}}</ref> This variation of altitudes across Sheffield has led to frequent claims, particularly among locals, that the city was built on Seven Hills. As this claim is disputed, it likely originated as a joke referencing the [[Seven Hills of Rome]].<ref name="number of hills">It is often stated that Sheffield is built on seven hills (for an example, see [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[The Road to Wigan Pier]]''). However, [http://mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Hills/ a study by J.G.Harston] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225034634/http://mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Hills/ |date=25 February 2011 }} found there to be eight.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The myth surrounding the seven hills of Sheffield and if they actually exist |url=https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/local-news/do-sheffield-seven-hills-exist-17962063 |website=Yorkshire Live |date=28 March 2020 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515230225/https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/local-news/do-sheffield-seven-hills-exist-17962063 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Gleadless Valley view.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Rivelin Valley|[[Gleadless]] Valley, demonstrating the hilly terrain within the city]]
Estimated to contain around 4.5&nbsp;million trees,<ref name="GEO_treecount"/> Sheffield has more trees per person than any other city in Europe and is considered to be one of the greenest cities in England and the UK,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/tourist-information/visitor-attractions/green-spaces-gardens |title=Gardens and Open Spaces |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=28 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611231238/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/tourist-information/visitor-attractions/green-spaces-gardens |archive-date=11 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="The four best UK cities for green space">{{cite web |title=The four best UK cities for green space |url=https://strike.co.uk/latest-news/the-four-best-uk-cities-for-green-space |website=Strike |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123172608/https://strike.co.uk/latest-news/the-four-best-uk-cities-for-green-space |url-status=live }}</ref> which was further reinforced when it won the 2005 [[Entente Florale]] competition. With more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens, it has over 170&nbsp;woodlands (covering {{cvt|10.91|mi2|km2|1|disp=or}}), 78&nbsp;public parks (covering {{cvt|7.07|mi2|km2|1|disp=or}}) and 10&nbsp;public gardens. Added to the {{cvt|52.0|mi2|1}} of national park and {{cvt|4.20|mi2|1}} of water this means that 61% of the city is [[open space reserve|greenspace]]. Despite this, about 64% of Sheffield householders live further than {{cvt|300|m|yd|0}} from their nearest greenspace, although access is better in less affluent neighbourhoods across the city.<ref name="sheffgeog"/><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.04.004 |last1=Barbosa |first1=O. |last2=Tratalos |first2=Jamie&nbsp;A. |last3=Armsworth |first3=Paul&nbsp;R. |last4=Davies |first4=Richard&nbsp;G. |last5=Fuller |first5=Richard&nbsp;A. |last6=Johnson |first6=Pat |last7=Gaston |first7=Kevin&nbsp;J. |year=2007 |title=Who benefits from access to green space? A case study from Sheffield, UK. |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |volume=83 |issue=2–3 |pages=187–195|bibcode=2007LUrbP..83..187B }}</ref> Sheffield also has a very wide variety of [[habitat]], comparing favourably with any city in the United Kingdom: urban, parkland and woodland, agricultural and arable land, moors, meadows and freshwater-based habitats. There are six areas within the city that are designated as [[List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in South Yorkshire|sites of special scientific interest]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands/about-the-trees--woodlands-section |title=About Us – Trees & Woodlands Section |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=21 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209051213/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands/about-the-trees--woodlands-section |archive-date=9 February 2010}}</ref>

The present city boundaries were set in 1974 (with slight modification in 1994), when the former [[county borough]] of Sheffield merged with [[Stocksbridge]] [[Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)|Urban District]] and two parishes from the [[Wortley Rural District]].<ref name="sheffgeog"/> This area includes a significant part of the countryside surrounding the main urban region. Roughly a third of Sheffield lies in the [[Peak District|Peak District National Park]]. No other English city had parts of a national park within its boundary,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/index/news/news-display-page.htm?id=19530 |title=New village officer will boost rural communities |date=22 June 2009 |publisher=Peak District National Park Authority |access-date=7 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720112718/http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/index/news/news-display-page.htm?id=19530 |archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref> until the creation in March 2010 of the [[South Downs National Park]], part of which lies within [[Brighton and Hove]].
{{Geographic Location
|title     = Neighbouring towns and cities
|Northwest = [[Huddersfield]], [[Penistone]]
|North     = [[Barnsley]], [[Leeds]], [[Wakefield]]
|Northeast = [[Rotherham]], [[Doncaster]]
|West      = [[Manchester]], [[Glossop]]
|Centre    = Sheffield
|East      = [[Worksop]], [[Retford]], [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]]
|Southwest = [[Buxton]], [[Bakewell]], [[Matlock, Derbyshire|Matlock]]
|South     = [[Chesterfield, Derbyshire|Chesterfield]], [[Dronfield]], [[Derby]]
|Southeast = [[Mansfield]], [[Newark-on-Trent|Newark]], [[Nottingham]]
}}

===Climate===
According to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]], Sheffield has a [[Temperate climate|temperate]] [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb'') like the rest of the United Kingdom. The uplands of the [[Pennines]] to the west can create a cool, gloomy and wet environment, but they also provide shelter from the prevailing westerly winds, casting a "[[rain shadow]]" across the area.<ref name="Met NE England">{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ne/ |title=North East England: climate |publisher=Met Office |access-date=18 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105223816/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ne/ |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> Between 1991 and 2020 Sheffield averaged {{cvt|831.6|mm}} of rain per year; December was the wettest month with {{cvt|86.9|mm}} and May the driest with {{cvt|54.5|mm}}. July was the hottest month, with an average maximum temperature of {{cvt|21.4|C}}. The highest temperature ever recorded in the city of Sheffield was {{cvt|39.4|C}}, on 19 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/heatwave-uk-weather-forecast-today-met-office-b2126158.html |title=UK weather news – live: Thunderstorms sweep in after fire destroys homes on 40C day |date=19 July 2022 |website=The Independent |publisher=Met Office |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719205937/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/heatwave-uk-weather-forecast-today-met-office-b2126158.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The average minimum temperature in January and February was {{cvt|2.2|C}},<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/location-specific-long-term-averages/gcqzwjenb |title=Sheffield 1991–2020 averages |access-date=5 August 2025 |publisher=Met Office }}</ref> though the lowest temperatures recorded in these months can be between {{cvt|-10|and|-15|C}}, although since 1960, the temperature has never fallen below {{cvt|-9.2|C}},<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=1848 |title=1982 temperature |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605185326/http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=1848 |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> suggesting that urbanisation around the Weston Park site during the second half of the 20th&nbsp;century may prevent temperatures below {{cvt|-10|C}} occurring.

The coldest temperature to be recorded was {{cvt|-8.2|C}} in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[UKMO]] |url=http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2010/12/21/ |title=2010 temperature |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120050250/http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2010/12/21/ |archive-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> (Note: The official Weston Park Weather Station statistics, which can also be viewed at [[Sheffield Central Library]], has the temperature at {{cvt|-8.7|C}}, recorded on 20 December, and states that to be the lowest December temperature since 1981.) The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city of Sheffield at [[Weston Park, Sheffield|Weston Park]], since records began in 1882, is {{cvt|-14.6|C}}, registered in February 1895.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coldest night in Sheffield's winter marked last month |url=https://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/coldest-night-in-sheffield-s-winter-marked-last-month-1-7135746 |website=Sheffield Telegraph |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430045516/https://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/coldest-night-in-sheffield-s-winter-marked-last-month-1-7135746 |archive-date=30 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The lowest daytime maximum temperature in the city since records began is {{cvt|-5.6|C}}, also recorded in February 1895.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roostweather.com/ukobs/temp_station_extreme_map.php|title=Starlings Roost Weather|accessdate=6 August 2025}}</ref> More recently, {{cvt|-4.4|C}} was recorded as a daytime maximum at Weston Park, on 20 December 2010 (from the Weston Park Weather Station statistics, which also can be viewed at Sheffield Central Library.) On average, through the winter months of December to March, there are 67 days during which ground frost occurs.<ref name="Met NE England"/>
{{Weather box
|location = Sheffield ([[Weston Park, Sheffield|Weston Park]])<br />[[Location identifier#WMO station identifiers|WMO ID]]: 99107; coordinates {{coord|53.38139|N|1.49137|W|type:landmark_region:GB|name=Sheffield Cdl|format=dms}}; elevation: {{cvt|131|m|0}}; 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1882–present
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 15.9
|Feb record high C = 18.2
|Mar record high C = 23.3
|Apr record high C = 26.4
|May record high C = 28.9
|Jun record high C = 30.7
|Jul record high C = 39.4
|Aug record high C = 34.3
|Sep record high C = 32.9
|Oct record high C = 25.7
|Nov record high C = 18.9
|Dec record high C = 17.6
|Jan high C = 7.0
|Feb high C = 7.7
|Mar high C = 10.0
|Apr high C = 13.1
|May high C = 16.4
|Jun high C = 19.2
|Jul high C = 21.4
|Aug high C = 20.8
|Sep high C = 17.9
|Oct high C = 13.7
|Nov high C = 9.8
|Dec high C = 7.3
|year high C = 13.7
|Jan mean C = 4.6
|Feb mean C = 4.9
|Mar mean C = 6.7
|Apr mean C = 9.2
|May mean C = 12.1
|Jun mean C = 15.0
|Jul mean C = 17.1
|Aug mean C = 16.7
|Sep mean C = 14.2
|Oct mean C = 10.7
|Nov mean C = 7.3
|Dec mean C = 5.0
|year mean C = 10.3
|Jan low C = 2.2
|Feb low C = 2.2
|Mar low C = 3.4
|Apr low C = 5.2
|May low C = 7.8
|Jun low C = 10.8
|Jul low C = 12.8
|Aug low C = 12.6
|Sep low C = 10.5
|Oct low C = 7.8
|Nov low C = 4.8
|Dec low C = 2.6
|year low C = 6.9
|Jan record low C = -13.3
|Feb record low C = -14.6
|Mar record low C = -9.4
|Apr record low C = -7.8
|May record low C = -0.7
|Jun record low C = 1.4
|Jul record low C = 3.5
|Aug record low C = 4.1
|Sep record low C = 1.7
|Oct record low C = -4.1
|Nov record low C = -7.2
|Dec record low C = -10.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 75.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 67.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 59.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 58.8
|May precipitation mm = 54.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 75.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 62.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 65.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 63.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 78.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 84.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 86.9
|year precipitation mm = 831.6
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 13.2
|Feb rain days = 11.5
|Mar rain days = 11.1
|Apr rain days = 10.1
|May rain days = 9.3
|Jun rain days = 9.5
|Jul rain days = 9.4
|Aug rain days = 10.0
|Sep rain days = 9.3
|Oct rain days = 12.7
|Nov rain days = 13.3
|Dec rain days = 13.7
|year rain days = 133.1
|Jan sun = 50.1
|Feb sun = 76.8
|Mar sun = 121.0
|Apr sun = 153.2
|May sun = 198.2
|Jun sun = 181.0
|Jul sun = 180.7
|Aug sun = 181.3
|Sep sun = 138.2
|Oct sun = 97.0
|Nov sun = 59.4
|Dec sun = 48.3
|year sun = 1485.2
| Jan uv = 0
| Feb uv = 1
| Mar uv = 2
| Apr uv = 4
| May uv = 5
| Jun uv = 6
| Jul uv = 6
| Aug uv = 5
| Sep uv = 4
| Oct uv = 2
| Nov uv = 1
| Dec uv = 0
|source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref name="Met Averages">{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcqzwq04e |title=Sheffield 1991–2020 averages |access-date=18 December 2021 |publisher=Met Office |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824052951/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcqzwq04e |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute|KNMI]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/indicesextremes/customquerytimeseriesplots.php |title=Sheffield extreme values |access-date=8 November 2011 |publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |archive-date=2 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202192334/http://eca.knmi.nl/indicesextremes/customquerytimeseriesplots.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat=**&indexid=TXx&periodidselect=1981-2010&seasonid=0&scalelogidselect=no&CMD=ZOOM_IN#bottom |title=Sheffield 1981–2010 mean maximum and minimum values |access-date=31 December 2017 |publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416135950/https://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat=**&indexid=TXx&periodidselect=1981-2010&seasonid=0&scalelogidselect=no&CMD=ZOOM_IN#bottom |url-status=live }}</ref> WeatherAtlas<ref name="Weather-Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/united-kingdom/sheffield-climate#uv_index |title=Monthly weather forecast and Climate – Sheffield, United Kingdom |access-date=23 September 2019 |publisher=Weather Atlas |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807033251/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/united-kingdom/sheffield-climate#uv_index |url-status=live }}</ref> and Meteo Climat<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-2291-1882-2020.php |title=STATION SHEFFIELD |access-date=6 June 2021 |publisher=Meteo Climat}}</ref>

}}

The Weston Park Weather station, established in 1882, is one of the longest running weather stations in the United Kingdom. It has recorded weather for more than 125 years, and a 2008 report showed that the climate of Sheffield is warming faster than it has at any time during this period, with 1990 and 2006 being the hottest years on record.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boon |first=Gaynor |title=Whatever the Weather Changing Climate Changing Cultures |url=http://www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/PDFs/climate_change.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/PDFs/climate_change.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=Museums Sheffield |access-date=13 August 2010}}{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref> In collaboration with the [[Stockholm Environment Institute]], Sheffield developed a [[carbon footprint]] (based on 2004–05 consumption figures) of 5,798,361&nbsp;[[tonnes]] per year. This compares to the UK's total carbon footprint of 698,568,010&nbsp;tonnes per year. The factors with the greatest impact are housing (34%), transport (25%), consumer (11%), private services (9%), public services (8%), food (8%) and capital investment (5%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/environment/climate-change |title=Sheffield's Carbon Footprint |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=16 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504162247/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/environment/climate-change |archive-date=4 May 2009}}</ref> Sheffield City Council has signed up to the [[10:10]] campaign.<ref name="planet">{{cite web |url=http://sheffieldismyplanet.co.uk/ |title=Sheffield Is My Planet |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=7 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715215152/http://sheffieldismyplanet.co.uk/ |archive-date=15 July 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Green belt===
{{further|South and West Yorkshire Green Belt|Geography of Sheffield}}
Sheffield is within a [[Green belt (United Kingdom)|green belt]] region that extends into the wider surrounding counties, and is in place to reduce [[urban sprawl]], prevent the towns and areas in the [[Sheffield urban area|Sheffield built-up area]] conurbation from further convergence, protect the identity of outlying communities, encourage [[brownfield]] reuse, and preserve nearby countryside. This is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas, and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building.<ref name="belt1">{{cite web |title=Green Belt Review |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/sheffield/home/planning-development/green-belt-review.html |website=sheffield.gov.uk |access-date=24 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322143056/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/sheffield/home/planning-development/green-belt-review.html |archive-date=22 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="belt2">{{cite web |title=Adopted Sheffield Local Plan |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/sheffield/home/planning-development/sheffield-plan.html |website=sheffield.gov.uk |access-date=24 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322143241/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/sheffield/home/planning-development/sheffield-plan.html |archive-date=22 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The main urban area and larger villages of the borough are exempt from the green belt area, but surrounding smaller villages, hamlets and rural areas are 'washed over' with the designation. A subsidiary aim of the green belt is to encourage recreation and leisure interests,<ref name="belt1"/> with many rural landscape features and facilities included.

===Subdivisions===
{{Main|Areas of Sheffield}}
Sheffield is made up of many suburbs and neighbourhoods, many of which developed from villages or [[hamlet (place)|hamlets]] that were absorbed into Sheffield as the city grew.<ref name="VICKERS"/> These historical areas are largely ignored by the modern administrative and political divisions of the city; instead it is divided into 28&nbsp;electoral [[ward (politics)|wards]], with each ward generally covering 4–6&nbsp;areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/elections/ward-boundaries |title=Sheffield's Ward Boundaries |access-date=29 December 2005 |publisher=Sheffield City Council |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103102934/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/elections/ward-boundaries |archive-date=3 November 2005}}</ref> These electoral wards are grouped into six [[United Kingdom constituencies|parliamentary constituencies]]. Sheffield is largely [[civil parishes in England|unparished]], but [[Bradfield, South Yorkshire|Bradfield]] and [[Ecclesfield]] have parish councils, and [[Stocksbridge]] has a town council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/elections/types-of-elections |title=Types of Elections |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=21 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725005232/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/elections/types-of-elections |archive-date=25 July 2009}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Sheffield}}{{Historical populations
| title    = Population Change
| type     = UK
| footnote = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10076882&c_id=10001043&add=N |title=Sheffield District: Total Population |access-date=16 August 2009 |work=A Vision of Britain Through Time |publisher=Great Britain Historical GIS Project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628202826/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10076882&c_id=10001043&add=N |archive-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1801 | 60095
| 1821 | 84540
| 1841 | 134599
| 1861 | 219634
| 1881 | 335953
| 1901 | 451195
| 1921 | 543336
| 1941 | 569884
| 1951 | 577050
| 1961 | 574915
| 1971 | 572794
| 1981 | 530844
| 1991 | 528708
| 2001 | 513234
| 2011 | 551800
| 2021 | 556500}}
[[File:SheffPop.png|thumb|left|alt=Population of Sheffield from 1700 to 2011|Population of Sheffield from 1700 to 2011. The exponential population growth during the 19th century and the subsequent plateauing during the 20th century are evident.]]
The [[2001 United Kingdom Census]] reported a resident population for Sheffield of 513,234, a 2% decline from the 1991 census.<ref name="Sheffield 2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadAreaSearch.do?a=7&c=&i=1001&m=0&enc=1&areaSearchText=sheffield&areaSearchType=13&extendedList=true&searchAreas=Search |title=Sheffield (Local Authority) |author=((United Kingdom Census 2001)) |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=11 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013184904/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadAreaSearch.do?a=7&c=&i=1001&m=0&enc=1&areaSearchText=sheffield&areaSearchType=13&extendedList=true&searchAreas=Search |archive-date=13 October 2007}}</ref> The city is part of the wider [[Sheffield urban area]], which had a population of 640,720.<ref name="SUA 2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D8271.xls |title=Usual Resident population: Census 2001, Key statistics for urban areas |publisher=Office for National Statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628203914/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D8271.xls |archive-date=28 June 2011 |format=XLS File}}</ref> [[2021 United Kingdom census|In 2021]] the racial composition of Sheffield's population was 79.1% [[White people|White]] (74.5% [[White British]], 0.5% [[Irish migration to Great Britain|White Irish]], 0.5% [[Romani people in the United Kingdom|Romani]] or [[Irish Traveller]], 3.6% [[Other White]]), 3.5% of [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|mixed race]] (1.4% White and Black Caribbean, 0.4% White and Black African, 0.9% White and Asian, 0.8% Other Mixed), 9.6% [[British Asian|Asian]] (1.2% [[British Indian|Indian]], 5% [[British Pakistanis|Pakistani]], 0.8% [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]], 1.3% [[British Chinese|Chinese]], 1.3% Other Asian), 4.6% [[Black British|Black]] (3.3% African, 0.8% [[British African-Caribbean people|Caribbean]], 0.5% [[Other Black]]), 1.6% [[British Arab|Arab]] and 1.5% of other ethnic heritage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic group – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref> In terms of religion, 38% of the population are Christian, 10% are Muslim, 0.7% are Hindu, 0.4% are Buddhist, 0.2% are Sikh, 0.1% are Jewish, 0.5% belong to another religion, 43% have no religion and 6% did not state their religion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks209ew.xls |title=2011 Census: Religion, local authorities in England and Wales |access-date=12 December 2012 |work=United Kingdom Census 2011 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126035854/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks209ew.xls |archive-date=26 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The largest [[quinary]] group is 20- to 24-year-olds (9%) because of the large university student population.<ref>{{cite web |title=TS030 – Religion Edit query |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/c2021ts030 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk}}</ref>

The [[Industrial Revolution]] served as a catalyst for considerable population growth and demographic change in Sheffield. Large numbers of people were driven to the city as the [[cutlery]] and steel industries flourished. The population continued to grow until the mid-20th century, at which point, due to industrial decline, the population began to contract. However, by the early 21st century, the population had begun to grow once again.

The population of Sheffield previously peaked in 1951 at 577,050, and was declining steadily until the start of the century. The mid-2007 population estimate was 530,300, representing an increase of about 17,000 residents since 2001. The population of Sheffield has been increasing since.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106 |title=Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland |work=National Statistics Online |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216083533/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Although a city, Sheffield is informally known as "the [[largest village in England]]",<ref name="BaldwinBottomsWalker"/><ref name="Binfield"/><ref name="BurgoyneClark"/> because of a combination of topographical isolation and demographic stability.<ref name="BaldwinBottomsWalker"/> It is relatively geographically isolated, being cut off from other places by a ring of hills.<ref name="Hampton"/><ref name="TaylorEvansFraser"/> Local folklore insists that, like Rome, Sheffield was built "on seven hills".<ref name="TaylorEvansFraser"/> The land surrounding Sheffield was unsuitable for industrial use,<ref name="BaldwinBottomsWalker"/> and now includes several protected [[green belt]] areas.<ref name="Mann"/> These topographical factors have served to restrict urban spread,<ref name="Mann"/> resulting in a relatively stable population size and a low degree of mobility.
<!--Removing per discussion on talk page until someone can consult the original source -->
<!--
[[Sidney Pollard]]'s analysis of the 1851 Census data caused him to describe Sheffield as "the most proletarian city in England" at the time, it has more people per 100,000 employed in manufacturing occupations (188 for Sheffield, as compared to 146 for Leeds) and fewer people per 100,000 employed in professional occupations (41 for Sheffield, as compared to 66 for Birmingham, and 43 for Leeds).{{dubious|date=July 2012}} He attributed this to the cutlery trade in the city, which was organised not on polarised Capital-versus-Labour lines, but as a complex network of contracts between cutlery workshops, craftsmen and merchants, whose positive influence on community cohesion and equality lasted through the rise of the steel industry in the city later in the 19th&nbsp; century. Even by 1981, social polarisation (as defined by the Census and Registrar-General) in Sheffield was far lower than in many other cities, with only 4% of the population having professional occupations, as opposed to 62% classified as skilled or unskilled manual laborers.<ref name=TaylorEvansFraser/> -->

==Economy==
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Labour profile
|- 
! scope="col" | Jobs
! scope="col" | Number
! scope="col" | %
|-
||'''Total employee jobs'''||'''255,700'''||{{n/a}}
|-
||Full-time||168,000||65.7%
|-
||Part-time||87,700||34.3%
|-
||'''Manufact. & Construct.'''||'''40,300'''||'''15.7%'''
|-
||Manufacturing||31,800||12.4%
|-
||Construction||8,500||3.3%
|-
||'''Services'''||'''214,900'''||'''84.1%'''
|-
| style="left-padding: 20pt" |Distribution, hotels & restaurants||58,800||23.0%
|-
| style="left-padding: 20pt" |Transport & communications||14,200||5.5%
|-
| style="left-padding: 20pt" |Finance, IT, other business activities||51,800||20.2%
|-
| style="left-padding: 20pt" |Public admin, education & health||77,500||30.3%
|-
| style="left-padding: 20pt" |Other services||12,700||5.0%
|-
| style="left-padding: 20pt" |Tourism-related||18,400||7.2%
|}

{{Main|Economy of Sheffield}}

{{See also|List of companies in Sheffield}}

[[File:St Paul's Place (geograph 7050524).jpg|thumb|left|alt=St Pauls is a new, mixed use development which forms part of the St Paul's Place development. In the top left corner is the Main St Paul's tower. Below it is the Tower 2, connected to the main tower but half the height. All have been completed within the last 5 years and represent some of the newest architecture in the city.|[[St Paul's Place]], 2010. [[St Pauls Tower|St Paul's Tower]], the tallest building in Sheffield, is in the centre. The St Paul's Place development constitutes a major redevelopment of the area and has attracted numerous large companies to the complex, such as [[DLA Piper]], [[PwC]] and [[Barclays]]. The [[Department for Education]] and the [[Department for Business, Innovation & Skills]] have also established a presence within St Paul's Place.]]

After many years of decline, the Sheffield economy is going through a strong revival. The 2004 [[Barclays Bank]] Financial Planning study<ref>{{cite news |title=Wealth hotspots 'outside London' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3871857.stm |work=BBC News |date=7 July 2004 |access-date=4 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711214408/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3871857.stm |archive-date=11 July 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> revealed that, in 2003, the Sheffield district of Hallam was the highest ranking area outside London for overall wealth, the proportion of people earning over £60,000 a year standing at almost 12%. A survey by [[Knight Frank]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheffield 'hotbed' for investment |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/4314628.stm |work=BBC News |date=6 November 2005 |access-date=4 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306074300/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/4314628.stm |archive-date=6 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> revealed that Sheffield was the fastest-growing city outside London for office and residential space and rents during the second half of 2004. This can be seen in a surge of redevelopments, including the [[St Pauls Tower|City Lofts Tower]] and accompanying [[St Paul's Place]], Velocity Living and the Moor redevelopment,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/commercial/Metamorphosis-of-The-Moor.3637645.jp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130114045148/http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/commercial/Metamorphosis-of-The-Moor.3637645.jp |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2013 |title=Metamorphosis of The Moor |work=Sheffield Telegraph |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> the forthcoming [[New Retail Quarter|NRQ]] and the [[Sheffield Winter Gardens|Winter Gardens]], [[Peace Gardens]], [[Millennium Galleries]] and many projects completed under the [[Sheffield One]] redevelopment agency. The Sheffield economy grew from £5.6&nbsp;billion in 1997 (1997 [[Gross value added|GVA]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1208.pdf |title=Office for National Statistics GVA figures 2006, released 2008 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=13 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326083726/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1208.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref> to £9.2&nbsp;billion in 2007 (2007 GVA).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1209.pdf |title=Office for National Statistics GVA figures 2007, released 2009 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=December 2009 |access-date=18 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703022257/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1209.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2010}}</ref>

The "UK Cities Monitor 2008" placed Sheffield among the top ten "best cities to locate a business today", the city occupying third and fourth places, respectively, for best office location and best new [[call centre]] location. The same report places Sheffield in third place regarding "greenest reputation" and second in terms of the availability of financial incentives.<ref>{{cite book |title=UK Cities Monitor 2008 |publisher=Cushman & Wakefield |year=2008}}</ref>

=== Heavy industries and metallurgy ===
[[File:Harry Brearley.jpg|thumb|right|Monument to [[Harry Brearley]] and the birthplace of [[stainless steel]] at the former [[Firth Brown Steels|Brown Firth Research Laboratories]] ]]
Sheffield has an international reputation for metallurgy and steel-making.<ref>There are numerous sources showing the international reputation of Sheffield for metallurgy, and in particular steel and cutlery manufacture. Some examples are: the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], which begins its entry for ''Sheffield'', "The name of a manufacturing city of Yorkshire, famous for cutlery"; and the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', which in its entry for "Sheffield" states that by 1830 Sheffield had earned "recognition as the world centre of high-grade steel manufacture". [[David Hey]] in the preface to his 1997 book ''Mesters to Masters: A History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire.'' ([[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|0-19-828997-9}}) states "It (Sheffield) was known for its cutlery wares long before the incorporation of the [[Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire|Cutlers' Company]] in 1624, and long before it acquired an international reputation as the steel capital of the world."</ref> The earliest official record of cutlery production, for which Sheffield is particularly well known, is from 1297 when a tax return for 'Robert the Cutler' was submitted.<ref name="welcometosheffield.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/invest/engineering-and-manufacturing/made-in-sheffield |title=Welcome to Sheffield &#124; Made In Sheffield |website=welcometosheffield.co.uk |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026165456/http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/invest/engineering-and-manufacturing/made-in-sheffield |url-status=live }}</ref> A key reason for Sheffield's success in the production of cutlery lies in its geographic makeup. The abundance of streams in the area provided water power and the geological formations in the [[Hope Valley, Derbyshire|Hope Valley]], in particular, provided sufficient grit stones for grinding wheels.<ref name="welcometosheffield.co.uk"/> In the 17th century, the [[Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire]], which oversaw the booming cutlery industry in the area and remains to this day, was established and focused on markets outside the Sheffield area, leading to the gradual establishment of Sheffield as a respected producer of cutlery.<ref name="welcometosheffield.co.uk"/> this gradually developed from a national reputation into an international one.<ref name="welcometosheffield.co.uk"/>

Playing a crucial role in the [[Industrial Revolution]], the city became an industrial powerhouse in the 18th century, and was dubbed "[[Steel City]]".<ref name="Steel BBC">{{cite news |title=Made in Great Britain, Series 1, Steel |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bpz4ks |access-date=28 March 2019 |agency=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328125550/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bpz4ks |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many innovations in these fields have been made in Sheffield, for example [[Benjamin Huntsman]] discovered the [[crucible technique]] in the 1740s at his workshop in [[Handsworth, South Yorkshire|Handsworth]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mezenin |first=N. |year=1972 |title=Huntsman |journal=Metallurgist |publisher=Springer |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=510–512 |doi=10.1007/BF00731738}}</ref> This process was rendered obsolete in 1856 by [[Henry Bessemer]]'s invention of the [[Bessemer converter]]. [[Thomas Boulsover]] invented [[Sheffield plate]] (silver-plated copper) in the early 18th&nbsp;century.

[[Stainless steel]] was invented by [[Harry Brearley]] in 1912, bringing affordable [[cutlery]] to the masses.<ref name="Steel BBC"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tilthammer.com/bio/brear.html |title=Harry Brearley 1871–1948 |access-date=30 December 2006 |work=Tilt Hammer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061121041226/http://www.tilthammer.com/bio/brear.html |archive-date=21 November 2006}}</ref> The work of [[Frederick Brian Pickering|F. B. Pickering]] and T. Gladman throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s was fundamental to the development of modern high-strength low-alloy steels.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Llewellyn |first1=D.&nbsp;T. |last2=Hudd |first2=Roger&nbsp;C. |title=Steels: metallurgy and applications |url=https://archive.org/details/steelsmetallurgy00scie_222 |url-access=limited |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |year=1998 |isbn=0-7506-3757-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/steelsmetallurgy00scie_222/page/n208 196]–290}}</ref> Further innovations continue, with new advanced manufacturing technologies and techniques being developed on the [[Advanced Manufacturing Park]], situated just over the boundary in the borough of Rotherham, by Sheffield's universities and other independent research organisations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/business/Hitech-centre-celebrates-a-year.3710800.jp |title=Hi-tech centre celebrates a year of success |last=Rae |first=Bob |work=The Star |date=25 January 2008 |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417061059/http://www.thestar.co.uk/business/Hitech-centre-celebrates-a-year.3710800.jp |archive-date=17 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Organisations located on the AMP include the Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC, a research partnership between the [[Boeing Company]] and the [[University of Sheffield]]), Castings Technology International (CTI), [[The Welding Institute]] (TWI),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.attheamp.com/the-amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502185232/http://www.attheamp.com/the-amp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2009 |title=The AMP |work=Advanced Manufacturing Park website |publisher=Advanced Manufacturing Park |access-date=13 October 2013}}</ref> [[Rolls-Royce plc]] and [[McLaren Automotive]].

[[File:Sheffield Forgemasters - geograph.org.uk - 517979.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photo of the Forgemasters steel works, Sheffield|[[Forgemasters]] steel works in Sheffield. The site was formerly run by [[Vickers Limited]] which was founded in Sheffield in 1828 and became one of the most prominent engineering companies in the world.]] [[Sheffield Forgemasters|Forgemasters]], founded in 1805, is the sole remaining independent [[steel works]] in the world and dominates the north-east of Sheffield around the [[Lower Don Valley]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/history/1800s |title=History: 19th&nbsp;century |publisher=Sheffield Forgemasters International |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823040943/http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/history/1800s |archive-date=23 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The firm has a global reputation for producing the largest and most complex steel forgings and castings and is certified to produce critical nuclear components, with recent projects including the [[Royal Navy]]'s {{sclass|Astute|submarine|0}} submarines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/overview |title=Overview – Sheffield Forgemasters International Ltd. |publisher=Sheffield Forgemasters International |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823033426/http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/overview |archive-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> The firm also has the capacity for pouring the largest single ingot (570 tonnes) in Europe and is currently in the process of expanding its capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/overview |publisher=Sheffield Forgemasters International |title=Steel forgings, steel castings and engineering solutions |access-date=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823033426/http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/overview |archive-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> In July 2021 Forgemasters was bought outright by the UK [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] for £2.56&nbsp;million, with the intention of investing a further £400&nbsp;million over the next decade.<ref name="theguardian1">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jul/28/sheffield-forgemasters-nationalised-after-takeover-ministry-of-defence |title=Sheffield Forgemasters nationalised after £2.6m takeover by MoD |first=Jasper |last=Jolly |date=28 July 2021 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |issn=0261-3077 |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618211638/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jul/28/sheffield-forgemasters-nationalised-after-takeover-ministry-of-defence |url-status=live }}</ref> The decision was based on the important role Forgemasters plays in the construction of the UK nuclear submarine fleet as well other vessels for the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name="theguardian1"/>

While iron and steel have long been the main industries of Sheffield, [[coal mining]] has also been a major industry, particularly in the outlying areas, and the [[Palace of Westminster]] in London was built using [[limestone]] from [[quarry|quarries]] in the nearby village of [[Anston]].

=== Public sector ===
[[File:Diamond UoS 2 26 May 2017.jpg|thumb|right|alt=University of Sheffield Diamond|''The Diamond'', at the University of Sheffield. The university is a major public sector employer in the city.]]
Sheffield has a large public sector workforce, numbering 77,500 workers. During the period 1995–2008 (a period of growth for the city and many others in the UK), the number of jobs in the city increased by 22% and 50% of these were in the public sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.centreforcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/11-10-17_Sheffield_Appendix.pdf |title=Appendix: Sheffield data analysis |website=centreforcities.org |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815043253/https://www.centreforcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/11-10-17_Sheffield_Appendix.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Major public sector employers include the [[National Health Service]], The University of Sheffield, [[Sheffield Hallam University]], and numerous government departments and agencies including the [[Home Office]] (Visas & Immigration), [[Department for Education]] & [[Department for Business, Innovation & Skills]]. Recently developed offices in St Paul's Place and [[Riverside Exchange]] play host to the aforementioned government departments.

[[Sheffield City Council]], which is also a major public sector employer in the city, employs over 8,000 people, spread across four different sections (known as portfolios). Sheffield City Council is also the [[Local Education Authority]] (LEA) and as such manages all states schools and their associated staff. As part of its mandate to provide public services, Sheffield City Council maintains contracts with three private contractors—[[Amey plc|Amey]], [[Veolia]] and [[Capita]] (contract ending in 2020). Together, these contractors provide additional employment in the city.

=== Leisure and retail ===

==== City centre ====
[[File:SheffieldCitySkyline.jpg|thumb|right|alt=An aerial view of Sheffield City Centre|A view of [[Sheffield City Centre]]. Some of the major shopping precincts can be seen in the left and centre of the image.]]
[[File:The Moor, Sheffield.jpg|thumb|left|The Moor]]

Sheffield is a major retail centre, and is home to many [[high street]] and [[department store]]s as well as designer boutiques.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Ian&nbsp;R. |last2=Evans |first2=Karen |last3=Fraser |first3=Penny |title=A tale of two cities: global change, local feeling and everyday life in the North of England: a study in Manchester and Sheffield |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1996 |pages=115–162 |chapter=Shop 'Til You Drop: The 'Nice Shops' and the Markets in Manchester and Sheffield |isbn=0-415-13829-9}}</ref> The main shopping areas in the city centre are on [[The Moor Quarter|The Moor]] precinct, [[Fargate]], [[Orchard Square]] and the [[Devonshire Quarter]]. Department stores in the city centre include [[Marks and Spencer]] and [[Atkinsons]]. Sheffield's main market was once [[Castle Market]], built above the remains of the castle. This has since been demolished.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/old-market-site-to-come-down-by-end-of-the-year-1-6515878 |title=Old market site to come down by end of the year |access-date=26 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326025013/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/old-market-site-to-come-down-by-end-of-the-year-1-6515878 |archive-date=26 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[The Moor Quarter#Moor Market|Sheffield Moor Market]] opened in 2013 and became the main destination for fresh produce. The market has 196 stalls and includes local and organic produce, as well as international fusion cuisine such as Russian, Jamaican and Thai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/visit-searchresults/product/757061 |title=Welcome to Sheffield &#124; Results of product |website=welcometosheffield.co.uk |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020113749/http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/visit-searchresults/product/757061 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2021 it was announced that the Sheffield branch of [[John Lewis & Partners|John Lewis]] would close due to falling sales and a move to online shopping, which had increased because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]]. John Lewis received £3&nbsp;million of public funding from Sheffield City Council in 2020 to keep the local store open.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=John Lewis to close eight more stores, putting 1,500 jobs at risk |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/mar/24/john-lewis-to-close-eight-more-stores-putting-1500-jobs-at-risk |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328010800/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/mar/24/john-lewis-to-close-eight-more-stores-putting-1500-jobs-at-risk |url-status=live }}</ref> The local [[Debenhams]] branches are expected to re-open after the lifting of the 2021 COVID-19 lockdown restrictions, but only to clear existing stock, after which it is expected the stores will close.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bent |first=Lloyd |date=1 December 2020 |title=Debenhams set to close historic Sheffield shop after JD Sports rescue bid collapses |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/business/consumer/debenhams-set-close-historic-sheffield-shop-after-jd-sports-rescue-bid-collapses-3053310 |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=thestar.co.uk |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125133912/https://www.thestar.co.uk/business/consumer/debenhams-set-close-historic-sheffield-shop-after-jd-sports-rescue-bid-collapses-3053310 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hoare |first=Callum |date=24 March 2021 |title=Debenhams tipped for high street surge after lockdown: 'People love to shop!' |url=https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/life/1413579/debenhams-high-street-comeback-store-closure-online-shopping-asos-topshop-topman-spt |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=Express.co.uk |archive-date=27 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327125012/https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/life/1413579/debenhams-high-street-comeback-store-closure-online-shopping-asos-topshop-topman-spt |url-status=live }}</ref>

With the decline in high street shopping around the UK, efforts have been made to rejuvenate Sheffield City Centre and improve the retail and leisure offering. Major developments include [[Leopold Square]], [[The Moor Quarter|The Moor]], St Paul's Place (a mixed use development) and the [[Heart of the City, Sheffield|Heart of the City]] I & II projects. In March 2022 Sheffield City Council announced that a new leisure hub would be constructed at the southern end of Fargate. The £300,000 hub will feature cafes, shops and large-screen TVs for sports events.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/sheffield-city-centre-fargate-attraction-23417724 |title=Sheffield city centre's new cafes, shops and big screen to open in weeks |first=Molly |last=Williams |date=17 March 2022 |website=YorkshireLive |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514190548/https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/sheffield-city-centre-fargate-attraction-23417724 |url-status=live }}</ref> The development is also related to other efforts to rejuvenate the Fargate area, such as a new mixed-use events and coworking hub at 20–26 Fargate, also overseen by Sheffield City Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/politics/sheffield-council-reveals-plans-for-events-central-city-centre-music-venue-with-exhibition-space-3661762 |title=Sheffield Council reveals plans for Events Central city centre music venue with exhibition space |website=thestar.co.uk |date=20 April 2022 |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422110217/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/politics/sheffield-council-reveals-plans-for-events-central-city-centre-music-venue-with-exhibition-space-3661762 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Shopping centres ====
[[File:Meadowhall, Sheffield (geograph 1994609).jpg|thumb|right|alt=Meadowhall (shopping centre)|[[Meadowhall (shopping centre)|Meadowhall]]]]

[[Meadowhall (shopping centre)|Meadowhall]] shopping centre, located to the north-east of Sheffield close to the boundary with [[Rotherham]] and next to the [[M1 motorway]], is a major regional shopping destination and currently ranked [[List of shopping centres in the United Kingdom by size|eleventh largest]] in the UK with a floorspace of {{convert|1.5|e6ft2|abbr=unit}}. Attracting over 30&nbsp;million visitors a year (up from 19&nbsp;million in its first year), the centre hosts 270&nbsp;shops, 37&nbsp;restaurants and a cinema.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/visit-searchresults/product/758621 |title=Welcome to Sheffield &#124; Results of product |website=welcometosheffield.co.uk |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117212647/http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/visit-searchresults/product/758621 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographypages.co.uk/meadow.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417183245/http://www.geographypages.co.uk/meadow.htm |archive-date=17 April 2013 |title=How Has Sheffield City Centre Changes Since the Development of Meadowhall? |website=geographypages.co.uk |url-status=dead}}</ref> Many nationally renowned brands have a presence at the centre including [[Marks & Spencer]], [[Hugo Boss]] and [[Jaeger (clothing)|Jaeger]]. The centre is connected to the city centre by rail, [[Supertram (Sheffield)|Supertram]] and bus services.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Prior to the opening of Meadowhall, the site was occupied for East Hecla (steel) works, a major employer in the north-east of the city. The opening of Meadowhall in 1990 marked the beginning of major rejuvenation in the [[Lower Don Valley]] as the steel industry contracted. In a 2010 survey of forecast expenditure at retail centres in the United Kingdom, Meadowhall was ranked 12th and [[Sheffield City Centre]] 19th.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caci.co.uk/492.aspx |title=Retail Footprint 2010 reveals Britain's shopping successes and strugglers |date=21 May 2010 |access-date=18 July 2010 |publisher=[[CACI|CACI Ltd]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618210926/http://www.caci.co.uk/492.aspx |archive-date=18 June 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Ikea, Sheffield.jpg|thumb|left|IKEA, Sheffield]]
To the South of Meadowhall shopping centre is Meadowhall Retail Park, a {{convert|190500|ft2|adj=on}} retail park with 13 retail and food units.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://completelyretail.co.uk/scheme/3254 |title=Meadowhall Retail Park, Sheffield |publisher=Completely Retail |date= |access-date=25 June 2022 |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801160133/https://completelyretail.co.uk/scheme/3254 |url-status=live }}</ref> Next to the retail park is the Sheffield [[IKEA]] store, opened in 2017. The opening ceremony was attended by dignitaries including the Swedish Ambassador to the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insightdiy.co.uk/news/ikea-opens-their-20th-uk-store-in-sheffield/5880.htm#:~:text=The%2035%2C000%20sqm%20store%20will,with%20around%201%2C000%20free%20spaces |title=IKEA opens their 20th UK store in Sheffield |publisher=Insightdiy.co.uk |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=25 June 2022 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805191312/https://www.insightdiy.co.uk/news/ikea-opens-their-20th-uk-store-in-sheffield/5880.htm#:~:text=The%2035%2C000%20sqm%20store%20will,with%20around%201%2C000%20free%20spaces |url-status=live }}</ref> The Sheffield store was the 20th opened in the UK and led to the creation of 480 new local jobs.

The second-largest shopping centre in Sheffield is [[Crystal Peaks]], located in the south-east of the city, alongside Drakehouse Retail Park. Both the shopping centre and the retail park opened in 1988 and now attract around 11&nbsp;million visitors a year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/business/record-number-of-shoppers-pass-through-centre-s-doors-1-6363303 |title=Record number of shoppers pass through centre's doors |work=The Star |access-date=3 December 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220032612/http://www.thestar.co.uk/business/record-number-of-shoppers-pass-through-centre-s-doors-1-6363303 |url-status=live }}</ref> In total there are 101 retailers (including eateries) at Crystal Peaks and Drakehouse, including a range of high street brands. Crystal Peaks also includes a travel interchange which serves as the hub for bus travel in the east and south-east of Sheffield.

==== Suburbs ====
[[File:Ecclesall Road, Sheffield (1).jpg|thumb|right|alt=Ecclesall Road, Sheffield|Ecclesall Road]]
[[File:Little Kelham buildings, Sheffield, UK.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Little Kelham in the Kelham Island Quarter|Little Kelham in the Kelham Island Quarter]]

Beyond the city centre there are numerous other leisure and shopping areas. To the south-west of the city centre is [[Ecclesall Road]], a major thoroughfare connecting the south-western suburbs to the city centre and lined with bars, restaurants and cafes, as well as housing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thisissheffield.com/ecclesall/ |title=This Is Ecclesall – Your Guide To Ecclesall & Surrounding Areas |date=7 January 2020 |website=thisissheffield.com |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803221050/https://www.thisissheffield.com/ecclesall/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The area has a large student community owing to the presence of the Sheffield Hallam University Collegiate Campus adjacent to Ecclesall Road. The leisure section of the road is approximately {{cvt|2.5|km|order=flip}} long, with the south-western end becoming Ecclesall Road South and a predominantly
residential area. Another popular shopping and leisure area is [[London Road (Sheffield)|London Road]], to the south of the city centre. The road is famous for its multicultural community which has led to an abundance of international cuisines being served at restaurants along the road. To the west of the city centre is [[Broomhill and Sharrow Vale|Broomhill]], a student-centric neighbourhood which also caters for school students as well local university students and NHS staff. To the north-west of the city centre are [[Hillsborough, Sheffield|Hillsborough]], a large retail and sports hub, and [[Stocksbridge]] Fox Valley, a modern leisure and retail centre built on a brownfield industrial site.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foxvalleysheffield.co.uk/ |title=Welcome to Fox Valley, Sheffield – Retail shopping at Fox Valley, Sheffield |publisher=Foxvalleysheffield.co.uk |date= |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626014747/https://www.foxvalleysheffield.co.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the late 2010s and early 2020s several new developments began to the north of the city centre in the [[Kelham Island Quarter]], an increasingly popular mixed-use development. The area has become known for its independent cafes, restaurants and pubs and has seen significant residential development in recent years.

=== Tourism ===
Tourism plays a major role in the city's economy on account of [[List of tourist attractions in Sheffield|numerous attractions]]—namely the Peak District, sports events (in particular, the [[Snooker World Championships]]) and musical festivals (such as [[Tramlines]]). In 2019, the tourism industry in Sheffield was valued at £1.36&nbsp;billion and supported 15,000 jobs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/politics/sheffield-facing-5000-tourism-and-hospitality-industry-job-losses-due-coronavirus-2934237 |title=Emergency help plea for Yorkshire's 'crown jewel' tourism sector as thousands of job losses forecast |work=Yorkshire Post |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026215125/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/politics/sheffield-facing-5000-tourism-and-hospitality-industry-job-losses-due-coronavirus-2934237 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2012, [[Sheffield City Region Enterprise Zone]] was launched to promote development in a number of sites in Sheffield and across the wider region. In March 2014 additional sites were added to the zone.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thebusinessdesk.com/yorkshire/news/588887-sheffield-city-region-enterprise-zone-reveals-expansion-plans.html# |title=Sheffield City Region Enterprise Zone announces expansion plans |last=Newton-Syms |first=Ellie |publisher=The Business Desk |date=11 March 2014 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123938/http://www.thebusinessdesk.com/yorkshire/news/588887-sheffield-city-region-enterprise-zone-reveals-expansion-plans.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Sheffield}}

===Railway===
[[File:Sheffield Station 2022.jpg|thumb|right|Sheffield station]]
[[File:Meadowhall - Interchange and Don Footbridge.jpg|thumb|right|Meadowhall Interchange, a combined bus, coach, rail and tram interchange]]

[[Sheffield station]] is the principal interchange that serves the city. Services are operated by four [[train operating companies]]: [[East Midlands Railway]], [[CrossCountry]], [[TransPennine Express]] and [[Northern Trains]].

Major railway routes through Sheffield station include the [[Midland Main Line]] to London via the East Midlands; the [[Cross Country Route]], which runs between eastern Scotland and south-west England; and the lines linking Liverpool and Manchester with {{rws|Hull}} and [[East Anglia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/passenger_services/maps/trainoperators.pdf |title=2010 Great Britain National Rail Train Operators |date=May 2009 |work=Network Rail website |publisher=Network Rail |access-date=15 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214201324/http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/passenger_services/maps/trainoperators.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2010}}</ref> With the redevelopment of [[St Pancras railway station|London St Pancras]] completed, Sheffield has a direct connection to [[continental Europe]], via St Pancras and the [[Eurostar]] to France and Belgium.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurostar.com/uk-en/travel-info/your-trip/onward-connection/connecting-in-london |title=Travel information |publisher=Eurostar |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208004906/http://www.eurostar.com/uk-en/travel-info/your-trip/onward-connection/connecting-in-london |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> East Midlands Railway also operates three premium trains: the ''[[Master Cutler (train)|Master Cutler]]'', the ''[[Sheffield Continental]]'' and the ''[[South Yorkshireman]]''.

There are several local rail routes running along the city's valleys and beyond, connecting it with other parts of South Yorkshire, [[West Yorkshire]], [[Nottinghamshire]], [[Lincolnshire]] and [[Derbyshire]]. These local routes include the [[Penistone Line]], the [[Dearne Valley Line]], the [[Hope Valley Line]] and the [[Hallam Line]]. As well as the main stations of [[Sheffield railway station|Sheffield]] and Meadowhall, there are five suburban stations at [[Chapeltown railway station|Chapeltown]], [[Darnall railway station|Darnall]], [[Woodhouse railway station|Woodhouse]] and [[Dore & Totley railway station|Dore & Totley]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/css/NetworkRail_LiverpoolLeedsManchesterSheffieldmap.pdf |title=Liverpool, Leeds, Manchester, Sheffield rail map |work=National Rail Enquiries |publisher=ATOC Limited |access-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016080739/http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/css/NetworkRail_LiverpoolLeedsManchesterSheffieldmap.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> As part of improvements to rail services along the Hope Valley Line between Sheffield and Manchester, a new platform, station facilities and track are being built at Dore & Totley; the expanded station opened in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/transport/picture-shows-work-to-speed-up-sheffield-to-manchester-trains-is-underway-3611856 |title=Picture shows work to speed up Sheffield to Manchester trains is underway |work=The Star |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707180652/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/transport/picture-shows-work-to-speed-up-sheffield-to-manchester-trains-is-underway-3611856 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[High Speed 2]] had been planned to serve a city centre station in Sheffield as a spur from the main eastern HS2 line. It was scheduled to be operational by 2033, with four trains an hour, reducing journey times to London and Birmingham to 1 hour 19 minutes and 48 minutes, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-41277560 |title=HS2 'may disrupt city travel for years' |date=15 September 2017 |access-date=20 December 2017 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130195338/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-41277560 |archive-date=30 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2021, the UK government published the ''Integrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlands'' which announced HS2's eastern spur route (between the East Midlands and Leeds, including Sheffield) had been cancelled. The document announced upgrades to the Midland Mainline, with HS2 trains able to run on this upgraded and electrified route.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1034576/integrated-rail-plan-for-the-north-and-midlands-web-version.pdf |title=Integrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlands |date=November 2021 |work=Department for Transport |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120010733/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1034576/integrated-rail-plan-for-the-north-and-midlands-web-version.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Trams===
[[File:Sheffield Supertram - Tram Train 399 204 (geograph 5940823).jpg|thumb|alt=A Sheffield Supertram in current blue, orange and red Stagecoach livery. |A Sheffield Supertram]]

The [[Sheffield Supertram]] opened in 1994 and was operated by [[Stagecoach Group|Stagecoach]]. The opening was shortly after the similar [[Manchester Metrolink|Metrolink]] scheme in Greater Manchester. The Supertram network consists of {{cvt|37|mi}} of track and four lines (with all lines running via the city centre): from Halfway to [[Malin Bridge]] (Blue Line), from Meadowhall to [[Middlewood, South Yorkshire|Middlewood]] (Yellow Line), from Cathedral to [[Herdings Park]] (Purple Line),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supertram.net/about.html |title=About Us |work=Stagecoach Supertram website |publisher=Stagecoach Group |access-date=19 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704091815/http://www.supertram.net/about.html |archive-date=4 July 2009}}</ref> and the from [[Sheffield Cathedral|Cathedral]] to [[Rotherham Parkgate tram stop|Rotherham Parkgate]] (Black Line). The system contains both on-street and segregated running, depending upon the section and line. The Black Line opened in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |title=Almost three years late and at five times the original cost – Sheffield to Rotherham tram-train finally welcomes passengers |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/transport/almost-three-years-late-and-at-five-times-the-original-cost-sheffield-to-rotherham-tram-train-finally-welcomes-passengers-1-9413564 |work=The Star |date=25 October 2018 |access-date=26 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143206/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/transport/almost-three-years-late-and-at-five-times-the-original-cost-sheffield-to-rotherham-tram-train-finally-welcomes-passengers-1-9413564 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> with ''tram-trains''; these are trams that are able to share a line with conventional heavy rail trains between Sheffield and Rotherham.

In March 2024, control of the network passed to the [[South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Walsh |first=David |title=Supertram Sheffield: Vital network back in public hands with mayor promising to improve services |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/business/supertram-network-back-in-public-hands-with-mayor-promising-to-improve-services-4564264 |website=Sheffield Star |date=22 March 2024 |publisher=National World Publishing Ltd. |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>

===Roads===
[[File:View of Park Square from Park Hill.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial view of Park Square, where the Sheffield Parkway meets the Sheffield Inner Ring Road|Aerial view of Park Square, where the Sheffield Parkway meets the Sheffield Inner Ring Road]]

Motorways near the city are the [[M1 motorway|M1]] and [[M18 motorway (Great Britain)|M18]].<ref name="OS">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/travelnews/sheffield |title=Travel News: Sheffield and South Yorkshire |publisher=BBC |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121230911/http://www.bbc.com/travelnews/sheffield |archive-date=21 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sheffield Parkway]] connects the city centre to the motorways. The M1 skirts the city's north-east and crossing [[Tinsley Viaduct]] near Rotherham. The M18 branches from the M1 close to Sheffield, linking the city with [[Doncaster]] and ending at [[Goole]].

The [[A57 road|A57]] and [[A61 road]]s are the major [[trunk road]]s through Sheffield.<ref name="OS"/> These run east–west and north–south, respectively, crossing in the city centre, from where the other major roads generally radiate spoke-like. An inner [[Sheffield Inner Ring Road|ring road]], mostly constructed in the 1970s and extended in 2007 to form a complete ring,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/?pgid=87823&fs=b |title=Project History – The Inner Relief Road |last=Brown |first=Deborah |year=2008 |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021015428/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/?pgid=87823&fs=b |archive-date=21 October 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> allows traffic to avoid the city centre, and an [[Sheffield Outer Ring Road|outer ring road]] runs to the east, south-east and north, nearer the edge of the city, but does not serve the western side of Sheffield.<ref name="OS"/>

===Buses and coaches===
[[File:Shefield_Interchange_2022.jpg|thumb|right| alt=Sheffield bus and coach Interchange is in the foreground, in the bottom left corner is the main entrance. In the centre are long bus stands that form the interchange. Above that is the Digital Campus built upon an unused part of the interchange. In the top left corner is the 1960s Park Hill flats and to the right is Sheffield station. |Sheffield Interchange, served by National Express Coaches]] 
[[File:Wright StreetDeck Hybrid.jpg|thumb|right|A First South Yorkshire service]]

[[Sheffield Interchange]] is the city's bus main hub; other bus stations are at [[Halfway, Sheffield|Halfway]], [[Hillsborough, South Yorkshire|Hillsborough]] and [[Darnall#Meadowhall|Meadowhall]]. Current providers are [[First South Yorkshire]] (the largest operator),[[Stagecoach Yorkshire]], [[TM Travel]], [[Hulleys of Baslow]] and Sheffield Community Transport.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Call-for-action-to-halt.1115892.jp |title=Call for action to halt fall in bus passengers |work=The Star |date=16 August 2005 |access-date=7 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181613/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Call-for-action-to-halt.1115892.jp |archive-date=26 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Next-stop-in-bus-protest.1332988.jp |title=Next stop in bus protest campaign |work=The Star |date=31 January 2006 |access-date=7 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126181647/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Next-stop-in-bus-protest.1332988.jp |archive-date=26 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 

There is also the [[Bus Rapid Transit North]] route between Sheffield and [[Maltby, South Yorkshire|Maltby]] via Rotherham. It was planned as two routes: the Northern route to Rotherham via Meadowhall and [[Templeborough]], and the southern route via the developing employment centre and Waverley.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rothbiz.co.uk/2008/04/news-regional-approval-for-rotherham.html |title=Regional approval for Rotherham / Sheffield transport scheme |publisher=Rotherham Business News |date=7 April 2008 |access-date=8 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126101950/http://www.rothbiz.co.uk/2008/04/news-regional-approval-for-rotherham.html |archive-date=26 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The northern route opened in September 2016; it involved an 800-metre Tinsley Road Link to be built between Meadowhall and the A6178 road.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/16-million-for-yorkshire-bus-services |title=£16 million for Yorkshire bus services |work=Department for Transport |access-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313214317/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/16-million-for-yorkshire-bus-services |archive-date=13 March 2018 |url-status=live}}<br />{{cite web 
|url=http://www.constructionenquirer.com/2013/08/27/carillion-wins-tinsley-link-road-job-with-11m-bid/ |title=Carillion wins Tinsley Link road job with £11m bid |work=Construction Enquirer |access-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313214302/http://www.constructionenquirer.com/2013/08/27/carillion-wins-tinsley-link-road-job-with-11m-bid/ |archive-date=13 March 2018 |url-status=live}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://busandcoach.com/news/articles/2016/steel-link-service-for-new-298million-brt-scheme/ |title=Steel Link service for new £29.8 million BRT scheme |publisher=Bus & Coach Professional |access-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915090535/http://www.busandcoach.com/news/articles/2016/steel-link-service-for-new-298million-brt-scheme/ |archive-date=15 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Yorkshire Terrier (bus company)|Yorkshire Terrier]], Andrews and the parent company [[Yorkshire Traction]] formerly operated in the city and were taken-over by [[Stagecoach Sheffield]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Anger-over-14-per-cent.1975609.jp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912112709/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Anger-over-14-per-cent.1975609.jp |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2012 |title=Anger over 14 per cent bus fare rise |last=Marsden |first=Richard |date=17 January 2007 |work=The Star |access-date=21 July 2009}}</ref> [[Stagecoach Group]] also operates the [[sheffield Supertram|Supertram]] and has an integrated ticketing system with buses and tram.<ref>[http://www.stagecoachbus.com/tickets.aspx?action=&sid=20100826214621-5659&product_id=14&location_id=17&period_filter=any Stagecoach Bus] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611231457/http://www.stagecoachbus.com/tickets.aspx?action=&sid=20100826214621-5659&product_id=14&location_id=17&period_filter=any |date=11 June 2011 }}. Stagecoach Bus. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</ref>

[[Coach (vehicle)|Coach]] services running through Sheffield are operated by [[National Express Coaches|National Express]] and to a lesser extent [[Megabus (Europe)|Megabus]] and [[Flixbus]]. National Express services call at Sheffield Interchange, Meadowhall Interchange and Meadowhead Bus Stop. Megabus and Flixbus services only call at Meadowhall. National Express services 564, 560, 350, 320, 310 and 240 call at Sheffield, as do others on a less frequent basis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalexpress.com/destinations/timetables.cfm |title=Coach Timetables for National Express |date=March 2010 |work=National Express Coaches |publisher=National Express |format=PDF |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516025758/http://www.nationalexpress.com/destinations/timetables.cfm |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 560/564 service is a direct connection to London [[Victoria Coach Station]] via Chesterfield and [[Milton Keynes Coachway|Milton Keynes]], operating 12 times a day in both directions. The 350 and 240 services connect Sheffield to [[Manchester Airport]] and [[Heathrow]]/[[Gatwick]] Airports, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnshowr.asp?RN=NX350B |title=Coach Timetables for National Express 350 service |date=March 2010 |work=Carlberry |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912001805/http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnshowr.asp?RN=NX350B |archive-date=12 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two Megabus services, the M12 and M20, call at Sheffield en route to London from [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] and [[Inverness]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnlistr.asp?O=MEGA |title=List Transport Services |publisher=Carlberry.co.uk |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213302/http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnlistr.asp?O=MEGA |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cycling===
Although hilly, Sheffield is compact and [[cycling in South Yorkshire|cycling in Sheffield]] is growing as a method of transport. It is on the [[Trans-Pennine Trail]], a [[National Cycle Network]] route running from west to east from [[Southport]] in Merseyside to [[Hornsea]] in the [[East Riding of Yorkshire]] and north to south from [[Leeds]] in West Yorkshire to [[Chesterfield, Derbyshire|Chesterfield]] in Derbyshire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transpenninetrail.org.uk/ |title=Welcome to the Trans Pennine Trail – Home Page |publisher=Trans Pennine Trail |access-date=7 August 2009 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516175804/http://www.transpenninetrail.org.uk/ |archive-date=16 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are many cycle routes going along country paths in the woods surrounding the city, and a network of quality cycle tracks and low traffic streets is slowly being developed in the city centre.

===Canal===
[[File:Victoria Quays - Sheffield.jpg|thumb|alt=Victoria Quays, Sheffield Canal |Victoria Quays]]

The [[Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation]] (S&SY) is a system of navigable inland waterways ([[canal]]s and canalised rivers) in Yorkshire and [[Lincolnshire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waterscape.com/canals-and-rivers/sheffield-and-south-yorkshire-navigation/history |title=History of the Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation |work=waterscape |publisher=British Waterways |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803071812/http://www.waterscape.com/canals-and-rivers/sheffield-and-south-yorkshire-navigation/history |archive-date=3 August 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chiefly based on the [[River Don, South Yorkshire|River Don]], it runs for a length of {{cvt|43|mi}} and has 29&nbsp;[[canal lock|locks]]. It connects Sheffield, [[Rotherham]] and [[Doncaster]] with the [[River Trent]] at [[Keadby]] and (via the [[New Junction Canal]]) the [[Aire & Calder Navigation]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Lewis&nbsp;A. |title=Inland Waterways of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |publisher=Read Books |year=2007 |pages=269–273 |chapter=Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation |isbn=978-1-4067-1470-8}}</ref> The terminus of the canal is at [[Victoria Quays]], a redevelopment mixed-used area adjacent to Park Square in Sheffield City Centre.

===Air===
The closest airports are: [[Leeds Bradford Airport|Leeds Bradford]], [[Humberside Airport|Humberside]], [[East Midlands Airport|East Midlands]] (within an hour's drive of the city) and [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]] (hourly direct service by TransPennine Express).

Due to the topographical nature of the city, Sheffield was not served by its own airport. In May 1990, [[Sheffield Development Corporation]] entered into an agreement with A. F. Budge (Mining) Ltd for the construction and operation of the airport and the development of adjacent land. In 1997, [[Sheffield City Airport]] was opened on land close to the M1 and the Sheffield Parkway. The airport was operated on STOLPORT model similar to [[London City Airport]] and operated a limited range of short range business focused flights to destinations in the [[British Isles]] and the [[Netherlands]]. The airport fell into decline with the growth of low cost airlines in the late 1990s and the last scheduled flight took place in 2002. The airport closed and lost its [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] licence in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/our-towns-and-cities/sheffield/retro-the-rise-and-fall-of-sheffield-airport-1-7797521 |title=RETRO: The rise and fall of Sheffield Airport |work=The Star |access-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020223802/https://www.thestar.co.uk/our-towns-and-cities/sheffield/retro-the-rise-and-fall-of-sheffield-airport-1-7797521 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Doncaster Sheffield Airport]] (also known as Robin Hood Airport) then became the closest international airport to Sheffield, located {{cvt|18|mi}} from the city centre. It opened on 28 April 2005 on the former [[RAF Finningley]] site and was served mainly by charter and budget airlines, with about one million passengers a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.robinhoodairport.com/media-centre/background-information.html |title=Robin Hood Airport Background Information |work=Robin Hood Airport website |publisher=Robin Hood Airport |access-date=21 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223125527/http://www.robinhoodairport.com/media-centre/background-information.html |archive-date=23 December 2010}}</ref> Destinations had included the Canary Islands, Balearics, Greece, Turkey, Poland and the Baltic countries with [[TUI Airways]] and [[Wizz Air]] operating from the airport. A link road, called the Great Yorkshire Way, connects Doncaster Sheffield Airport to the M18 motorway, reducing the journey time from Sheffield city centre from 40 to 25 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doncaster.gov.uk/FARRRS |title=Great Yorkshire Way – driving jobs and growth |website=Doncaster Council |access-date=2 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504221115/http://www.doncaster.gov.uk/farrrs |archive-date=4 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The airport closed in 2022. In June 2023 South Yorkshire's mayor [[Oliver Coppard]] handed Doncaster council £3.1&nbsp;million to help the council build a case for legal action in pursuit of a compulsory purchase order, which it believes will cost up to £6.25&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 April 2023 |title=Doncaster Sheffield Airport: Council sets aside money to reopen closed airport |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-65256550 |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 September 2022 |title=Doncaster Sheffield Airport to close despite financial lifeline offer |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-63033676 |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2023 |title=Council launches Doncaster Sheffield Airport investor search |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-66065390 |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Sheffield}}

Within the city of Sheffield there are two universities, 141 primary schools and 28 secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/education/our-schools/find-a-school/schools-list |title=Schools List |access-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718235712/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/education/our-schools/find-a-school/schools-list |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Museums===
[[File:Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield UK.jpg|thumb|[[Kelham Island Museum]] (left). The museum is home to The [[Bessemer converter|Bessemer Converter]], the most important technique for making [[steel]] from the 1850s to the 1950s.]]

Sheffield's museums are managed by two distinct organisations. [[Museums Sheffield]] manages the [[Weston Park Museum]] (a Grade II* listed Building), [[Millennium Galleries]] and [[Graves Art Gallery]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Museums |url=http://www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/museums/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007153402/http://www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/museums/ |archive-date=7 October 2013 |access-date=13 October 2013 |publisher=Museums Sheffield}}</ref> These museums constitute the oldest extant museums in the city, with Graves Art Gallery and Weston Park Museum being gifted to the city by industrialist philanthropists in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Millennium Galleries, being established in the early 2000s, is one of the newest museums and constitutes part of the Heart of the City development, connecting directly to the Winter Garden and Millennium Square. All three museums host a broad range of exhibits which reflect Sheffield's history and numerous other themes, including exhibitions on loan from other major galleries and museums.

[[Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust]] manages the museums dedicated to Sheffield's industrial heritage of which there are three.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust |url=http://www.simt.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821200732/http://www.simt.co.uk/ |archive-date=21 August 2011 |access-date=24 August 2011 |publisher=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust}}</ref> [[Kelham Island Museum]] (located just to the North of the city centre) is located on the site of a 19th-century iron foundry and showcases the city's history of steel manufacturing and includes a range of important historical artifacts, including a preserved [[Bessemer converter|Bessemer Converter]] (which won an Engineering Heritage Award in 2004 from the [[Institution of Mechanical Engineers]]), munitions and mechanical components from WW2 aircraft (Including a crankshaft from a [[Spitfire]] which, during the early stages of the war, could only be produced in Sheffield) and a fully functional 12,000 horsepower steam engine dating to the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.simt.co.uk/kelham-island-museum/about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716120240/http://www.simt.co.uk/kelham-island-museum/about |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=24 August 2011 |publisher=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust}}</ref> The museum is an Anchor Point for the ERIH, [[European Route of Industrial Heritage|The European Route of Industrial Heritage]]. [[Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet]] (in the south of the city) is a Grade I listed building and a [[Scheduled Ancient Monument]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.simt.co.uk/abbeydale-industrial-hamlet/about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716120259/http://www.simt.co.uk/abbeydale-industrial-hamlet/about |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=24 August 2011 |publisher=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust}}</ref> [[Shepherd Wheel]] (in the south-East of the city) is a former water-powered grinding [[workshop]], Grade II listed and a [[Scheduled Ancient Monument]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What to see |url=http://www.simt.co.uk/shepherd-wheel-workshop/what-to-see |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928010147/http://www.simt.co.uk/shepherd-wheel-workshop/what-to-see |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=24 August 2011 |publisher=Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust}}</ref> Also there are [[Sheffield Archives]].

In August 2022 the Yorkshire Natural History Museum opened on Holme Lane in Sheffield. Many of the exhibits come from the collection of James Hogg and feature a collection of Jurassic marine life, such as [[Ammonoidea|ammonites]], [[Belemnitida|belemnites]], [[Plesiosaurus|plesiosaurs]] and [[Ichthyosauria|ichthyosaur]]s, many of which were collected from the Lias of the Yorkshire Coast. The museum has Europe's first publicly accessible fossil preparation and conservation laboratory with ultrasonic preparation facilities, an acid preparation laboratory, 3D scanning, CT scanning and 3D printing.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 August 2022 |title=Sheffield: New natural history museum opens in city |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-62520254 |url-status=live |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813111420/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-62520254 |archive-date=13 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2022 |title=Brand new Natural History Museum opening in Sheffield – The Geological Curators' Group |url=https://www.geocurator.org/news/574-brand-new-natural-history-museum-opening-in-sheffield |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824052948/https://www.geocurator.org/news/574-brand-new-natural-history-museum-opening-in-sheffield |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=geocurator.org}}</ref> On the opening day palaeontologist Dean Lomax examined one of the fossils on display and declared it to be the oldest example of a vertebrate embryo found in Britain and the oldest complete ichthyosaur embryo ever found in Britain.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Mark |date=15 August 2022 |title='The whole embryo was there': expert makes rare find on Sheffield museum opening day |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/aug/15/expert-makes-rare-find-sheffield-museum-opening-day-yorkshire-natural-history-museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815145011/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/aug/15/expert-makes-rare-find-sheffield-museum-opening-day-yorkshire-natural-history-museum |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>

There are also a number of independent museums in the city including the [[National Videogame Museum (United Kingdom)|National Videogame Museum]] and the [[National Emergency Services Museum]], as well as the University of Sheffield's [[Turner Museum of Glass]].

===Universities, colleges and UTCs===
[[File:Sheffield Uni.jpg|thumb|alt=Red brick university building|[[Firth Court]], the administrative and ceremonial centre of the University of Sheffield]]

The city's universities are [[the University of Sheffield]] and Sheffield Hallam University. The two combined bring about 60,000&nbsp;students to the city every year.<ref name="HESA citation">{{HESA citation}}</ref> The University of Sheffield is the city's oldest university. It was established in 1897 as University College Sheffield and gained university status in 1905. Its history traces back to Sheffield Medical School found in 1828, Firth College in 1879 and Sheffield Technical School in 1884. The university is one of the original [[red brick universities]] and is a member of the [[Russell Group]].
[[File:Sheffield City Centre and station.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Sheffield Hallam University city campus seen from South Street Park]]
[[Sheffield Hallam University]] (SHU) is a university on two sites in Sheffield. City Campus is located in the city centre, close to Sheffield railway station, and Collegiate Crescent Campus is about {{cvt|2|mi}} away, adjacent to [[Ecclesall Road]] in south-west Sheffield. Sheffield Hallam University's history goes back to 1843 with the establishment of the Sheffield School of Design. During the 1960s several independent colleges (including the School of Design) joined to become Sheffield Polytechnic (Sheffield City Polytechnic from 1976) and was finally renamed Sheffield Hallam University in 1992.
[[File:Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park.jpg|thumb|[[UTC Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park]] (left) and Sheffield Hallam University (right)]]
Sheffield has three main [[further education]] providers: [[The Sheffield College]], [[Longley Park Sixth Form]] and [[Chapeltown Academy]]. [[The Sheffield College]] is organised on a federal basis and was originally created from the merger of six colleges around the city: Sheffield City (formerly Castle),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffcol.ac.uk/index.cfm?parentid=e69ba9a6-2eff-427f-af5a-2af03712076a |title=Castle College Milestone |date=11 December 2008 |publisher=The Sheffield College |access-date=21 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221093442/http://www.sheffcol.ac.uk/index.cfm?parentid=e69ba9a6-2eff-427f-af5a-2af03712076a |archive-date=21 December 2008}}</ref> Olive Grove and Eyre Street near the city centre, Hillsborough and Fir Vale, serving the north of the city and Peaks to the south.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheffield College – Campuses |url=http://www.sheffcol.ac.uk/campuses |publisher=The Sheffield College |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=26 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826033231/http://www.sheffcol.ac.uk/campuses |url-status=live }}</ref>

Launched by the [[Cameron–Clegg coalition|coalition government]] in 2010, the [[University Technical College]] program was designed to foster greater interest in [[STEM]] subjects amongst students aged 14 to 18. Sheffield currently hosts two UTCs, [[UTC Sheffield City Centre]] and [[UTC Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park]]. All UTCs, including those in Sheffield, are sponsored by the Baker Dearing Educational Trust,<ref name="bakertrust">{{cite web |url=http://www.utcolleges.org/media/15074/a5_flyer.pdf |title=University Technical Colleges |access-date=4 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610031435/http://www.utcolleges.org/media/15074/a5_flyer.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> established by [[Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking|Lord Baker]]. The two UTCs in Sheffield are also sponsored and supported by Sheffield Hallam University. Whilst the UTCs are equivalent to regular secondary schools and sixth forms, their governance structure and curriculum are different, owing to their status as free schools and focusing on STEM, as opposed to a broader curriculum.

===Secondary, primary and nursery===
{{See also|List of schools in Sheffield}}

There are 137&nbsp;primary schools, 26&nbsp;secondary schools—of which 10 have [[sixth form]]s: ([[High Storrs School (Sheffield)|High Storrs]], [[King Ecgbert School|King Ecgberts]], [[King Edward VII School (Sheffield)|King Edward VII]], [[Silverdale School (Sheffield)|Silverdale]], [[Meadowhead School|Meadowhead]], [[Tapton School|Tapton]], [[Notre Dame School (Sheffield)|Notre Dame Catholic High]] and [[All Saints Catholic High School, Sheffield|All Saints Catholic High]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/education/our-schools/school-information#typesofschools |title=School Information |date=7 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724021142/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/education/our-schools/school-information#typesofschools |archive-date=24 July 2009 |publisher=Sheffield City Council}}</ref>)—and a sixth-form college, [[Longley Park Sixth Form]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/education/our-schools/school-information |title=Types and numbers of schools in Sheffield |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609170545/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/education/our-schools/school-information |archive-date=9 June 2009}}</ref> The city's five independent private schools include [[Birkdale School]] and the [[Sheffield High School (South Yorkshire)|Sheffield High School]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isc.co.uk/isc_YorkshireAreaSouth_Sheffield.htm |title=Independent Private Schools in Sheffield |work=Independent Schools Council (ISC) website |publisher=Independent Schools Council |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616091505/http://www.isc.co.uk/isc_YorkshireAreaSouth_Sheffield.htm |archive-date=16 June 2009}}</ref> There are also 12 special schools and a number of Integrated Resource Units in mainstream schools which are, along with all other schools, managed by Sheffield City Council.<ref name="sheffield2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/education/our-schools/school-information#typesofschools|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724021142/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/education/our-schools/school-information#typesofschools|url-status=dead|title=School Information|first=Sue|last=Nelson|date=7 July 2009|archivedate=24 July 2009|website=www.sheffield.gov.uk|accessdate=25 February 2025}}</ref> All schools are non-selective, mixed sex schools (apart from [[Sheffield High School, South Yorkshire|Sheffield High School]] and Al-Mahad Al-Islami, both all-girls schools).<ref name="sheffield2010"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Al-Mahad Al-Islami – GOV.UK |url=https://www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/131122 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=get-information-schools.service.gov.uk }}</ref> The Early Years Education and Childcare Service of Sheffield City Council manages 32 nurseries and children's centres in the city.<ref name="sheffield2010"/>

==Religion==
Sheffield is home to a centre of multicultural events, institutions, and places of worship. Some of the city's most notable buildings include its main [[Church of England]] [[Diocese of Sheffield]]'s [[Sheffield Cathedral|cathedral]] on Church Street and the [[Roman Catholic]] [[Diocese of Hallam]]'s [[Cathedral Church of St Marie, Sheffield|cathedral]] on Norfolk Row.

The city also has other churches including [[St Vincent's Church, Sheffield|St Vincent's Church]], [[St Matthew's Church, Sheffield|St Matthew's Church]], [[St Paul's Church, Wordsworth Avenue|St Paul's Church]], [[St Paul's Church and Centre, Norton Lees, Sheffield|St Paul's Church and Centre]], [[Victoria Hall, Sheffield|Victoria Hall]] and [[Christ Church, Fulwood, Sheffield|Christ Church]]. Other places of worship include the [[Madina Mosque (Sheffield)|Madina Mosque]], [[Sheffield & District Reform Jewish Congregation]] and Kingfield Synagogue.
{{gallery
|File:Sheffield Cathedral (28056214926).jpg|[[Sheffield Cathedral]], one of the oldest churches in the city and the mother church of the [[Diocese of Sheffield]]
|File:St Marie Sheffield 2017.jpg|[[Cathedral Church of St Marie, Sheffield|Sheffield St Marie Cathedral]]
|File:Sheffield's Madina Masjid Mosque - geograph.org.uk - 3711733.jpg|[[Madina Mosque (Sheffield)|Madina Mosque]]}}

==Sport==
{{Main|Sport in Sheffield}}

===Football===
[[File:Bramall Lane End.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bramall Lane]], the home of [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]], is close to the city centre.]] [[File:Hillsborough Stadium interior.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hillsborough Stadium|Hillsborough]], the home of [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]], is the city's largest stadium with a capacity of just under 40,000.]]
Sheffield has a long sporting heritage, and the city claims to be the birthplace of professional [[association football]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Rory |date=14 February 2024 |title=An English City Gave Soccer to the World. Now It Wants Credit. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/14/world/europe/sheffield-england-football-soccer.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=The New York Times |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1857 a collective of [[cricket]]ers formed the world's first-ever official football club, [[Sheffield F.C.]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/7060059.stm |title=Stars mark team's 150th birthday |date=24 November 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107182211/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/7060059.stm |archive-date=7 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the world's second-ever, [[Hallam F.C.]], who also play at the [[Sandygate Road|world's oldest football ground]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/worlds-oldest-football-ground-sheffield-secures-protected-status-437953 |work=The Star |title=World's oldest football ground in Sheffield secures protected status |date=4 February 2018 |access-date=1 June 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807060306/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/worlds-oldest-football-ground-sheffield-secures-protected-status-437953 |url-status=live }}</ref> in the suburb of [[Crosspool]]. Sheffield and Hallam are today Sheffield's two major non-league sides, although Sheffield now play just outside the city in nearby [[Dronfield]], Derbyshire. Sheffield and Hallam contest what has become known as the Sheffield derby. By 1860 there were 15&nbsp;football clubs in Sheffield, with the first ever amateur league and cup competitions taking place in the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Adrian |title=Football: the first hundred years: the untold story |url=https://archive.org/details/footballfirsthun00harv |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/footballfirsthun00harv/page/n116 92]–125 |chapter=Britain's first football culture—Sheffield 1857–67 |isbn=0-415-35019-0}}</ref>

Sheffield is best known for its two professional football teams, [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]], nicknamed ''The Blades'', and [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]], nicknamed [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.#Nickname|''The Owls'']]. United, who play at [[Bramall Lane]] south of the city centre and Wednesday, who play at [[Hillsborough Stadium|Hillsborough]] in the north-west of the city, both compete in the [[EFL Championship]] for the [[2024–25 EFL Championship|2024–25 season]]. The two clubs contest the [[Steel City Derby]], which is considered by many to be one of the most fierce football rivalries in English Football.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 20 fiercest rivalries in English Football |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/picturegalleries/11197636/The-20-fiercest-rivalries-in-English-football-by-Jonathan-Liew.html?frame=3090046 |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |access-date=7 August 2015 |location=London |date=11 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814202727/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/picturegalleries/11197636/The-20-fiercest-rivalries-in-English-football-by-Jonathan-Liew.html?frame=3090046 |archive-date=14 August 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the pre-war era, both Wednesday and United enjoyed large amounts of success and found themselves two of the country's top clubs; Sheffield Wednesday have been champions of the Football League four times—in [[1902–03 Football League|1902–03]], [[1903-04 Football League|1903–04]], [[1928-29 Football League|1928–29]] and [[1929-30 Football League|1929–30]], whilst Sheffield United have won it once, in [[1897-98 Football League|1897–98]]. During the 1970s and early 1980s the two sides fell from grace, with Wednesday finding themselves in the [[Football League Third Division|Third Division]] by the mid-70s and United as far as the [[Football League Fourth Division|Fourth Division]] in [[1980-81 in English football|1981]]. Wednesday once again became one of England's high-flying clubs following promotion back to the [[Football League First Division|First Division]] in [[1983-84 in English football|1984]], winning the [[1991 Football League Cup Final|League Cup in 1991]], competing in the [[1992–93 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup in 1992–93]], and reaching the final of both the [[1993 Football League Cup Final|League Cup]] and [[1993 FA Cup Final|FA Cup]] in the [[1992-93 in English football|same season]].

United and Wednesday were both founding members of the [[Premier League|FA Premier League]] in 1992, but The Blades were relegated in [[1993-94 in English football|1994]]. The Owls remained until [[1999-00 in English football|2000]]. Both clubs had gone into decline in the 21st century, Wednesday twice relegated to [[Football League One|League One]] and United suffering the same fate in [[2010-11 in English football|2011]], despite a brief spell in the Premier League in [[2006-07 in English football|2006–07]]. United was promoted to the Premier League in 2019 under manager, and Sheffield United Fan, Chris Wilder. Despite being written off by most football pundits, and declared favourites for relegation from the Premier League, United exceeded expectations and finished in the top half of the table in the 2019–20 season. In the 2020–21 season, United sat at the bottom of the Premier League table by the conclusion of the season and were relegated.

Sheffield was the site of the deadliest sports venue disaster in the United Kingdom, the [[Hillsborough disaster]] in 1989, when 97 [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] supporters were killed in a stampede and crush during an [[FA Cup]] semi-final at the venue.

[[Rotherham United F.C.|Rotherham United]], who play in the Championship, did play their home games in the city between 2008 and 2012, having moved to play at Sheffield's [[Don Valley Stadium]] in 2008 following a dispute with their previous landlord at their traditional home ground of [[Millmoor]], Rotherham. However, in July 2012, the club moved to the new 12,000 seat [[New York Stadium]] in Rotherham. There are also facilities for golf, [[climbing]] and bowling, as well as a newly inaugurated national ice-skating arena ([[IceSheffield]]).

===Rugby===
[[File:Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park (overview).jpg|thumb|[[Olympic Legacy Park|Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park]], home of the [[Sheffield Eagles]]]]
[[Sheffield Eagles]] RLFC are the city's professional [[rugby league]] team and play their matches at [[Sheffield Olympic Legacy Stadium]]. They currently play in the second tier of the professional league, the [[Co-operative Championship|Championship]] and won back to back titles in 2012 and 2013. Their most successful moment came in 1998, when, against all the odds they defeated [[Wigan Warriors|Wigan]] in the Challenge Cup final, despite being huge underdogs. The team then hit troubled times before reforming in 2003. Since then they have played their rugby in the Championship (second tier). In 2011, they made the playoffs finishing in fifth place. They made the Grand Final, by defeating [[Leigh Centurions|Leigh]], who were huge favourites in a playoff semi final. In the final, they were comprehensively beaten by [[Featherstone Rovers]]. Sheffield also put in a bid to be a host city for the [[2013 Rugby League World Cup]], but their bid was unsuccessful.

===Other Sports===
Sheffield has a number of [[field hockey]] clubs that compete in the [[Men's England Hockey League]], the [[Women's England Hockey League]], the [[North Hockey Association|North Hockey League]], the [[Yorkshire Hockey Association|Yorkshire Hockey Association League]] and the [[British Universities and Colleges Sport|BUCS leagues]]. These include [[Sheffield Hockey Club]] (partnered with [[Sheffield Hallam University]]), [[Sheffield University Bankers Hockey Club]] and [[University of Sheffield]] Hockey Club.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffieldhockeyclub.com/|title=Sheffield Hockey Club |access-date=25 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/clubs/sheffield-hc/teams|title=England Hockey – Sheffield HC|access-date=25 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/clubs/sheffield-university-bankers-hc|title=England Hockey – Sheffield University Bankers HC|access-date=25 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.subhc.co.uk/|title=Sheffield Bankers Hockey Club |access-date=25 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://su.sheffield.ac.uk/activities/view/mens-hockey|title=Sheffield Student Union – Clubs & Societies|access-date=25 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://su.sheffield.ac.uk/activities/view/womens-hockey?activity=437
|title=Sheffield Student Union – Clubs & Societies|access-date=25 September 2024 }}</ref>

[[Sheffield Sharks]] are a professional basketball team established in 1991 who play in the [[Super League Basketball]] at the [[Park Community Arena]].

[[Sheffield Giants]] are an [[American football]] team who play in the [[BAFA National Leagues]] Premier Division, the highest level of British American Football.

[[File:IceSheffield.jpg|thumb|iceSheffield]]

Sheffield is home to the [[Sheffield Steelers]] professional ice hockey team who play out of the 9.300 seater [[Sheffield Arena]] and are known as one of the top teams in the UK, regularly selling out the arena. They have the 28th highest average attendance rating in Europe, and the highest in the UK. They play in the 10 team professional [[Elite Ice Hockey League]]. Sheffield is also home to the semi-professional ice hockey team Sheffield Steeldogs who play in the NIHL.

The Sheffield Ice Hockey Academy also are based in Sheffield, and play out of [[IceSheffield]], competing in the EIHA Junior North Leagues and have had one player, [[Liam Kirk (ice hockey)|Liam Kirk]], become the first born and trained British player to be drafted into the NHL, when he was drafted in the [[NHL entry draft]] 189th overall in 2018 by the [[Arizona Coyotes]]. The [[National Hockey League]]'s [[Stanley Cup]] was made in Sheffield in 1892. Sheffield is also home to the [[Sheffield Steel Rollergirls]], a roller derby team.

===Facilities and events===
[[File:English Institute of Sport Sheffield.png|thumb|right|alt=A Modern sporting facility. The building is roughly rectangular in shape and is quite modern, with a wooden clad design. It is surrounded by greenery and has several tall, white spikes on its roof.|English Institute of Sport, Sheffield]]
[[File:Sheffield Skyline from Park Hill.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A large sports centre situated in Sheffield City Centre|[[Ponds Forge]] (bottom left) with Sheffield City Centre behind and Park Square in the bottom right]]

Many of Sheffield's sporting facilities were built for the [[Universiade|World Student Games]], which the city hosted in 1991, including Sheffield Arena and the [[Ponds Forge]] international diving and swimming complex. Ponds Forge is also the home of Sheffield City Swimming Club, a local swimming club competing in the [[Speedo]] league. The former [[Don Valley Stadium|Don Valley International Athletics Stadium]], once the largest athletics stadium in the UK, was also constructed for the Universiade games.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=sheffield&country=uk |title=Sheffield: Don Valley Stadium |last=Grose |first=Tim |year=2003 |work=UK Running Track Directory |publisher=Tim Grose |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420013908/http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=sheffield&country=uk |archive-date=20 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the closure and demolition of Don Valley Stadium in 2013, The Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park was established and constructed on the same site, adjacent to the English Institute for Sport. The park is designed to a collaborative project with input from numerous stakeholders including both universities in Sheffield, the English Institute of Sport Sheffield, the NHS and private medical companies.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web |url=http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/business/developments/olympic-legacy-park |title=Welcome to Sheffield &#124; Olympic Legacy Park |website=welcometosheffield.co.uk |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029141951/http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/business/developments/olympic-legacy-park |url-status=live }}</ref> A key part of this collaboration is Sheffield Hallam University's £14&nbsp;million Advanced Well-being Research Centre (AWRC), which was established along similar lines to the University of Sheffield's [[Advanced Manufacturing Park|Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre]]'s (AMRC's).<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The site also includes teaching facilities, a stadium and research & innovation facilities.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

The [[Sheffield Ski Village]] was the largest artificial [[ski]] resort in Europe, before being destroyed in a series of suspected arson attacks in 2012 and 2013. The city also has six indoor climbing centres and is home to a significant community of professional climbers, including Britain's most successful competitive climber [[Shauna Coxsey]]. Sheffield was the UK's first National City of Sport and is now home to the [[English Institute of Sport – Sheffield]], where British athletes trained for the 2012 Olympics.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Party-time-as-EIS-celebrates.4823062.jp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918140540/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/Party-time-as-EIS-celebrates.4823062.jp |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2012 |title=Party time as EIS celebrates five years |last=Fielder |first=Nancy |date=27 December 2008 |work=The Star |access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref>

Sheffield also has close ties with [[snooker]], with the city's [[Crucible Theatre]] being the venue for the [[World Snooker Championship]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/8022313.stm |title=World Snooker to stay at Crucible |date=28 April 2009 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503120957/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/snooker/8022313.stm |archive-date=3 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The English Institute of Sport hosts most of the top fencing competitions each year, including the National Championships for Seniors, Juniors (U20's) and Cadets (U17's) as well as the 2011 Senior European Fencing Championships. The English [[Squash (sport)|squash]] open is also held in the city every year. The International Open and World Matchplay Championship [[bowls]] tournaments have both been held at [[Ponds Forge]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbowlstour.com/tournaments/ |title=Tournament Archive |work=World Bowls Tour website |publisher=World Bowls Tour |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108154204/http://www.worldbowlstour.com/tournaments/ |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city also hosts the [[Sheffield Tigers RUFC|Sheffield Tigers]] rugby union, [[Sheffield Sharks]], American Football team the [[Sheffield Giants]], basketball, [[Sheffield University Bankers Hockey Club|Sheffield University Bankers]] hockey, [[Sheffield Steelers]] ice hockey and [[Sheffield Tigers (Speedway)|Sheffield Tigers]] speedway teams. Sheffield also has many golf courses all around the city.

Sheffield was selected as a candidate host city by the [[The FA|Football Association (FA)]] as part of the [[English 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bid]] on 16 December 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.england2018bid.com/news/158/candidate-host-cities-revealed.aspx |title=Candidate host cities revealed |publisher=england2018bid.com |access-date=17 December 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830193632/http://www.england2018bid.com/news/158/candidate-host-cities-revealed.aspx |archive-date=30 August 2010}}</ref> [[Hillsborough Stadium]] was chosen as the proposed venue for matches in Sheffield.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/8414235.stm |title=Milton Keynes chosen for England's 2018 World Cup bid |work=BBC Sport|access-date=16 December 2009 |date=16 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217032444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/8414235.stm |archive-date=17 December 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The bid failed.

Sheffield hosted the finish of Stage 2 of the [[2014 Tour de France]]. Within the City limits and located just {{cvt|4|km|mi}} from the finish, was the ninth and final climb of the stage, the Category 4 Côte de Jenkin Road. The one point in the [[King of the Mountains]] competition was claimed by [[Chris Froome]] of [[Team Sky]]. The climb was just {{cvt|0.8|km|mi|1}} long at an average gradient of 10.8%. The stage was won by the eventual overall winner, [[Vincenzo Nibali]] of [[Astana Pro Team]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.letour.com/le-tour/2014/us/stage-2.html |title=Tour de France Stage 1 |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725103415/http://www.letour.com/le-tour/2014/us/stage-2.html |archive-date=25 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[IceSheffield]], an Ice Rink with 2 [[Ice hockey rink|Olympic sized rinks]], was opened in May 2003, and is home to the Sheffield Steeldogs, Sheffield Ice Hockey Academy, and Sutton Sting amongst other teams. It is the host to the yearly EIHA Conference Tournament, EIHA Nationals, and Sheffield Junior Tournament.

The [[Sheffield Half Marathon]] is held annually.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asda Foundation Sheffield Half Marathon – 28th March 2021 |url=https://www.runforall.com/events/half-marathon/sheffield-half-marathon/ |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=Run For All |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228184149/https://www.runforall.com/events/half-marathon/sheffield-half-marathon/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It has thousands of participants every year.

==Landmarks and parks==
{{Main|List of tourist attractions in Sheffield}}
[[Weston Park Museum]] is a museum telling the stories of Sheffield and its people. The museum was originally opened in 1875.<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Sheffield Museums |title=Western Park Museum |url=https://www.sheffieldmuseums.org.uk/visit-us/weston-park-museum/ |access-date= 28 May 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Weston Park Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Weston Park Museum]]]]

[[File:Bishops House 2011.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bishops' House]]]]

[[Bishops' House]] was built in 1500 and is a [[Listed Building|Grade II listed building]] which is now a museum.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harman |first1=R. |last2=Minnis |first2=J. |year=2004 |title=Pevsner City Guides: Sheffield |page=242 |publisher=New Haven & London: Yale University Press |isbn= 0-300-10585-1 <!--|access-date= 28 May 2023-->}}</ref>

The [[Sheffield Legends|Sheffield Walk of Fame]] in the City Centre honours famous Sheffield residents past and present in a similar way to the Hollywood version.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130114033746/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/City-legends-honoured-by-walk.1400516.jp City legends honoured by walk of fame – News]. ''The Star''. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</ref> Sheffield also had its own Ferris Wheel known as the [[Wheel of Sheffield]], located atop Fargate shopping precinct. The Wheel was dismantled in October 2010 and moved to London's Hyde Park.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-11409368 |work=BBC News |title=Giant Sheffield wheel to leave city three months early |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830045636/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-11409368 |archive-date=30 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Heeley City Farm and [[Graves Park]] are home to Sheffield's two farm animal collections, both of which are fully open to the public.<ref>[http://www.heeleyfarm.org.uk/ Home | Heeley City Farm] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722085329/http://www.heeleyfarm.org.uk/ |date=22 July 2009 }}. Heeleyfarm.org.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.gravesparksheffield.info/ Graves Park Sheffield] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804040610/http://www.gravesparksheffield.info/ |date=4 August 2010 }}. Gravesparksheffield.info. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</ref> Sheffield also has its own zoo; the Tropical Butterfly House, Wildlife & Falconry Centre.<ref>[http://www.butterflyhouse.co.uk/ Home | Tropical Butterfly House] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125055522/http://www.butterflyhouse.co.uk/ |date=25 January 2018 }}. butterflyhouse.co.uk. Retrieved 17 January 2018.</ref>

There are about [[Listed buildings in Sheffield|1,100&nbsp;listed buildings in Sheffield]] (including the whole of the [[S postcode area|Sheffield postal district]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/planning-and-city-development/urban-design--conservation/listed-buildings |title=Listed Buildings |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=16 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724035620/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/planning-and-city-development/urban-design--conservation/listed-buildings |archive-date=24 July 2010}}</ref> Of these, only five are Grade I listed. Sixty-seven are Grade II*, but the overwhelming majority are listed as Grade II.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/advanced-search?searchType=nhleadvancedsearch |title=The List – Advanced Search |publisher=Historic England |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721172942/https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/advanced-search?searchType=nhleadvancedsearch |archive-date=21 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Compared to other English cities, Sheffield has few buildings with the highest Grade I listing: [[Liverpool]], for example, has [[Listed buildings in Liverpool|26 Grade I listed building]]s. This situation led the noted architecture historian [[Nikolaus Pevsner]], writing in 1959, to comment that the city was "architecturally a miserable disappointment", with no pre-19th-century buildings of any distinction.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harman |first1=R. |last2=Minnis |first2=J. |title=Pevsner City Guides: Sheffield |publisher=Yale University Press |page=3 |isbn=0-300-10585-1 |year=2004}}</ref> By contrast, in November 2007, Sheffield's Peace and Winter Gardens beat London's South Bank to gain the [[Royal Institute of British Architects]]' Academy of Urbanism "Great Place" Award, as an "outstanding example of how cities can be improved, to make urban spaces as attractive and accessible as possible".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/nov/10/architecture.arts |title=Sheffield honoured |date=10 November 2007 |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |access-date=21 June 2009 |first=Duncan |last=Campbell |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304220932/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/nov/10/architecture.arts |archive-date=4 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the summer of 2016 a public art event across the city occurred called the [[Herd of Sheffield]] which raised £410,000 for the [[Sheffield Children's Hospital]].<ref name="herd">{{cite news |title="Herd of Sheffield" elephants stampede into city |work=BBC News |date=11 July 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-36763742 |access-date=20 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009080341/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-36763742 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Greenspace===
[[File:Sheffield_Botanical_Gardens.jpg|thumb|[[Sheffield Botanical Gardens]]]]
Sheffield has a reputed 4.5&nbsp;million trees<ref name="GEO_treecount"/> and is considered to be one of the greenest cities in England and the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands |title=Trees & Woodlands in Sheffield |publisher=Sheffield City Council |date=January 2010 |access-date=4 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910010402/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands |archive-date=10 September 2006}}</ref><ref name="The four best UK cities for green space"/> There are many parks and woods throughout the city and beyond. Containing more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens, there are around 78 public parks and 10 public gardens in Sheffield,<ref name="sheffgeog"/> including 83 managed parks (13 'City' Parks, 20 'District' Parks and 50 'Local' Parks) located throughout the city.<ref name="About the Parks & Countryside Service">{{cite web |title=About the Parks & Countryside Service |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/home/parks-sport-recreation/parks-countryside-service.html |website=Sheffield City Council |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232600/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/home/parks-sport-recreation/parks-countryside-service.html |archive-date=25 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Included in the city parks category are 3 of Sheffield's 6 public gardens (the [[Sheffield Botanical Gardens]], the [[Peace Gardens]] and Hillsborough Walled Gardens, with the [[Sheffield Winter Gardens]], [[Beauchief Gardens]] and Lynwood Gardens being the separate entities).

The Sheffield Botanical Gardens are on a 19-acre site located to the south-west of the city centre and date back to 1836. The site includes a large, Grade II listed, Victorian era [[Greenhouse|glasshouse]]. The Peace Gardens, neighboured next to the [[Sheffield Town Hall|Town Hall]] and forming part of the Heart of the City project, occupy a {{cvt|0.67|hectare||}} site in the centre of the city. The site is dominated by its water features, principal among which is the Goodwin Fountain. Made up of 89 individual jets of water, this fountain lies at the corner of the quarter-circle shaped Peace Gardens and is named after [[Stuart Goodwin]], a notable Sheffield industrialist. Since their redevelopment in 1998, the Peace gardens have received a number of regional and national accolades.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/gardens/the-peace-gardens/peace-gardens-awards |title=Sheffield City Council – Peace Gardens Awards |publisher=Sheffield.gov.uk |date=4 April 2012 |access-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002158/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/gardens/the-peace-gardens/peace-gardens-awards |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> Hillsborough Walled Garden is located in [[Hillsborough Park]], to the north-west of the city centre. The gardens date back to 1779 and have been dedicated to the victims of the [[Hillsborough Disaster]] since the redevelopment of the gardens in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hillsborough Walled Garden at Hillsborough Park |url=http://www.sheffield.visitor-centre.co.uk/thedms.aspx?dms=3&feature=2&venue=2164052 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218090847/http://www.sheffield.visitor-centre.co.uk/thedms.aspx?dms=3&feature=2&venue=2164052 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2018 |website=sheffield.visitor-centre.co.uk |access-date=17 February 2018}}</ref> [[Sheffield Winter Garden|The Winter Garden]], lying within the [[Heart of the City (development)|Heart of the City]], is a large wood framed, glass skinned [[greenhouse]] housing some 2,500 plants from around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/gardens/the-winter-garden |title=Sheffield City Council – The Winter Garden |publisher=Sheffield.gov.uk |date=2 July 2012 |access-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005021615/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/gardens/the-winter-garden |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>

Also within the city there are a number of [[nature reserves]] which when combined occupy {{cvt|1600|acre|km2}} of land.<ref name="sheffield1">{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands/about-the-trees--woodlands-section |title=Sheffield City Council – About Us – Woodlands and Countryside Section |publisher=Sheffield.gov.uk |date=2 May 2013 |access-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005043344/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands/about-the-trees--woodlands-section |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> There are also 170 [[woodland]] areas within the city, 80 of which are classed as ancient.<ref name="sheffield1"/>

The south-west boundary of the city overlaps with the [[Peak District|Peak District National Park]], the first national park in England (est. 1951).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/79241/factsheet1-peakdistrictnationalpark.pdf |title=Peak district fact sheet |access-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511202314/http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/79241/factsheet1-peakdistrictnationalpark.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> As a consequence, several communities actually reside within both entities. The Peak District is home to many notable, natural, features and also human-made features such as [[Chatsworth House]], the setting for the BBC series ''[[Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)|Pride and Prejudice]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chatsworth.org/visiting/filming-at-chatsworth/pride-and-prejudice |title=Pride and Prejudice |publisher=Chatsworth |access-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014172351/http://www.chatsworth.org/visiting/filming-at-chatsworth/pride-and-prejudice |archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref>

[[Sheffield City Council]] has created a new chain of parks spanning the hillside behind [[Sheffield Station]]. The park, known as Sheaf Valley Park, has an open-air amphitheatre and will include an arboretum.<ref name="sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk">{{cite news |url=http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/local/medieval_deer_park_set_for_greener_future_1_1607808 |title=Medieval deer park set for greener future |newspaper=Sheffield Telegraph |date=23 September 2010 |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215435/http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/local/medieval_deer_park_set_for_greener_future_1_1607808 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The site was once home to a medieval deer park, latterly owned by the [[Norfolk Heritage Park|Duke of Norfolk]].<ref name="sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk"/>

===Theatres===
[[File:Sheffield Theatres.jpg|thumb|The [[Crucible Theatre]] (centre) and Lyceum Theatre (right)]]
Sheffield has two large theatres, the [[Lyceum Theatre (Sheffield)|Lyceum Theatre]] and the [[Crucible Theatre]], which together with the smaller [[Studio Theatre (Sheffield)|Studio Theatre]] make up the largest theatre complex outside London, located in [[Tudor Square]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldtheatres.co.uk/creativedevelopmentprogramme/corporate_learning.asp |title=Sheffield Theatres Education : Corporate Learning |access-date=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927224100/http://www.sheffieldtheatres.co.uk/creativedevelopmentprogramme/corporate_learning.asp |archive-date=27 September 2011 |publisher=Sheffield Theatres}}</ref> The Crucible Theatre, a grade II listed building, is the home (since 1977) of the [[World Snooker Championships]], which sees most of Tudor Square and the adjoining Winter Garden used for side events, and hosts many well-known stage productions throughout the year from local, national and international performance groups. The theatre was awarded the Barclays 'Theatre of the Year Award' in 2001. Between 2007 and 2009, the theatre underwent a £15&nbsp;million refurbishment during which time major internal and external improvements were carried out. The Lyceum, which opened in 1897, serves as a venue for touring [[West End theatre|West End productions]] and operas by [[Opera North]], as well as locally produced shows. Sheffield also has the Montgomery Theatre, a small 420 seater theatre located a short distance from Tudor Square, opposite the town hall on Surrey Street.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.montgomerytheatre.org.uk/ |title=Home &#124; The Montgomery |publisher=Montgomerytheatre.org.uk |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102024544/http://www.montgomerytheatre.org.uk/ |archive-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are also a large number of smaller amateur theatres scattered throughout the city.

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Sheffield}}
{{see also|List of people from Sheffield}}
Sheffield made the shortlist for the first city to be designated [[UK City of Culture]], but in July 2010 it was announced that [[Derry]] had been selected.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-10653989 |title=Londonderry named the UK City of Culture |work=BBC News |date=15 July 2010 |access-date=7 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910160818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-10653989 |archive-date=10 September 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!--Expand === Food ===-->
Sheffield has a number of [[pubs]] throughout the city. West Street, running through the heart of the [[West End, Sheffield|West End]] district of the city centre, is home to pubs, bars and clubs and attracts student visitors. Recent additions to the city's leisure scene include [[Leopold Square]], situated just off the northern end of West Street and [[Millennium Square, Sheffield|Millennium Square]], which are home to several restaurants offering international cuisine. Aagrah, an Indian restaurant in the square which serves [[Kashmiri cuisine]], was prior to 2014 voted "Best Restaurant Group in the UK" at the [[British Curry Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheffield Restaurants & Bars – Leopold Square |url=http://www.leopoldsquare.com/sheffield-restaurants#aagrah |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005005617/http://www.leopoldsquare.com/sheffield-restaurants#aagrah |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=3 October 2013 |publisher=Leopoldsquare.com}}</ref>

<!--Expand === Nightlife ===-->
Sheffield was once home to a number of historically important nightclubs in the early dance music scene of the 1980s and 1990s, [[Gatecrasher|Gatecrasher One]] was one of the most popular clubs in the North of England until its destruction by fire on 18 June 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/6765331.stm |title=Nightclub collapses in city fire |date=18 June 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212164356/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/6765331.stm |archive-date=12 December 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!--expand ===Literature and poetry===-->
Sheffield has a thriving poetry and spoken word scene: from Wordlife's events across the city to the sustained work of Sheffield Authors; from the vibrant monthly arts night, Verse Matters, at the Moor Theatre Deli to the longstanding work of The Poetry Business, there are always opportunities for new and experienced writers to get writing and to share their work.

<!--expand ===Dance===-->
The city is home to thirteen [[morris dance]] teams—thought to be one of the highest concentration of sides in the country. Nearly all forms of the dance are represented in the city, including [[Cotswold morris|Cotswold]] (Five Rivers Morris,<ref>{{cite web |title=Five Rivers Morris |url=http://www.fiveriversmorris.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910040138/http://www.fiveriversmorris.org.uk/ |archive-date=10 September 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=fiveriversmorris.org.uk}}</ref> Pecsaetan Morris,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pecsaetan Morris {{!}} The home of Pecsaetan Morris |url=http://www.pecsaetan.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223173311/http://www.pecsaetan.co.uk/ |archive-date=23 December 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=pecsaetan.co.uk}}</ref> Harthill Morris,<ref>{{cite web |title=Harthill Morris – Cotswold Morris dancers from the most Southerly village in Yorkshire |url=http://harthillmorris.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915120356/http://harthillmorris.org.uk/ |archive-date=15 September 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=harthillmorris.org.uk}}</ref> Lord Conyer's Morris Men,<ref>{{cite web |title=Lord Conyers |url=http://www.lordconyers.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407210007/http://www.lordconyers.org.uk/ |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=lordconyers.org.uk}}</ref> Sheffield City Morris,<ref>{{cite web |title=SCMM |url=http://www.scmm.co.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701110900/http://www.scmm.co.uk/ |archive-date=1 July 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=scmm.co.uk}}</ref> William Morris<ref>{{cite web |title=William Morris Sheffield {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/WilliamMorrisSheffield |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824052947/https://www.facebook.com/WilliamMorrisSheffield |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>), [[Border Morris|border]] (Boggart's Breakfast<ref>{{cite web |title=Boggart's Breakfast |url=http://www.boggartsbreakfast.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518175834/http://www.boggartsbreakfast.org.uk/ |archive-date=18 May 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=boggartsbreakfast.org.uk}}</ref>), [[North West morris|North West]] (Yorkshire Chandelier,<ref>{{cite web |title=Yorkshire Chandelier |url=http://www.yorkshirechandelier.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013224317/http://www.yorkshirechandelier.org.uk/ |archive-date=13 October 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=yorkshirechandelier.org.uk}}</ref> Silkstone Greens,<ref>{{cite web |title=Silkstone Greens North West Morris {{!}} Si in dubitatio, circum mamille |url=http://www.silkstonegreens.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914060003/http://www.silkstonegreens.org.uk/ |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=silkstonegreens.org.uk}}</ref> Lizzie Dripping<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.lizziedripping.org.uk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911163012/http://www.lizziedripping.org.uk/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=lizziedripping.org.uk}}</ref>), [[Rapper dance|rapper]] (Sheffield Steel Rapper<ref>{{cite web |title="It's like being in a room full of slayers!" |url=http://sheffieldsteelrapper.org.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917035333/http://sheffieldsteelrapper.org.uk/ |archive-date=17 September 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=Sheffield Steel Rapper }}</ref>) and [[Long Sword dance|Longsword]].

<!--expand ===Feativals=== (non-music)-->
Sheffield hosts a number of festivals, including the [[Festival of Debate]], the Grin Up North Sheffield Comedy Festival,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldcomedyfestival.com/ |title=Grin Up North – The Sheffield Comedy Festival |work=Grin Up North |publisher=Sheffield Comedy Festival |access-date=8 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228111952/http://www.sheffieldcomedyfestival.com/ |archive-date=28 February 2010}}</ref> the [[Sensoria Music & Film Festival]] and the [[Tramlines Festival]].

===Music===
{{See also|List of musicians from Sheffield}}
The Tramlines Festival was launched as an annual music festival in 2009,<ref>{{cite news |last=Dunn |first=David |title=Sheffield's 'Urban Glastonbury' is on the right lines |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/video/Sheffield39s-39Urban-Glastonbury39-is-on.5495682.jp |access-date=12 August 2010 |newspaper=The Star |date=27 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030030545/http://www.thestar.co.uk/video/Sheffield39s-39Urban-Glastonbury39-is-on.5495682.jp |archive-date=30 October 2014}}</ref> it is held at Hillsborough Park (the main stage) and at venues throughout [[Sheffield City Centre]], and features local and national artists.<ref name="tramlines">{{cite web |url=http://www.tramlines.org.uk/ |title=Tramlines Festival |work=Tramlines |access-date=7 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722094502/http://www.tramlines.org.uk/ |archive-date=22 July 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Musical acts originating in Sheffield include [[Joe Cocker]], [[Ace (band)|Ace]], [[Def Leppard]], [[Paul Carrack]], [[Arctic Monkeys]], [[Bring Me the Horizon]], [[65daysofstatic]], [[Rolo Tomassi]], [[While She Sleeps]], [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]] and [[Moloko]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/music/item_anUWk1M3eGoAmVHmRStw2K |title=Pub Pals: Arctic Monkeys Take Their Sheffield Local Wherever They Go |last=Huhn |first=Mary |date=13 May 2007 |work=[[New York Post]] |publisher=NYP Holdings, Inc. |access-date=15 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019124441/http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/music/item_anUWk1M3eGoAmVHmRStw2K |archive-date=19 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/jun/08/pulp-jarvis-cocker-martin-scorsese-sheffield-doc-fest |title=Pulp to Scorsese: down-to-earth Sheffield Doc/Fest reaches for the stars |first=Helen |last=Pidd |work=The Guardian |date=8 June 2014 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226131738/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/jun/08/pulp-jarvis-cocker-martin-scorsese-sheffield-doc-fest |archive-date=26 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Pete |last=Frame |year=1999 |title=Pete Frame's Rockin' Around Britain: Rock'n'roll Landmarks of the UK and Ireland |page=211 |publisher=Music Sales Group}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.24dash.com/news/Local_Government/2007-12-10-Joe-Cocker-to-join-Sheffields-hall-of-fame |title=Joe Cocker to join Sheffield's 'hall of fame' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626131650/http://www.24dash.com/news/Local_Government/2007-12-10-Joe-Cocker-to-join-Sheffields-hall-of-fame |archive-date=26 June 2015 |publisher=Local Government |access-date= 24 June 2015}}</ref> The Sheffield band [[the Long Blondes]]<ref>{{cite news |title=The Long Blondes – they're so modern |work=The Independent |date=21 March 2008 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/the-long-blondes--theyre-so-modern-798615.html |access-date=27 November 2009 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009130656/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/the-long-blondes--theyre-so-modern-798615.html |archive-date=9 October 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> are part of what the ''[[NME]]'' dubbed the [[New Yorkshire]] musical movement.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ben |last=Osborne |year=2013 |title=Arctic Monkeys: Whatever People Say They Are: That's What They're Not |publisher=Music Sales Group}}</ref>

Sheffield has been home to several bands and musicians, with a number of [[synth-pop]] and other [[Electronic music|electronic]] bands originating from the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Simon |title=Generation ecstasy: into the world of techno and rave culture |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |page=116 |isbn=0-415-92373-5}}</ref> These included [[the Human League]], [[Heaven 17]], [[ABC (band)|ABC]], [[Thompson Twins]] and the more [[Industrial music|industrially]] inclined [[Cabaret Voltaire (band)|Cabaret Voltaire]] and [[Clock DVA]]. This electronic tradition has continued: [[techno music|techno]] label [[Warp Records]] was a central pillar of the [[Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass]] scene of the early 1990s, and has gone on to become one of the UK's oldest and best-loved dance music labels.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} More recently, other popular genres of electronic music such as [[bassline house]] have originated in the city.<ref>{{cite news |first=Hattie |last=Collins |title=Deep down and dirty |date=29 November 2007 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/nov/29/urban |work=The Guardian |access-date=15 July 2010 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427013744/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/nov/29/urban |archive-date=27 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:City Hall, Barkers Pool, Sheffield (geograph 2846119).jpg|thumb|right|alt=Sheffield City Hall, a Neo-classical design with a large portico and prominent pillars which were damaged when a bomb fell on the adjoining Barkers Pool during the Second World War. It is a grade II* listed building|[[Sheffield City Hall]], a Grade II* listed building]]
[[File:Sheffield Arena 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Sheffield Arena]]]]
In 1999 the [[National Centre for Popular Music]], a museum dedicated to the subject of [[popular music]], was opened in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/286909.stm |title=Entertainment Sheffield steels itself for pop centre |date=26 February 1999 |work=BBC News |access-date=18 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223091433/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/286909.stm |archive-date=23 February 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was not as successful as was hoped, however, and later evolved to become a live music venue; then in February 2005, the unusual steel-covered building became the [[students' union]] for Sheffield Hallam University.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/4261863.stm |title=Doomed pop centre opens as union |date=13 February 2005 |work=BBC News |access-date=18 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314002329/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/4261863.stm |archive-date=14 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Live music venues in the city include [[Leadmill]], the [[Octagon Centre]], [[Corporation (nightclub)|Corporation]], the [[Sheffield City Hall|City Hall]], the [[University of Sheffield Students' Union]], the Studio Theatre at the [[Crucible Theatre]] and the [[O2 Academy Sheffield]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2008/may/01/uk.bars |title=10 top music venues in Sheffield |last=Dunn |first=David |date=1 May 2008 |work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025200205/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2008/may/01/uk.bars |archive-date=25 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldcityhall.co.uk/events/list/music/ |title=Sheffield City Hall – Music |publisher=Sheffield City Hall |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801042331/http://www.sheffieldcityhall.co.uk/events/list/music |archive-date=1 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corporation.org.uk/info.php |title=Corporation – Info |publisher=Corporation |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327103421/http://www.corporation.org.uk/info.php |archive-date=27 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldtheatres.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseaction=content.view&SectionID=2&CategoryID=10&ContentID=2 |title=Venues |publisher=Sheffield Theatres |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101221034/http://www.sheffieldtheatres.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseaction=content.view&SectionID=2&CategoryID=10&ContentID=2 |archive-date=1 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.o2academysheffield.co.uk/venue.php |title=O2 Academy Sheffield – Venue Info |publisher=O2 Academy Sheffield |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520043456/http://www.o2academysheffield.co.uk/venue.php |archive-date=20 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shef.ac.uk/cics/octagon |title=The Octagon Centre |work=The University of Sheffield Corporate Information and Computing Services |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=13 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512183345/http://www.shef.ac.uk/cics/octagon/ |archive-date=12 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The city is home to several orchestras and choirs, such as the Sheffield Symphony Orchestra,<ref>{{cite book|title=Sheffielders Born or Bred|url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/sites/default/files/docs/libraries-and-archives/archives-and-local-studies/research/Sheffielders-born-or-bred--PDF--424-KB-.pdf|publisher=Sheffield City Council|page=16}}</ref> the Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra {{!}} Music Makers |url=https://classicalsheffield.org.uk/music-makers/sheffield-philharmonic-orchestra |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=classicalsheffield.org.uk }}</ref> the [[Sheffield Chamber Orchestra]], the City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra, the [[Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus]] and the [[Chorus UK]] community choir.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csyo.org.uk |title=City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra |publisher=City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724011606/http://www.csyo.org.uk/ |archive-date=24 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldphil.org/ |title=Home Page of the Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus |publisher=Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216164044/http://www.sheffieldphil.org/ |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldphilharmonic.org.uk/ |title=The Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra Welcomes You |publisher=Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214073832/http://www.sheffieldphilharmonic.org.uk/ |archive-date=14 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldsymphony.org.uk/ |title=Sheffield Symphony Orchestra |publisher=Sheffield Symphony Orchestra |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426154641/http://www.sheffieldsymphony.org.uk/ |archive-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is also home to [[Music in the Round]], a charitable organisation that exists to promote chamber music.

Sheffield has a folk music, song and dance community. Singing and music sessions occur weekly in pubs around the city and it also hosts the annual Sheffield Sessions Festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Sheffield's Seshfest! |url=http://www.sheffieldseshfest.org.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209205800/http://www.sheffieldseshfest.org.uk/ |archive-date=9 December 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=sheffieldseshfest.org.uk}}</ref> The University of Sheffield runs a number of courses and research projects dedicated to folk culture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Music |url=http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/music/index |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919021948/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/music/index |archive-date=19 September 2016}}</ref>

The tradition of singing carols in pubs around Christmas is still kept alive in the city. The Sheffield Carols, as they are known locally, predate modern carols by over a century and are sung with alternative words and verses.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cooper |first=Lewis&nbsp;K. |date=7 December 2011 |title=Sheffield gifts its carols to the country |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2011/dec/07/sheffield-pub-carols-christmas |url-status=live |access-date=7 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923230509/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2011/dec/07/sheffield-pub-carols-christmas |archive-date=23 September 2016 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Although there is a core of carols that are sung at most venues, each particular place has its own mini-tradition. The repertoire at two nearby places can vary widely, and woe betide those who try to strike up a 'foreign' carol. Some are unaccompanied, some have a piano or organ, there is a flip chart with the words on in one place, a string quartet (quintet, sextet, septet) accompanies the singing at another, some encourage soloists, others stick to audience participation, a brass band plays at certain events, the choir takes the lead at another.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Frazer |last1=Jarvis |first2=Pat |last2=Malham |title=Introduction to Local Carols around Sheffield |url=http://www.localcarols.org.uk/intro.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627121650/http://www.localcarols.org.uk/intro.php |archive-date=27 June 2016 |access-date=7 September 2016 |website=localcarols.org.uk}}</ref>

Sheffield was shortlisted to host the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2023|2023 Eurovision Song Contest]],<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC announces seven cities shortlisted to host the 2023 Eurovision Song Contest |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/eurovision-2023-host-city-shortlist-announcement/ |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=bbc.co.uk }}</ref> which took place between 9 and 13 May 2023 in [[Liverpool]].

===Media===
[[File:BBC Radio Sheffield, Shoreham Street (geograph 5844248).jpg|thumb|right|BBC Radio Sheffield]]
Sheffield has two commercial newspapers, ''[[Sheffield Star|The Star]]'' and ''[[Sheffield Telegraph]]'', both published by [[JPIMedia]], which took over the assets of [[Johnston Press|Johnston Press PLC]]. ''The Star'' has been published daily since 1897; the ''Sheffield Telegraph'', now a weekly publication, originated in 1855.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://catalogue.bl.uk/F/2GIKL9K9C3MVTXQ3N29DDTAMVRTQEUEPEREHL3TM63S5JBBXNX-17584?func=file&file_name=find-b&local_base=NPL |title=British Library Newspaper Catalogue |work=British Library website |publisher=The British Library Board |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824052950/http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=BLVU1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sheffield has its own TV station; [[Sheffield Live!|Sheffield Live TV]], a not-for-profit company which began broadcasting on 23 September 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-29322248 |title=Sheffield Live TV channel launches on Freeview and cable |date=23 September 2014 |work=BBC News |access-date=29 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008115539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-29322248 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> SLTV has been awarded a 12-year licence to provide the digital terrestrial broadcasting service.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-20448952 |title=Sheffield TV station licence reconfirmed by Ofcom |work=BBC News |access-date=9 August 2013 |date=22 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904091755/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-20448952 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/600-mhz-limitation/responses/Sheffield_Local_Television.pdf |title=Sheffield_Local_Television.pdf |work=OFCOM |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222034737/http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/600-mhz-limitation/responses/Sheffield_Local_Television.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldlocaltv.co.uk/archives/ofcom-confirms-sltv-licence-award |title=Ofcom confirms SLTV licence award |work=Sheffield local TV website |date=22 November 2012 |publisher=Sheffield local TV |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522070608/http://www.sheffieldlocaltv.co.uk/archives/ofcom-confirms-sltv-licence-award |archive-date=22 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Regional broadcasters [[BBC Yorkshire]] and [[Yorkshire Television]] also cover the city.

Local radio stations broadcasting in the city include [[BBC Radio Sheffield]] and [[Bauer Media Audio UK|Bauer Group]] stations [[Hits Radio South Yorkshire]] (formerly [[Hallam FM]]) & [[Greatest Hits Radio South Yorkshire]]. Sheffield is also home to two [[FM broadcasting|FM]] licensed [[community radio]] stations: [[Sheffield Live]], and Link FM.<ref>{{cite web |title=Link FM community radio licence |url=https://static.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/html/radio-stations/community/cr100157ba5linkfm.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216223332/https://static.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/html/radio-stations/community/cr100157ba5linkfm.htm |publisher=Ofcom |url-status=live |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref> [[Kiveton Park]]-based community station [[Redroad FM]] also broadcasts to the east of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Redroad FM radio coverage map |publisher=Ofcom |url=https://static.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/mcamaps/cr000151.pdf |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>

Sheffield Hospital Radio broadcasts a 24-hour service to the Royal Hallamshire, Northern General and Weston Park hospitals and also offers a dedicated patient visiting service. The charity is operated by volunteers from studios at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheffield Hospital Radio |url=https://www.sheffieldhospitalradio.co.uk/about.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718152103/https://www.sheffieldhospitalradio.co.uk/about.html |url-status=live |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>

===Film===
The films and plays ''[[The Full Monty]]'', ''[[Threads (1984 film)|Threads]]'', ''[[Looks and Smiles (film)|Looks and Smiles]]'', ''[[When Saturday Comes (film)|When Saturday Comes]]'', ''[[Whatever Happened to Harold Smith?]]'', ''[[The History Boys]]'' and ''[[Four Lions]]'' are set in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/List?locations=Sheffield,+South+Yorkshire,+England,+UK&&tv=on |title=Locations: Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, UK |work=The Internet Movie Database |publisher=Internet Movie Database |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103055653/http://www.imdb.com/List?locations=Sheffield,+South+Yorkshire,+England,+UK&&tv=on |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[F.I.S.T. (film)|F.I.S.T.]]'', ''[[Kill List]]'', ''[['71 (film)|'71]]'' and ''[[The Princess Bride (film)|The Princess Bride]]'' also include several scenes filmed in Sheffield and a substantial part of ''[[Among Giants]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b80846206 |title=Locations: Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, UK |publisher=The British Film Institute |access-date=6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805190106/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b80846206 |archive-date=5 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> was filmed in the city. The documentary festival [[Sheffield Doc/Fest]] has been run annually since 1994 at the [[Showroom Cinema]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/what-s-on/cinema/shefield-doc-fest-2012-film-world-zooms-in-on-city-preview-video-1-4637530 |title=Sheffield Doc/Fest 2012: Film world zooms in on city |date=13 June 2012 |work=The Star |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017090507/http://www.thestar.co.uk/what-s-on/cinema/shefield-doc-fest-2012-film-world-zooms-in-on-city-preview-video-1-4637530 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and in 2007 Sheffield hosted the [[Awards of the International Indian Film Academy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6737805.stm |title=Thousands cheer Bollywood stars |date=10 June 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619151648/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6737805.stm |archive-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 2018 series of ''[[Doctor Who]]'', which features the [[Park Hill, Sheffield|Park Hill]] estate and other Sheffield locations, premiered in Sheffield.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-england-south-yorkshire-45589723 |title=Doctor Who premiere: How Sheffield red carpet happened |work=BBC News |access-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924140134/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/uk-england-south-yorkshire-45589723 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> A follow-up series of the same name, to the 1997 film ''The Full Monty'', which released on [[Disney+]] in 2023 was filmed in Sheffield<ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2023 |title=More details of new Full Monty series as pictures show filming in Sheffield street |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/people/the-full-monty-more-details-of-disney-series-revealed-as-pictures-show-filming-in-upperthorpe-sheffield-3983421 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=The Star }}</ref> and Manchester<ref>{{cite web |last=Topping |first=Stephen |date=3 August 2022 |title=Film crews descend on town centre for Disney+ reboot of 90s classic |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/film-crews-descend-greater-manchester-24657593 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=Manchester Evening News }}</ref> between 2022 and 2023. Furthermore, scenes in [[HBO]] miniseries ''[[The Regime (miniseries)|The Regime]],'' starring [[Kate Winslet]] and [[Hugh Grant]], were filmed in Sheffield as well as in [[Wentworth Woodhouse]], a stately home in neighbouring [[Rotherham]].<ref>{{cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=Photos show filming taking place around Sheffield for drama starring Kate Winslet and Hugh Grant |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/arts-and-culture/film-and-tv/the-regime-sheffield-first-photos-emerge-of-hbo-drama-starring-kate-winslet-and-hugh-grant-being-filmed-4124160 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=The Star }}</ref>
[[File:Valley Centertainment, Sheffield.jpg|thumb|Valley Centertainment, Sheffield]]
[[Valley Centertainment]], located in the [[Lower Don Valley|Don Valley]], is the main out of town leisure complex in Sheffield. It opened in the 1990s and was built on land previously occupied by [[steel mills]] across the road from what is now Sheffield Arena. It is anchored by a 20 screen [[Cineworld]] complex which is the largest in the chain and contains the only [[IMAX]] screens and [[4DX]] screen in Sheffield.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cineworld Sheffield (Formerly UGC Sheffield) – Sheffield |url=http://www.britinfo.net/T/1002387.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302141020/http://www.britinfo.net/T/1002387.htm |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=3 October 2013 |publisher=Britinfo.net}}</ref> Other features of the complex include a [[bowling alley]], several chain restaurants, an indoor play area as well as indoor [[laser tag]]. Sheffield has six other cinema complexes, five of which are in the city centre and a one at Meadowhall—[[Odeon Sheffield]], situated on Arundel Gate in the city centre, [[Curzon Cinemas|Curzon]], which opened in 2015 in the former Sheffield Banking Company building on George Street,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.curzoncinemas.com/sheffield/info/about |title=Discover Curzon Sheffield |work=Curzon Cinemas |access-date=20 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811073024/http://www.curzoncinemas.com/sheffield/info/about |archive-date=11 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/whats-on/cinema/new-sheffield-cinema-to-open-in-january-1-6965923 |title=New Sheffield cinema to open in January. |work=The Star |access-date=20 July 2016 |location=Sheffield |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814200528/http://www.thestar.co.uk/whats-on/cinema/new-sheffield-cinema-to-open-in-january-1-6965923 |archive-date=14 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[The Light Cinemas|The Light]], located on The Moor and opened in 2017 as part of the regeneration project, and [[Vue (cinema)|Vue]], located within Meadowhall Shopping Centre, are the three other mainstream cinemas in the city. The [[Showroom Cinema, Sheffield|Showroom]], an independent cinema showing non-mainstream productions, is located in [[Sheaf Square]], close to [[Sheffield station]]. In 2002 the Showroom was voted as the best Independent cinema in the country by ''Guardian'' readers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/feb/28/2002inreview.features |title=Guardian readers' favourite independent cinemas &#124; Film |work=The Guardian |access-date=3 October 2013 |location=London |date=5 December 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002173336/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/feb/28/2002inreview.features |archive-date=2 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Public services==
[[File:Royal Hallamshire Hospital and 'B' Road, viewed from Glossop Road, Broomhill, Sheffield - geograph-3813556.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|The [[Royal Hallamshire Hospital]]]]
[[File:Sheffield Graves Art Gallery & Central Library.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sheffield Central Library]]]]
[[File:South Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service HQ.png|thumb|right|[[South Yorkshire Fire and Rescue|South Yorkshire Fire & Rescue]] HQ]]
Sheffield is policed by [[South Yorkshire Police]] (a [[territorial police force]]) whose headquarters are in the city. Sheffield constitutes one of its four District commands (Barnsley, Doncaster and Rotherham being the other three).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southyorkshire.police.uk/ |title=South Yorkshire Police |publisher=Southyorkshire.police.uk |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222429/http://www.southyorkshire.police.uk/ |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The force polices an area of approximately {{cvt|1554|km2|order=flip}} and is the 13th-largest force in [[Police forces in the United Kingdom|England, Wales and Northern Ireland]]. Oversight of South Yorkshire Police is conducted by the Police and Crime Commissioner, [[Alan Billings]].

Medical services in Sheffield are provided by three NHS Foundation Trusts: 
*[[Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust]] 
*[[Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust]] 
*Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust

Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust provides healthcare to people (primarily adults) throughout Sheffield and South Yorkshire. The trusts title includes the word 'teaching' because it undertakes training of medical students at the University of Sheffield and has strong links to Sheffield Hallam University as well. The trust has two campuses: The West Campus containing the [[Royal Hallamshire Hospital]], the Jessop Wing (maternity wing), [[Weston Park Hospital]] (specialist cancer treatment) and [[Charles Clifford Dental Hospital]]. The [[Northern General Hospital]] is the second 'campus' and is a large facility in the northern suburbs of Sheffield, containing the city's A&E department. Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust provides healthcare for children within the city of Sheffield, South Yorkshire and the UK as a whole.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffieldchildrens.nhs.uk/about-us |title=About Us |publisher=Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004225643/http://www.sheffieldchildrens.nhs.uk/about-us |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 June 2020, 66 confirmed deaths caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|coronavirus]] were reported in the [[Burngreave (ward)#Fir Vale|Crabtree and Fir Vale district]] in the three months up to May 2020. The [[Office for National Statistics]] said this was the highest number of coronavirus deaths of any area of England and Wales.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}<ref>{{cite news |date=16 June 2020 |title=Majority of Fir Vale Covid-19 deaths associated with care homes, say NHS officials |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/politics/council/majority-of-fir-vale-covid-19-deaths-associated-with-care-homes-say-nhs-officials-2886422}}</ref>

Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust provides mental health services, services for people with learning disabilities, substance misuse services, long term neurological conditions, as well as a consortium of GP practises.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sct.nhs.uk/ |title=SHSC – |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20150401090022/http%3A//www.sct.nhs.uk/ |archive-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> The Sheffield Institute for Motor Neurone Disease (also known as Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience – SITraN) has been developed by the University of Sheffield.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sifoundation.com/index.htm |title=SI Foundation MND |publisher=Sifoundation.com |date=13 September 2011 |access-date=3 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070133/http://www.sifoundation.com/index.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Ambulances are provided by the [[Yorkshire Ambulance Service]], which itself is an NHS trust.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yas.nhs.uk/AboutUs/aboutus.html |title=About Us |access-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518120423/http://www.yas.nhs.uk/AboutUs/aboutus.html |archive-date=18 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Fire services in Sheffield are provided by [[South Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service]]. For the purposes of fire-fighting and rescue, Sheffield is divided into East and West sub-divisions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.syfire.gov.uk/389.asp |title=District areas |publisher=Syfire.gov.uk |date=1 April 1974 |access-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302190758/http://www.syfire.gov.uk/389.asp |archive-date=2 March 2014}}</ref>

[[Sheffield City Council]] is responsible for running fifteen libraries within the city and the Hospital Library Service at Weston Park Hospital. A further sixteen are run by community and volunteer groups with over 1,000 volunteers trained by Sheffield City Council.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 July 2023 |title=Our libraries |url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/libraries-archives/our-libraries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129112749/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/libraries-archives/our-libraries |archive-date=29 January 2023 |access-date=6 July 2023 |publisher=Sheffield City Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2016 |title=Community libraries in Sheffield |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/case-studies/community-libraries-in-sheffield |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302170312/https://www.gov.uk/government/case-studies/community-libraries-in-sheffield |archive-date=2 March 2022 |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=GOV.UK }}</ref> The largest is [[Sheffield Central Library]] which is collocated with [[Graves Art Gallery]] on Surrey Street, in [[Sheffield City Centre]]. The Sheffield Central Library also contains the Local Studies Library with 30,000 items related to local history.

Domestic waste services in Sheffield are provided by [[Veolia#Veolia Environmental Services|Veolia Environmental Services]] under contract from and on behalf of the council. Council owned/run buildings are maintained by [[Kier Group|Kier Group Sheffield]] in partnership with the council.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kier Sheffield Receives Award for its Health & Safety Approach |url=http://www.kier.co.uk/press-office/press-release/2013/07-05-2013.aspx |website=Kier |access-date=14 May 2018 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824053006/https://www.kier.co.uk/media/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kier Partnership Homes appointed for Sheffield Housing Development |url=http://www.kier.co.uk/press-office/press-release/2013/24-01-2013.aspx |website=Kier |access-date=14 May 2018 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824052952/https://www.kier.co.uk/media/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sheffield has a District Energy system that exploits the city's domestic waste, by [[Sheffield Incinerator|incinerating]] it and converting the energy from it to electricity. It also provides hot water, which is distributed through over {{cvt|25|mi|km|-1}} of pipes under the city, via two networks. These networks supply heat and hot water for many buildings throughout the city. These include not only cinemas, hospitals, shops and offices, but also universities (Sheffield Hallam University and the University of Sheffield), and residential properties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.energy.rochester.edu/uk/sheffield/ |title=Sheffield Heat and Power |last=Pierce |first=Morris&nbsp;A. |year=1996 |work=District Energy in Great Britain |publisher=World Wide Web Virtual Library for District Energy |access-date=19 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421220354/http://www.energy.rochester.edu/uk/sheffield/ |archive-date=21 April 2009}}</ref> Energy generated in a waste plant produces 60&nbsp;[[megawatt]]s of thermal energy and up to 19&nbsp;[[megawatt]]s of electrical energy from 225,000&nbsp;[[tonnes]] of waste.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.veoliaenvironmentalservices.co.uk/sheffield/pages/district_facts.asp |title=Facts & Figures |work=Veolia Environmental Services website |publisher=Veolia Environmental Services |access-date=6 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425210948/http://www.veoliaenvironmentalservices.co.uk/sheffield/pages/district_facts.asp |archive-date=25 April 2009}}</ref>

==International relations==
The Sheffield International Linking Committee promotes Sheffield overseas, especially with six [[Town twinning|sister cities]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/international-links |title=International Links |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507015258/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/international-links |archive-date=7 May 2010}}</ref>

* [[Chengdu]], Sichuan, China
* [[Anshan]], Liaoning, China
* [[Bochum]], North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
* [[Donetsk]], Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine
* [[Estelí]], Estelí Department, Nicaragua
* [[Khmelnytskyi]], Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Ukraine<ref>{{cite news |date=19 December 2022 |title=Khmelnytskyi and Sheffield became sister cities |url=https://decentralization.ua/en/news/15913 }}</ref>

A further four cities have a Friendship Agreement with Sheffield:

* [[Kawasaki, Kanagawa]], Japan
* [[Kitwe]], Copperbelt Province, Zambia
* [[Kotli]], Pakistan-administered Kashmir
* [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania, United States – This is mainly due to both cities' link with the manufacturing of [[steel]], with both cities being known as "[[Steel City]]".

Two roads in Sheffield have been named after sister cities; a section of the A6102 in Norton is named Bochum Parkway; and a road in [[Hackenthorpe]] is named Donetsk Way. Likewise in Bochum, Germany, there is a major road called the Sheffield-Ring.

==Freedom of the City==
The following people and military units have received the [[Freedom of the City]] of Sheffield.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/parks-sport-recreation/civic-honours |title=Civic Honours |publisher=Sheffield City Council |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Richard Caborn awarded city's highest honour, Freedom of the City |url=https://sheffnews.com/news/richard-caborn-awarded-city-s-highest-honour-freedom-of-the-city |website=Sheff News |date=14 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 }}</ref>

{{Incomplete list|date=December 2022}}

===Individuals===
*  [[Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk]]: 25 October 1899.
* [[Frederick Mappin|Sir Frederick Mappin]]: 25 October 1899.
* Sir Henry Stephenson: 25 October 1899.
* [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum]]: 13 August 1902.
* [[Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted|Sir Marcus Samuel]]: 10 June 1903.
* [[Billy Hughes|William Morris Hughes]]: 26 May 1916.
* [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[Jan Smuts|Jan Christian Smuts]]: 10 October 1917.
* [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] [[John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe|Sir John Jellicoe]]: 10 October 1917.
* [[David Lloyd George]]: 13 August 1919.
* [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Sir Douglas Haig]]: 13 August 1919.
* [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|Sir David Beatty]]: 13 August 1919.
* [[William Massey|William Ferguson Massey]]: 10 August 1921.
* [[William Clegg (footballer)|Sir William Edwin Clegg]]: 21 April 1922.
* [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] : 9 November 1923.
* [[Stanley Bruce]]: 9 November 1923.
* [[Sir Samuel Roberts, 1st Baronet|Sir Samuel Roberts]]: 30 July 1924.
* [[List of mayors of Sheffield|Robert Styring]]: 30 July 1924.
* [[List of mayors of Sheffield|William Farewell Wardley]]: 30 July 1924.
* [[Henry Coward|Sir Henry Coward]]: 24 March 1926.
* [[Gordon Coates|Joseph Gordon Coates]]: 30 November 1926.
* [[Ramsay MacDonald|James Ramsay MacDonald]]: 4 December 1929.
* [[John George Graves]]: 4 December 1929.
* [[Sir Henry Stephenson, 1st Baronet|Sir Henry Stephenson]]: 4 December 1929.
* [[Cecil Wilson (politician)|Cecil Henry Wilson]]: 4 December 1929.
* [[R. B. Bennett|Richard Bedford Bennett]]: 29 October 1930.
* [[James Scullin|James Henry Scullin]]: 29 October 1930.
* [[Leonard Hedley Burrows]]: 6 June 1939.
* [[Robert Hadfield|Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield]]: 6 June 1939.
* [[Harry Brearley]]: 6 June 1939.
* [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill]]: 6 October 1943.
* [[List of mayors of Sheffield|Frank Thraves]]: 7 March 1945.
* [[Harold Warters Jackson]]: 7 March 1945.
* [[Alfred James Bailey]]: 7 March 1945.
* [[List of mayors of Sheffield|Arthur James Blanchard]]: 7 March 1945.
* [[A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough]]: 1 October 1947.
* [[Derek Dooley (footballer)|Derek Dooley]]: 7 April 1993.
* [[Richard Caborn]]: 9 May 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom of the City ceremony for Richard Caborn |url=https://sheffnews.com/news/freedom-of-the-city-ceremony-for-richard-caborn |website=Sheff News |date=9 May 2023 |access-date=10 May 2023 }}</ref>

===Military Units===
* [[A Battery (The Chestnut Troop) Royal Horse Artillery]] [[1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery]]: 7 November 2001.
* [[38th (City of Sheffield) Signal Regiment]] ([[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Volunteers]]): 7 November 2001.
* [[212 (Yorkshire) Field Hospital]] [[Royal Army Medical Corps|RAMC]] ([[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Volunteers]]): 7 November 2001.
* The [[Duke of Wellington's Regiment]] ([[West Riding of Yorkshire|West Riding]]): 7 November 2001.
* 106 (West Riding) Field Squadron [[103 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Field Squadron]]: 6 March 2002.
* The [[Yorkshire Regiment]]: 6 September 2006.
* 64 (City of Sheffield) Signal Squadron [[37th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)|37th Signal Regiment]]: 18 October 2014.

==See also==
{{portal|Yorkshire}}
* [[List of metropolitan areas in Europe]]
* [[Areas of Sheffield]]
* [[List of companies in Sheffield]]
* [[Demographics of Sheffield]]
* [[Sheffield Gang Wars]]
* [[Street names of Sheffield]]
* [[Timeline of Sheffield history]]
* [[Blackburn Meadows Power Station|Blackburn Meadows power station]]
* [[Neepsend power station]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=BaldwinBottomsWalker>{{cite book |title=The urban criminal: a study in Sheffield |volume=159 |series=Social science paperbacks |last1=Baldwin |first1=John |last2=Bottoms |first2=A.&nbsp;E. |last3=Walker |first3=Monica&nbsp;A. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-422-74870-4 |page=47}}</ref>
<ref name=Binfield>{{cite book |title=The History of the City of Sheffield, 1843–1993: Society |volume=2 |editor-first=Clyde |editor-last=Binfield |publisher=Sheffield Academic Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-1-85075-431-2 |page=5}}</ref>
<ref name=BurgoyneClark>{{cite book |title=Making a go of it: a study of stepfamilies in Sheffield |last1=Burgoyne |first1=Jacqueline Lesley |last2=Clark |first2=David |publisher=Routledge |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-7102-0318-2 |page=45}}</ref>
<ref name=Hampton>{{cite book |title=Democracy and community: a study of politics in Sheffield |last=Hampton |first=William&nbsp;A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1970 |page=[https://archive.org/details/democracycommuni00hamp/page/28 28] |isbn=0-19-215321-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/democracycommuni00hamp/page/28}}</ref>
<ref name=TaylorEvansFraser>{{cite book |title=A tale of two cities: global change, local feeling and everyday life in the North of England : a study in Manchester and Sheffield |url=https://archive.org/details/taletwocitiesglo00evan |url-access=limited |series=International library of sociology |last1=Taylor |first1=Ian&nbsp;R. |last2=Evans |first2=Karen |last3=Fraser |first3=Penny |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-415-13828-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/taletwocitiesglo00evan/page/n50 28], 87–88}}</ref>
<ref name=Mann>{{cite book |title=An approach to urban sociology |series=International library of sociology and social reconstruction |first=Peter&nbsp;H. |last=Mann |edition=2nd |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1965 |isbn=978-0-7100-3453-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/approachtourbans0000mann_v1t8/page/91 91] |url=https://archive.org/details/approachtourbans0000mann_v1t8/page/91}}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
*[http://oreald.com/book11.html The Story of Sheffield] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013135119/http://oreald.com/book11.html |date=13 October 2011 }} by John Derry, 1915
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223342/http://www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/research/sheffield/index.html A tale of two cities: the Sheffield Project] a report by University of Sheffield commissioned by David Blunkett about inequality within the city
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Sheffield.ogg|date=1 April 2007}}
{{Sister project links |wikt=Sheffield |commons=Sheffield |commonscat=yes |q=Sheffield |voy=Sheffield}}
<!-- Please add only links about Sheffield as a whole--more specific links should go on the relevant article!-->
* {{official website}}
* {{OpenDomesday|SK3487|sheffield}}
* [http://www.sytimescapes.org.uk/ South Yorkshire Historic Environment Characterisation]

{{Sheffield}}
{{South Yorkshire}}
{{Core Cities Group}}
{{UK cities}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sheffield| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Yorkshire and the Humber]]
[[Category:Former civil parishes in South Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1st millennium]]
[[Category:Towns in South Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Unparished areas in South Yorkshire]]