View source for Shavit 2

{{short description|Small lift launch vehicle produced by Israel from 1982 onwards}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox rocket
|name           = Shavit 2<br/>{{Nobold|{{lang|he|שביט}}}}
|image          = Shavit Ofek7a.jpg
|caption        =

|function       = Expendable [[launch vehicle]]
|manufacturer   = [[Israel Aerospace Industries]]
|country-origin = [[Israel]]
|height         = 26.4 m
|diameter       = 1.35 m
|mass           = 30,500–70,000 kg
|stages         = 4

|capacities     =
  {{Infobox Rocket/Payload
  |location     = [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
  |kilos        = 350–800 kg<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.deagel.com/Space-Launch-Systems/Shavit_a001901001.aspx|title=Space launch systems|contribution=Shavit|publisher=Deagel}}</ref>
}}
|status         = Active
|sites          = [[Palmachim Airbase]]
|launches       = 12
|success        = 10
|fail           = 2
|first          = 19 September 1988
|last           = 28 March 2023

|stagedata      = 
  {{Infobox Rocket/Stage
  |type         = Stage
  |diff         = LeoLink LK-1
  |stageno      = First
  |name         = LK-1
  |number       = 1
  |engines      = LK-1
  |thrust       = 553.8 [[newton (force)|kN]]
  |alt-thrust   = 124,499 [[pound force|lb<sub>f</sub>]]
  |total        = <!--total thrust for all boosters in kN, optional-->
  |SI           = 268 seconds
  |burntime     = 55 seconds
  |fuel         = [[HTPB]]
  }}
  {{Infobox Rocket/Stage
  |type         = Stage
  |diff         = LeoLink LK-2
  |stageno      = First
  |name         = Castor 120
  |number       = 1
  |engines      = 
  |thrust       = 1650.2 [[newton (force)|kN]]<!--thrust provided by a single booster/stage in kN, required-->
  |alt-thrust   = 370,990 lb<sub>f</sub>
  |SI           = 280 seconds
  |burntime     = 82 seconds
  |fuel         = [[HTPB]] polymer, Class 1.3 C<!--fuel used in stage/boosters, required-->
  }}
  {{Infobox Rocket/Stage
  |type         = stage
  |diff         = <!--variant of rocket this is used on, optional-->
  |stageno      = Second
  |name         = LK-1
  |number       = 1 <!--number of boosters, required if type = booster-->
  |engines      = 1 LK-1
  |thrust       = 515.8 [[newton (unit)|kN]]
  |alt-thrust   = <!--thrust provided by a single booster/stage in pounds-force, optional-->
  |SI           = 268 seconds
  |burntime     = 55 seconds
  |fuel         = [[HTPB]]
  }}
  {{Infobox Rocket/Stage
  |type         = stage
  |diff         = <!--variant of rocket this is used on, optional-->
  |stageno      = Third
  |name         = RSA-3-3
  |number       = 1 <!--number of boosters, required if type = booster-->
  |engines      = 1 RSA-3-3
  |thrust       = 58.6 kN
  |alt-thrust   = <!--thrust provided by a single booster/stage in pounds-force, optional-->
  |SI           = 298 seconds
  |burntime     = 94 seconds
  |fuel         = [[Solid rocket|Solid]]
  }}
  {{Infobox Rocket/Stage
  |type         = stage
  |diff         = <!--variant of rocket this is used on, optional-->
  |stageno      = Fourth
  |name         = LK-4
  |number       = <!--number of boosters, required if type = booster-->
  |engines      = 1 LK-4
  |thrust       = 0.402 kN
  |alt-thrust   = <!--thrust provided by a single booster/stage in pounds-force, optional-->
  |total        = <!--total thrust for all boosters in kN, optional-->
  |alt-total    = <!--total thrust for all boosters in pounds-force, optional-->
  |SI           = 200 seconds
  |burntime     = 800 seconds
  |fuel         = [[Hydrazine]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astronautix.com/l/leolinklk-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228023627/http://astronautix.com/l/leolinklk-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2016|title=Astronautix leolinklk-1 Review|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref>
  }}
|cpl=$18M}}

'''Shavit 2''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: "[[comet]]" – שביט) is a [[Small-lift launch vehicle|small lift]] [[launch vehicle]] produced by [[Israel]] from 1982 onwards, to launch [[satellite]]s into [[low Earth orbit]]. It was first launched on 19 September 1988 (carrying an [[Ofeq|Ofek-1]] satellite payload), making Israel the [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country|eighth nation]] to have an orbital launch capability<ref name=slr-shavit/> after the [[USSR]], United States, France, Japan, [[People's Republic of China]], United Kingdom, and India.

The Shavit 2 project is believed to have been an offshoot development, resulting from Israel's [[Jericho (missile)|Jericho]] nuclear armed [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM) program.<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/israel/delivery-systems/|publisher=NTI|title=Israel|contribution=Delivery systems|type=country profile}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Report of the Secretary-General |date=1991 |title=South Africa's Nuclear-Tipped Ballistic Missile Capability |series=Disarmament Study Series |url=https://unoda-web.s3-accelerate.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/assets/HomePage/ODAPublications/DisarmamentStudySeries/PDF/SS-23.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations]] |location=New York |doi=10.18356/8afa8632-en |isbn=92-1-142178-0 |department=Department for Disarmament Affairs}}</ref>

Shavit rockets are launched from [[Palmachim Airbase]] by the [[Israel Space Agency]] into highly [[Retrograde and prograde motion|retrograde orbit]]s over the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to prevent debris coming down in populated areas and also to avoid flying over nations hostile to Israel to the east; this results in a lower payload-to-orbit than east-directed launches would allow.<ref name=slr-shavit>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/shavit.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160125045209/http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/shavit.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 January 2016|title=Shavit|publisher=Space Launch Report|date=20 April 2014|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=sfn-20100622>{{cite news |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1006/22ofeq9/|title=New Israeli spy satellite blasts off into the night|author=Stephen Clark|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=22 June 2010|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> The launcher consists of three stages powered by [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid-fuel]] [[rocket motor]]s, with an optional [[Monopropellant rocket|liquid-fuel]] fourth stage, and is manufactured by [[Israel Aircraft Industries]] (IAI).

The [[South Africa|Republic of South Africa]] produced and tested a licensed version in cooperation with Israel called the '''RSA-3''' in an ultimately unsuccessful bid to produce a domestic satellite launch vehicle and ballistic missile; the South African program was closed in 1994.<ref name="astronautix.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/rsa.htm|title=RSA|access-date=6 February 2015
|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194929/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/rsa.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

An earlier unrelated project called Shavit 2 was the first Israeli [[sounding rocket]], launched on 5 July 1961 for [[meteorological]] research.<ref>Google Books [https://books.google.com/books?id=gK24aORawV4C&pg=PA153] [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1FDTCVE4asC&pg=PA41]</ref> Shavit Three, with an altitude reported as {{convert|100|mi}}, was launched on 11 August 1961.

== Development ==
The development of Shavit 2 began in 1982.<ref name="CIA-2001">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter_spring01/article04.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613113528/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter_spring01/article04.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2007|title=Israel's Quest for Satellite Intelligence|first=EL|last=Zorn|publisher=[[CIA]]|journal=Studies in Intelligence|date=Winter–Spring 2001|issue=10|pages=33–38 |access-date=2009-09-11}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Shavit was a three-stage, solid-propellant launcher designed to carry payloads up to 250&nbsp;kg into [[low Earth orbit]]. It was speculated for some time and later confirmed that the first two stages of the Shavit were that of the [[Jericho II missile]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Israel/Missile/|title=Israel|contribution=Missile |type=profile|publisher=NTI|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070704194800/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Israel/Missile/|archive-date=2007-07-04}}.</ref>

Shavit was first launched in 1988 and because of its geographic location and hostile relations with surrounding countries, Israel had to launch it to the west, over the [[Mediterranean Sea]], in order to avoid flying over those hostile territories to its east. The practice has continued ever since.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1376231/Shavit|contribution=Shavit|title=Britannica}}.</ref>

== Vehicle description ==
The first of the Shavit vehicles were a small, 3-stage, solid-propellant booster based on the 2-stage Jericho-II ballistic missile and developed under the general management of [[Israel Aircraft Industries]] and in particular its MBT System and Space Technology subsidiary. [[IMI Systems|Israel Military Industries Systems]] produces the first-stage and second-stage motors, while [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems|Rafael]] is responsible for the third-stage motor.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://fas.org/spp/guide/israel/launch/|publisher=FAS|title=Guide|contribution=Israel|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409144332/https://fas.org/spp/guide/israel/launch/|url-status=dead}}.</ref>

A planned commercial Shavit upgrade was called Next. This name is no longer used, and this proposed upgrade configuration is now called Shavit-2. Both first and second stages of the Shavit-2 use the stretched motor design of the Shavit-1 first stage.

== Launch history ==
The Shavit has been launched 12 times, placing the payload into orbit 10 times.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Ed Kyle|title=Space Launch Report: Shavit|url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/shavit.html|publisher=Space Launch Report|access-date=10 January 2020|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151143/http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/shavit.html|archive-date=21 December 2019}}</ref> On the 4th and 6th flights, the vehicle failed before reaching space. Most non-Israeli satellites are launched eastward to gain a boost from the Earth's rotational speed. However, the Shavit is launched westward ([[Retrograde and prograde motion|retrograde orbit]]) over the Mediterranean Sea to avoid flying and dropping spent rocket stages over populated areas in Israel and neighboring Arab countries. The Shavit is also said to be made available for commercial launches in the near future.

[[File:AUS-51_third_stage_engine.jpg|right|thumb|250px|AUS-51 third-stage engine model]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em 1em 1em 0;"
|-
! style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Variant
! style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Date of launch (UTC)
! style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Launch location
! style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Payload
! style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Mission status
|-
| Shavit
| align=center | 19 September 1988<br />09:31
| align=center | [[Palmachim Airbase]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} Ofek-1
| {{Success}}
|-
| Shavit
| align=center | 3 April 1990<br />12:02
| align=center | [[Palmachim Airbase]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} Ofek-2
| {{Success}}
|-
| Shavit-1
| align=center | 5 April 1995<br />11:16
| align=center | [[Palmachim Airbase]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} Ofek-3
| {{Success}}
|-
| Shavit-1
| align=center | 22 January 1998<br />12:56
| align=center | [[Palmachim Airbase]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} Ofek-4
| {{Failure}}
|-
| Shavit-1
| align=center | 28 May 2002<br />15:25
| align=center | [[Palmachim Airbase]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} Ofek-5
| {{Success}}
|-
| Shavit-1
| align=center | 6 September 2004<br />10:53
| align=center | [[Palmachim Airbase]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} Ofek-6
| {{Failure}}
|-
| Shavit-2
| align=center | 10 June 2007<br />23:40
| align=center | [[Palmachim Airbase]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Ofek-7]]
| {{Success}}
|-
| Shavit-2
| align=center | 22 June 2010<br />19:00
| align=center | [[Palmachim Airbase]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Ofek-9]]
| {{Success}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3909270,00.html|title=Israel launches spy satellite|last=Greenberg|first=Hanan| newspaper=Ynetnews |date=22 June 2010|publisher=Ynet|access-date=22 June 2010}}</ref>
|- 
| Shavit-2
| align=center | 9 April 2014<br />19:06
| align=center | [[Palmachim Airbase]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Ofek-10]]
| {{Success}}<ref name=slr-shavit/>
|- 
| Shavit-2
| align=center | 13 September 2016<br />14:38
| align=center | [[Palmachim Airbase]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Ofek-11]]
| {{Success}}<ref name="Ofek11">{{cite web|url=http://spaceflight101.com/israel-launches-advanced-optical-reconnaissance-satellite/|title=Israel Launches Advanced Optical Reconnaissance Satellite |publisher=Spaceflight 101|date=13 September 2016|access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref>
|- 
| Shavit-2
| align=center | 6 July 2020<br />01:00
| align=center | [[Palmachim Airbase]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Ofek-16]]
| {{Success}}<ref name="Ofek16">{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/07/06/israel-successfully-places-surveillance-satellite-into-orbit/|title=Israel successfully places surveillance satellite into orbit|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=6 July 2020|access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Shavit-2
| align=center | 28 March 2023<br />23:10
| align=center | [[Palmachim Airbase]]
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Ofek-13]]
| {{Success}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-launches-latest-generation-ofek-spy-satellite-2023-03-29/ |title=Israel Launches Latest Generation Ofek Spy Satellite |work=Reuters |date=29 March 2023|access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref>
|}

The September 2004 failure of the Shavit resulted in the destruction of the US$100 million [[Ofek|Ofek 6]] spy satellite. Israel used Indian [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] in the subsequent launch for the [[TecSAR]] SAR satellite,<ref name=sfn-20080121>{{cite news|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0801/21pslv/|title=Covert satellite for Israel launched by Indian rocket|author=Stephen Clark |publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=21 January 2008|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> while upgrading the Shavit launcher.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} On the upgraded Shavit 2, the follow-up Ofek 7 was successfully launched on a Shavit rocket in 2007.

== South African RSA series ==
{{Main|Jericho (missile)}}

The Jericho II missile-Shavit SLV was also license produced in the Republic of South Africa as the RSA series of space launch vehicles and ballistic missiles. The '''RSA-3''' was produced by the Houwteq (a discontinued division of [[Denel]]) company at [[Grabouw]], 30&nbsp;km east of [[Cape Town]]. Test launches were made from [[Overberg]] [[Denel Overberg Test Range|Test Range]] near [[Bredasdorp]], 200&nbsp;km east of Cape Town. [[Rooi-Els, Western Cape|Rooiels]] was where the engine-test facilities were located. Development continued even after South African renunciation<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stumpf |first=Waldo |date=December 1995 – January 1996 |title=South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Programme: From Deterrence to Dismantlement |url=http://www.armscontrol.org/system/files/ACT_South%20Africa_9601.pdf |journal=[[Arms Control Today]] |publisher=[[Arms Control Association]] |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=3–8 |jstor=23625371 |access-date=12 July 2013 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802205852/https://www.armscontrol.org/system/files/ACT_South%20Africa_9601.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> of its [[South Africa and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons]] for use as a commercial satellite launcher. Development actually reached its height in 1992, a year after nuclear renunciation, with 50–70 companies involved, employing 1300–1500 people from the public and private sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aessa.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=55|title=The South African Rocket and Space Programme|author=Iain McFadyen|access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13208:satellites-for-south-africa&catid=90:science-a-technology&Itemid=204|title=Satellites for South Africa|author=Guy Martin|access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> A much heavier ICBM or space launch vehicle, the '''RSA-4''', with a first stage in the [[LGM-118 Peacekeeper|Peacekeeper]] ICBM class but with Jericho-2/RSA-3 upper-stage components was in development.<ref name="astronautix.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/rsa3.htm|title=RSA-3|access-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805141440/http://astronautix.com/lvs/rsa3.htm|archive-date=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/rsa4.htm|title=RSA-4|access-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805141424/http://astronautix.com/lvs/rsa4.htm|archive-date=5 August 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em 1em 1em 0;"
|-
! style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Variant
! style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Date of launch
! style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Launch location
! style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Payload
! style="background-color:lightskyblue;" | Mission status
|-
| RSA-3
| align=center | 1 June 1989
| align=center | [[Denel Overberg Test Range]]
| {{flagicon|South Africa|1928}} RSA-3-d 1
| Apogee: 100&nbsp;km (60&nbsp;mi)
|-
| RSA-3
| align=center | 6 July 1989
| align=center | [[Denel Overberg Test Range]]
| {{flagicon|South Africa|1928}} RSA-3 2
| Apogee: 300&nbsp;km (180&nbsp;mi)
|-
| RSA-3
| align=center | 19 November 1990
| align=center | [[Denel Overberg Test Range]]
| {{flagicon|South Africa|1928}} RSA-3 3
| Apogee: 300&nbsp;km (180&nbsp;mi)
|- <!--
|colspan="8" style="background:lightskyblue;" |'''Planned launches'''
|- -->
|}
In June 1994 the RSA-3 / RSA-4 South African satellite launcher program was cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/country/soufrica.htm#chrono|title=South Africa|access-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425162855/http://www.astronautix.com/country/soufrica.htm#chrono|archive-date=25 April 2015}}</ref>

== Proposed LK civilian launch variants ==
In 1998, [[Israel Space Agency]] partnered with U.S. Coleman Research Corporation (now a division of [[L3 Technologies|L-3 Communications]]) to develop the LK family of small launch vehicles.<ref name=risk-report-2000>{{cite journal|url=http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/israel/missile2000.htm|title=Israel Missile Update|journal=The Risk Report|publisher=[[Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control]] |volume=6|issue=6|date=November–December 2000|access-date=2010-06-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328164425/http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/israel/missile2000.htm |archive-date=2010-03-28}}</ref> In 2001, a new French joint-venture, LeoLink, between [[Astrium]] and [[Israel Aircraft Industries]], was created to market the LK variant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceandtech.com/digest/sd2001-17/sd2001-17-004.shtml|title=LeoLink Incorporated to Market Shavit Derivatives|publisher=Space & tech Digest|access-date=2010-06-23|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622051708/http://www.spaceandtech.com/digest/sd2001-17/sd2001-17-004.shtml|archive-date=2011-06-22}}</ref> It is believed that in 2002 development of the LK variant was discontinued.<ref name=astronautix>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/shavit.htm|title=Shavit|first=Mark|last=Wade|work=Astronautix|access-date=2010-06-23|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627175635/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/shavit.htm|archive-date=2010-06-27}}</ref>

The LK-1 was closely based on the Shavit-2, but with motors and other components built in the United States to satisfy U.S. government requirements.<ref name=risk-report-2000/> The LK-2 was a larger vehicle using a Thiokol Castor 120 motor as its first stage. The third stage was either a standard AUS-51 motor built under license by Atlantic Research Corp., or a [[Thiokol]] [[Star 48]] motor. All launch vehicles would have had a small [[monopropellant]] [[hydrazine]] fourth stage.<ref name="b14643.de">{{Citation|url=http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/Rest_World/Israel/Description/Frame.htm|publisher=Space rockets
|title=Israel|contribution=Description|place=DE|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206193252/http://b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/Rest_World/Israel/Description/Frame.htm|archive-date=2009-02-06}}.</ref>
* LK-A – for 350&nbsp;kg-class satellites in 240 × 600&nbsp;km elliptical polar orbits.
* LK-1 – for 350&nbsp;kg-class satellites in 700&nbsp;km circular polar orbits.
* LK-2 – for 800&nbsp;kg-class satellites in 700&nbsp;km circular polar orbits.

A Shavit LK air-launched satellite launcher was proposed by ISA and [[Israel Aircraft Industries]] (IAI). The booster would have been a standard Shavit-1 or Shavit-2 without a first stage that would be dropped from a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|Hercules C-130]]. An alternative proposal consisted of a full launch stack carried atop [[Boeing 747]] aircraft, similar to how the [[Space Shuttle]] was carried, through the [[Straits of Tiran]] and past the [[Arabian Peninsula]] into open sea; this called for a zoom-climb launch over the [[Indian Ocean]], permitting the eastward boost from the rotation of the Earth rather than launching into a westward retrograde orbit over the Mediterranean, nearly doubling the maximum payload weight.<ref name="b14643.de"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/israel-studies-airborne-launch-scheme-shavit-rocket|title=Israel Studies Airborne Launch Scheme for Shavit Rocket|work=SpaceNews.com|access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref>

== Comparable solid fuel rockets ==
{{Main |Comparison of solid-fuelled orbital launch systems}}

* [[Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle|ASLV]]
* [[Minotaur (rocket family)|Minotaur]]
* [[Mu (rocket family)|Mu]]
* [[Northrop Grumman Pegasus|Pegasus]]
* [[Start-1]]
<!-- * [[Vega (rocket)|Vega]] -->
* [[VLS-1]]
* [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Comparison of orbital launchers families]]
* [[Comparison of orbital launch systems]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Israeli Space Program}}
{{Expendable launch systems}}
{{IAI aircraft}}

[[Category:Space launch vehicles of Israel]]
[[Category:Solid-fuel rockets]]
[[Category:MLM products]]
[[Category:Expendable space launch systems]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1988]]
[[Category:Israel–South Africa relations]]