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{{short description|Central Asian musical genre}}
{{infobox music genre
| name              = Shashmaqam
| native_name       = Шашмақом / Shashmaqom
| image             = Ансамбль народных исполнителей.jpg
| caption           = Shashmaqam in Tajikistan
| stylistic_origins =
| cultural_origins  = [[Music of Tajikistan|Tajik]] and [[Music of Uzbekistan|Uzbek]] music
| instruments       = Long-necked [[lute]]s, [[dayra]], and [[sato (instrument)|sato]] 
| subgenres         =
| derivatives       =
| regional_scenes   = 
}}
{{Infobox intangible heritage
| ICH         = Shashmaqom music
| Countries   = Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
| ID          = 00089
| Region      = APA
| Year        = 2008
| Session     = 3rd
| List        = Representative
}}

'''Shashmaqom''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʃ|æ|ʃ|m|ə|ˈ|k|ɒ|m}} {{respell|SHASH-mə-KOM}}; {{IPA|uz|ˌʃæʃmaˈqɒm|lang}}; {{IPA|tg|ʃɐʃmɐˈqɔm|lang}}) is a [[Central Asia]]n musical genre (typical of [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]) which may have developed in the city of [[Bukhara]].  Shashmaqam means the six [[Arabic maqam|Maqams]] (modes) in the [[Persian language|Persian]] language, [[dastgah]] being the name for Persian modes, and ''maqams'' being the name for [[musical modes|modes]] more generally.

It is a refined sort of music, with lyrics derived from [[Sufi]] poems about divine love. The instruments of shashmaqоm provide an austere accompaniment to the voices. They consist, at most concerts, of a pair of long-necked [[lute]]s ([[rawap]], [[Tar (string instrument)|tar]], [[Tanbur#Central_Asia|tanbur]] or [[dutar]]), the [[dayra]], or frame drum, which, with its jingles, is very much like a [[tambourine]], and the [[sato (instrument)|sato]], or bowed tanbur.

==History==
[[File:Народная мелодия в исполнении Насибы Омонбоевой и Камолиддина Хамдамова.jpg|thumb|Shashmaqam in Tajikistan]]
In the first half of the 20th century in [[Uzbekistan]], [[Abdurauf Fitrat|Abdul Rauf Fitrad]], member of the [[Jadid]], was particularly interested in shashmaqam, the traditional music of the Court. In 1927, he wrote a book called ''Ozbek klasik Muzikasi va uning Tarikhi'' (Uzbek classical music and its history), in which he presented shashmaqam as a grand musical tradition of the [[Uzbek people]]. In the 1930s, during the Soviet regime of [[Joseph Stalin]], Uzbek shashmaqom was seen as an echo of the [[feudal]] ruling class and as a kind of music that impinged cultural progress toward adoption of European-style harmony. Finally, in 1951, a decree from the president of the Uzbekistan Union of Composers, reaffirmed by the committee of Uzbekistan, suppressed the maqom and the development of the musical practice.

During the mid-50s, the maqam began an ideological rehabilitation. In Tajikistan, the local leadership decided that shashmaqom should form a part of the national traditional heritage. Tension between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan led to the differentiation between the Tajik shashmaqom as developed in [[Dushanbe]], and the Uzbek shashmaqam as developed in [[Tashkent]]. Tajik books made no mention of Uzbek shashmaqam and vice versa.{{cn|date=January 2022}}

During the 1980s, this artificial division began to change. Uzbekistan began to learn about the Tajik shashmaqam, and Tajikistan learnt of the Uzbek shashmaqom. This has survived to the present, but a surge of nationalism in Uzbekistan may change that: singers on the radio in [[Bukhara]], a city perfectly bilingual in [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] and [[Tajik language|Tajik]], are using only the Uzbek texts in their shashmaqom music broadcasts.<ref>Theodore Levin, The Reterritorialization of Culture in the New Central Asian States: A Report from Uzbekistan. Year of traditional Music, Vol. 25, Musical Processes in Asia and Oceania. (1993) pp. 51-59</ref>

This style of music was brought to the Western world, particularly to the United States, by the [[Bukharian Jews]] of Central Asia. Many of them were successful performers of Shasmaqom and brought it to the West.

==See also==
*[[Klezmer]]
*[[Music of Tajikistan]]
*[[Music of Uzbekistan]]
*[[Lazgi]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120525201743/http://www.shashmaqam.org/ Shashmaqam - performed by Bukharian Singers](Adobe Flash; not supported in all browsers)

{{Melody types}}
{{UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity|state=collapsed}}
{{UNESCO Oral and Intangible music}}

[[Category:Music of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Music of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Maqam-based music tradition]]
[[Category:Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]