View source for Share taxi

{{Short description|Mode of transport which falls between both taxicabs and buses}}
{{See also|Auto Rickshaw|maruwa|tuktuk}}

A '''share taxi''', '''shared taxi''', '''taxibus''', or '''jitney''' or '''dollar van''' in the US, '''[[marshrutka]]''' in [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet countries]], or a '''minibus''' in [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe|European countries]] and [[Turkey]], is a [[mode of transport]] which falls between a [[taxicab]] and a [[bus]]. Share taxis, when not fully formalised, are a form of [[paratransit]]. They are [[vehicles for hire]] and are typically smaller than buses. Share taxis usually take [[passengers]] on a fixed or semi-fixed route without timetables, sometimes only departing when all seats are filled. They may stop anywhere to pick up or drop off their passengers. They are most common in [[developing countries]] and inner cities.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cGTeYtzIgaUC&dq=%22tap%20tap%22%20OR%20taptap%20OR%20tap-tap%20-iphone%20-restaurant%20haiti&pg=PA254 Urban transportation systems: choices for communities (p. 254).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209204822/https://books.google.com/books?id=cGTeYtzIgaUC&lpg=PA260&dq=%22tap%20tap%22%20OR%20taptap%20OR%20tap-tap%20-iphone%20-restaurant%20haiti&pg=PA254 |date=2023-02-09}} Sigurd Grava. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003. 840 pp. 0071384170, 9780071384179.</ref>

The vehicles used as share taxis range from four-seat cars to [[minibus]]es, [[midibus]]es, covered [[pickup truck]]s, [[station wagon]]s, and [[truck]]s. Certain vehicle types may be better-suited than others.<ref>{{cite magazine | first=Robert | last=Cervero | url=https://reason.org/wp-content/uploads/files/8039a618f197e2c8bbfe21b2ac4cd285.pdf | title=Fostering Commercial Transit: Alternatives in Greater Los Angeles | magazine=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]] | date=September 1992 | number=146 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230120913/http://www.reason.org/ps146.html | archive-date=2006-12-30 | url-status=live}}</ref> They are often owner-operated.

An increase in bus fares usually leads to a significant rise in usage of share taxis. Liberalization is often encouraged by [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] urban economists, such as [[Richard Allen Epstein]] of the [[University of Chicago]], James Dunn of [[Rutgers]], and Peter Gordon of the [[University of Southern California]], as a more "market-friendly" alternative to public transportation. However, concerns over fares, insurance liabilities, and passenger safety have kept legislative support for the concept decidedly tepid.

Some share taxi services are forms of [[demand responsive transport]] and include shared shuttle bus service to airports. Some can be booked online using [[mobile app]]s.

==Operation==
===Terminus===
A given share taxi route may start and finish in fixed central locations, and landmarks may serve as route names or route termini.

In other places there may be no formal termini, with taxis simply congregating at a central location,<ref name="nypubcarpr">[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/21/travel/q-and-a-000088.html?pagewanted=2 Q&A] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104114716/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/21/travel/q-and-a-000088.html?pagewanted=2 |date=2020-11-04}} nytimes.com, February 21, 1988.</ref> instead.

The term "rank" denotes an area, specifically built for taxi operators by a municipality or city, where commuters may start and end their journey.

===Route===
Where they exist, shared taxis provide service on set routes within and sometimes between towns.

After a shared taxi has picked up [[passenger]]s at its terminus, it proceeds along a semi-fixed route where the driver may determine the actual route within an area according to traffic conditions. Drivers will stop anywhere to allow riders to disembark, and may sometimes do the same when prospective [[passenger]]s want to ride.

===Vehicle ownership===
Most share taxis are operated under one of two regimes. Some share taxis are operated by a company. For example, in [[Dakar]] there are company-owned fleets of hundreds of ''car rapides''.<ref name=stuck/> In the [[Soviet Union]], share taxis, known as ''marshrutka'', were operated by state-owned taxi parks.<ref>''RAF-977DM marshrutnoye taksi'', ''Avtomobil Na Sluzhbie'', No.28, DeAgostini, 2012, {{ISSN|2223-0440}} (in Russian)</ref> There are also individual operators in many countries. In Africa, while there are company share taxis, individual owners are more common. Rarely owning more than two vehicles at a time, they will rent out a minibus to operators, who pay fuel and other running costs, and keep revenue.<ref name=stuck/>

====Syndicates====
In some places, like some African cities and also Hong Kong, share taxi minibuses are overseen by syndicates, unions, or route associations.<ref name=stuck/> These groups often function in the absence of a [[regulation|regulatory]] environment<ref name=stuck/> and may collect dues or fees from drivers<ref name=stuck/> (such as per-use terminal payments,<ref name=stuck/> sometimes illegally), set routes,<ref name=stuck/> manage terminals, and fix fares.<ref name=stuck/> Terminal management may include ensuring each vehicle leaves with a full load of passengers.<ref name=stuck/>

Because the syndicates represent owners, their regulatory efforts tend to favor operators rather than passengers,<ref name=stuck/> and the very termini syndicates upkeep can cost delays and money for passengers as well as forcing them to disembark at inconvenient locations, in a phenomenon called "terminal constraint".<ref name=stuck/>

==By location==
===Africa===
{{further|fr:Taxi-brousse}}
Some [[Francophone Africa]]n countries use the term '''{{lang|fr|taxi-brousse}}''' ('bush taxi', often spelled with a space rather than a hyphen in English<ref name=wulf>{{cite journal |last1=Wulf | first1=Volker |last2=Misaki |first2=Kaoru |last3=Randall |first3=Dave |last4=Rohde |first4=Markus | title=Travelling by Taxi Brousse in Madagascar. An Investigation into Practices of Overland Transportation |date=2018 |doi=10.25969/mediarep/16218 |doi-access=free |journal=Media in Action | issue=1 |pages=57–97 | url=https://mediarep.org/bitstream/handle/doc/17067/MEDIA_IN_ACTION_2018_1_57-97_Wulf_ea_Travelling_.pdf?sequence=-1 |publisher=[[University of Siegen]] |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118225917/https://mediarep.org/bitstream/handle/doc/17067/MEDIA_IN_ACTION_2018_1_57-97_Wulf_ea_Travelling_.pdf?sequence=-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>) for share taxis.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/societe-africaine/les-vieux-modeles-peugeot-citroen-guimbardes-a-l-epreuve-des-routes-africaines_3057277.html |last1=Gbadamassi |first1=Falila |title=Les vieux modèles Peugeot-Citroën, guimbardes à l'épreuve des routes africaines |work=[[France Info]] |language=fr-FR |date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121225511/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/societe-africaine/les-vieux-modeles-peugeot-citroen-guimbardes-a-l-epreuve-des-routes-africaines_3057277.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-date=21 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In some African cities, routes are run between formal termini,<ref name=stuck/> where the majority<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://themediaonline.co.za/2013/10/ooh-mass-urbanisation-and-the-south-african-taxi-commuter/ | title=OOH! Mass urbanisation and the South African taxi commuter |date=2 October 2013 |archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025214905/https://themediaonline.co.za/2013/10/ooh-mass-urbanisation-and-the-south-african-taxi-commuter/|url-status=live}}</ref> of passengers board.<ref name=stuck/> In these places, the share taxis wait for a full load of passengers prior to departing, and off-peak wait times may be in excess of an hour.<ref name=stuck/>

In Africa, [[regulation]] is mainly something that pertains to the vehicle itself not its operator<ref name=stuck>{{Cite web | url=https://www.eu-africa-infrastructure-tf.net/attachments/library/aicd-background-paper-1-urban-trans-summary-en.pdf | first1=Ajay | last1=Kumar | first2=Fanny | last2=Barrett | title=Stuck in Traffic | date=January 2008}}</ref> or its mode of operation.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}}

African minibuses are difficult to [[tax]],<ref name=stuck/> and may operate in a "regulatory vacuum" perhaps because their existence is not part of a government scheme, but is simply a market response to a growing demand for such services.<ref name=stuck/> Route syndicates<ref name=stuck/> and operator's associations<ref name=stuck/> often exercise unrestricted control, and existing rules may see little enforcement.<ref name=stuck/>

In many traffic-choked, sprawling, and low-density African cities, minibuses are used.<ref name=stuck/>
Some or even most African bush taxis are old [[Peugeot]] and [[Renault]] models. (specifically [[Peugeot 504]] and [[Peugeot 505]] models).

====Algeria====
In [[Algeria]], ''taxis collectifs'' ply fixed routes with their destination displayed.<ref name="lpalgeria"/> Rides are shared with others who are picked up along the way,<ref name="catc"/> and the taxi will leave only when it seats all the passengers it can.<ref name=bradtalgeria/> While stations, set locations to board and disembark, exist,<ref name=bradtalgeria>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vyg7ViBs4JAC&dq=Algeria%20taxi&pg=PA90 |title=Bradt Travel Guide: Algeria |last1=Oakes |first1=Jonathan |year=2008 |publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]] |isbn=978-1-84162-232-3 |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209204824/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vyg7ViBs4JAC&lpg=PA44&dq=Algeria%20taxi&pg=PA90 |url-status=live}}</ref> prospective passengers flag down a ''taxi collectif'' when they want a ride.<ref name="lpalgeria">[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/algeria/algiers/transport/getting-around#269895 Transport in Algiers: Local transport; Taxi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402084254/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/algeria/algiers/transport/getting-around/local-transport#269895 |date=2020-04-02}} lonelyplanet.com</ref>

Operating inter-<ref name=bradtalgeria/> and intra-city,{{citation needed|date=March 2011}} ''taxis collectifs'' that travel between towns may be called ''interwilaya taxis''.<ref name=bradtalgeria/>

Along with all forms of public transport in Algeria, the [[Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada]] recommend against using these share taxis.<ref name="catc">[http://www.voyage.gc.ca/countries_pays/report_rapport-eng.asp?id=5000#9 TRAVEL REPORT Algeria: 9. TRAVEL AND CURRENCY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919195721/http://www.voyage.gc.ca/countries_pays/report_rapport-eng.asp?id=5000#9 |date=2012-09-19}} Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Official Site</ref> The [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Ireland)|Irish Department of Foreign Affairs]] asks that you use taxis recommended by a hotel.<ref>[http://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=394 Travel Advice: Algeria; Road Safety] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314002403/https://www.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=394 |date=2020-03-14}} Irish Department of Foreign Affairs Official Site</ref>

====Burkina Faso====
In [[Ouagadougou]], capital of [[Burkina Faso]], the share taxi or {{lang|fr-CI|taxi brousse}}<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/payen_0989-6007_1998_ant_9_1_929 |last1=Bamas |first1=Stanislas Marie Maximilien |title=Le développement des transports routiers de voyageurs: l'exemple du Burkina Faso |journal=Pays enclavés |date=1998 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=83–98 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121225511/https://www.persee.fr/doc/payen_0989-6007_1998_ant_9_1_929 |url-status=live}}</ref> role is not filled by the traditional African minibus.<ref name=stuck/>

====Democratic Republic of the Congo====
Those in [[Kinshasa]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DRC]], (or perhaps just the [[Kongo people]]) may call share taxis ''fula fula'' meaning "quick quick".<ref name=kiakia/>

There was no independent transport authority in the city of Kinshasa as of 2008.<ref name=stuck/>

====Cameroon====
Share taxis do exist in [[Cameroon]], but as of 2008 minibuses cannot be used for this purpose, by law.<ref name=stuck/> That same year, [[Douala]], Cameroon, also was without an independent transport authority.<ref name=stuck/>

====Egypt====
[[Egypt]]ian share cabs are generally known as micro-bus (''{{transliteration|arz|mekrobass}}'' {{lang|ar|ميكروباص}} or ''{{transliteration|arz|mašrūʿ}}'' {{lang|ar|مشروع}}, "project"; plural ''{{transliteration|arz|mekrobassāt}}'' {{lang|ar|ميكروباصات}} or ''{{transliteration|arz|mašarīʿ}}'' {{lang|ar|مشاريع}}). The second name is used by [[Alexandria]]ns.

Micro-buses are licensed by each of the [[governorates of Egypt]] as taxicabs, and are generally operated privately by their drivers. Although each governorate attempts to maintain a consistent paint scheme for them, in practice the color of them varies wildly, as the "consistent" schemes have changed from time to time and many drivers have not bothered to repaint their cars.

Rates vary depending on distance traveled, although these rates are generally well known to those riding the micro-bus. The fares also depend on the city. Riders can typically hail micro-buses from any point along the route, often with well-established hand signals indicating the prospective rider's destination, although certain areas tend to be well-known micro-bus stops.

Like the Eastern European ''marshrutka'', a typical micro-bus is a large [[van]], most often a [[Toyota HiAce]] or its [[Jinbei (car)|Jinbei]] equivalent, the [[Jinbei Haise|Haise]], and the latter is produced by the [[Bavarian Auto Group|Bavarian Auto Manufacturing Group]] in [[6th of October City]] in Egypt. Smaller vans and larger small buses are also used.

====Ethiopia====
Minibus taxis in [[Ethiopia]] are one of the most important modes of transport in big cities like [[Addis Ababa]]. They are preferred by the majority of the populace over public buses and more traditional taxicabs because they are generally cheap, operate on diverse routes, and are available in abundance. All minibus taxis in Ethiopia have a standard blue-and-white coloring scheme, much as [[New York taxi]]s are yellow. Minibus taxis are usually [[Toyota HiAce]]s, frequent the streets. They typically can carry 11 passengers, but will always have room for another until that is no longer the case. The minibus driver has a crew member called a ''[[weyala]]'' whose job is to collect the fare from passengers.

In 2008, publicly operated public transport was available in [[Addis Ababa]] in addition to that provided by the minibuses.<ref name=stuck/> A fleet of 350 large buses may operate for this purpose,{{citation needed|date=March 2011}} as such a number does exist.<ref name=stuck/> Also as of 2008, the city lacks an independent transport authority,<ref name=stuck/> but some [[regulation]], such as that controlling market entry, does exist.<ref name=stuck/>

Route syndicates may be present but are described as "various".<ref name=stuck/>

====Ghana====
[[File:Trotro lettering.jpg|thumb|300px|Tro tro in [[Accra]]]]
[[File:Lapaz Ablekuma Kasoa trotro mates calls.ogg|thumb|Mates calling for passengers]]
[[File:Tro Tro 04.jpg|thumb|290x290px|A mate looking out a tro tro]]
[[File:Trotro in Accra 2009 B002.jpg|thumb|Trotro in Accra 2009]]
In [[Ghana]] and neighboring countries, share taxis are called ''tro tro''. They are privately owned<ref name=Field/> minibus that travel fixed routes<ref name=Field/> and leave when filled to capacity. While there are ''tro tro'' stations,<ref name=Field/><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HapewBo3c0C&dq=tro%20tro%20New%20Tema%20Station&pg=PA346 | title=West Africa | first=Anthony | last=Ham | publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] | year=2009| isbn= 978-1-74104-821-6 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209204825/https://books.google.com/books?id=1HapewBo3c0C&lpg=PA347&ots=pGv2432qPk&dq=tro%20tro%20New%20Tema%20Station&pg=PA346 |archive-date=2023-02-09 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Briggs |first1=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d2D0IQCQP9IC&dq=tro+tro+New+Tema+Station&pg=PA113 |title=Ghana: The Bradt Travel Guide |last2=Rushton |first2=Katherine |date=2007 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-205-7 |language=en}}</ref> these shared taxis can also be boarded anywhere along the route.<ref name=Field/>

Operated by a driver and a [[bus conductor]], who collects money, shouts out the destination, and is called a "mate",<ref name=Field/> many are decorated with [[slogan]]s and [[saying]]s, often religious, and few operate on Sundays.<ref name=":0" /> A 2010 report by [[The World Bank]] found that ''Tro tro'' are used by 70% of [[Ghanaian]] commuters.<ref name=Field/> This popularity may be because in cities such as [[Accra]] had only basic public transportation save for these small minibuses.<ref name=stuck/> An informal means of transportation, in [[Ghana]] they are [[licensed]] by the government, but the industry is self-[[Regulation|regulated]].<ref name=Field>{{Cite news | url=https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2010/09/29/report-from-the-field-the-tro-tro-an-essential-mode-of-transport-in-accra-ghana/ | title=Report from the Field: The Tro-Tro – An Essential Mode of Transport in Accra, Ghana | first=Susan M. | last=Blaustein | work=[[Columbia University]] | date=September 29, 2010}}</ref> In [[Accra]], syndicates include GPRTU and PROTOA.<ref name=stuck/>

[[Aayalolo]], a bus rapid transit system opened in November 2016; however, most people continued to use trotros as of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.theigc.org/sites/default/files/2019/10/Abekah-Nkrumah-et-al-2019-Policy-Brief.pdf | title=The effects of the introduction of a bus rapid transit system on commuter choices in Ghana | work=[[International Growth Centre]] | date=September 2019}}</ref>

The term "tro tro" is believed to derive from the [[Ga language|Ga]] word ''tro'', "threepence", because the conductors usually asked for "three three pence", which was the standard bus fare in the 1940s, when Ghana still used the [[British West African pound]] and later the [[Ghanaian pound]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/TroTro-Transport-for-the-People-by-the-People-76087?gallery=1 |title=TroTro: Transport for the People by the People |website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> Alternatively, its origin is not "three times three pence" but rather "threepence [thruhpnce, tro] each": doubling a coin's name in the vernacular means "that coin for each person (or item)". Three pence was the price per passenger in the early 1960s, when pounds/shillings/pence were still in use, including threepence coins, before decimalization of the currency into cedi and pesewa in 1965.
[[File:Trootro-mate1.jpg|thumb|290x290px|A [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] bus with a mate]]

In Ghana, ''tro tro'' are licensed by the government, but the industry is self-regulated.<ref name=Field/> There was no independent transport authority as of 2008 in the capital, Accra.<ref name=stuck/> In the absence of a regulatory environment, groups called syndicates oversee share taxis. These may collect dues, set routes, manage terminals, and fix fares.<ref name=stuck/> In Accra as of 2008, such syndicates include [[Ghana Private Road Transport Union]] and PROTOA.<ref name=stuck/>

Despite the regulatory challenges, the service was regulated during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana]]. There was 98% compliance to guidelines on physical distancing, although guidelines on individual use of face masks were more difficult to enforce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dzisi |first1=Emmanuel Komla Junior |last2=Dei |first2=Oscar Akunor |date=2020-08-03 |title=Adherence to social distancing and wearing of masks within public transportation during the COVID 19 pandemic |journal=Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives|volume=7 |article-number=100191|doi=10.1016/j.trip.2020.100191|pmid=34173465 |pmc=7396893 |issn=2590-1982 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020TrRIP...700191D }}</ref>

====Ivory Coast====
In the [[Ivory Coast]], ''gbaka'' is a name for minibus public transports.<ref name=stuck/> The transport [[regulator (economics)|regulator]] in [[Abidjan]], [[Ivory Coast]], is ''Agence de Gestion des Transports Urbains''<ref name=stuck/> or AGETU.<ref name=stuck/> As of 2008, Abidjan public transport was serviced by large buses as well as minibuses.<ref name=stuck/> Syndicates include UPETCA and SNTMVCI.<ref name=stuck/>

====Kenya====
{{Main|Matatu}}

In [[Kenya]], regulation does extend to operators<ref name="hid2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=SLX9n4fG5V8C&dq=matatu&pg=PA371 Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi ''Matatu''. Mbugua wa-Mungai. (p. 371).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209204822/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLX9n4fG5V8C&lpg=PA375&dq=matatu&pg=PA371 |date=2023-02-09}} edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pp. 9987080936, 9789987080939.</ref><ref name="port">[https://books.google.com/books?id=SLX9n4fG5V8C&dq=matatu&pg=PA376 Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi ''Matatu''. Mbugua wa-Mungai (p. 376).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209204823/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLX9n4fG5V8C&lpg=PA375&dq=matatu&pg=PA376 |date=2023-02-09}} edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pp. 9987080936, 9789987080939.</ref> and mode of operation (such as routes used){{citation needed|date=March 2011}} as well as the vehicle.<ref name="lpkenya">[https://books.google.com/books?id=TTf0Aki6AUQC&dq=Matatu%20share%20taxi&pg=PA383 Kenya (p. 383).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209204832/https://books.google.com/books?id=TTf0Aki6AUQC&lpg=PA383&ots=k5_ki3Gk6K&dq=Matatu%20share%20taxi&pg=PA383 |date=2023-02-09}} Tom Parkinson, Max Phillips, Will Gourlay. Lonely Planet, 2006. 352 pp. 1740597435, 9781740597432.</ref>

====Madagascar====
{{excerpt|Driving in Madagascar|tb-intro}}

====Mali====
In [[Mali]], share taxis are called ''sotrama'' and ''dourouni''.<ref name=stuck/> As of 2008, [[Bamako]], Mali, has no independent transport authority,<ref name=stuck/> but share taxi activity could fall under [[regulator (economics)|regulator]] ''Direction de la régulation et du contrôle du transport urbain (municipal)'' or DRCTU control.<ref name=stuck/>

====Morocco====
[[File:123-Mercedes_Grand_taxi_à_Chefchaouen_2012.jpg|thumb|right|A regular grand taxi in [[Morocco]]]]
In [[Morocco]], intercity share taxis are called ''grand taxis''. They are generally old [[full-size car|full-size]] [[Mercedes-Benz]] [[sedan (automobile)|sedan]]s, and seat six or more passengers.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210819-merci-dix-a-swansong-for-moroccos-mercedes-grand-taxis | title="Merci dix": A swansong for Morocco's Mercedes Grand Taxis | first1=John | last1=Silcox | first2=Sam | last2=Christmas | work=[[BBC News]] | date=21 August 2021}}</ref>

====Nigeria====
{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 250
| image1            = Meet Nigeria's Bus Conductor with One Leg.webm
| image2            = Where are the Molue Buses in Nigeria-.webm
| footer            = The danfo share taxi and molue minibusses are iconic transport in Lagos, Nigeria.
}}

In [[Nigeria]], both minibusses (called ''danfo''<ref name=stuck/>) and [[midibus]]es (''molue'')<ref name=stuck/> may be operated as share taxis. Such forms of public transport may also be referred to as ''bolekaja'', and many bear [[slogan]]s or [[saying]]s.<ref name=kiakia/>

The term ''kia kia'' may be used in [[Yorùbáland]] to refer to minibus public transports, and means "quick quick".<ref name=kiakia>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Robert Farris |date=Spring 1996 |title=Tap-Tap, Fula-Fula, Kíá-Kíá: The Haitian Bus in Atlantic Perspective |journal=African Arts |volume=29 |issue=2 Special Issue: Arts of Vodou |page=41 |doi=10.2307/3337365 |jstor=3337365}}</ref>

[[Lagos]], Nigeria, has a transport-dedicated [[regulator (economics)|regulator]], Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Agency (LAMATA).<ref name=stuck/> Outside of Lagos, most major cities in Africa have similar systems of transport. Syndicates in [[Lagos]] include the National Union of Road and Transport Workers (NURTW).<ref name=stuck/>

====Rwanda====
[[File:Minibus in Kigali.jpg|thumb|Minibus in Kigali, Rwanda]]
Minibus public transports in [[Rwanda]] may be called coaster buses,<ref name="rwnews">[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/9635/National/no-more-atwegeranea-in-commuter-coaster-buses No more 'twegerane' in commuter Coaster buses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919212759/https://www.newtimes.co.rw/index.php?issue=14395&article=7875 |date=2018-09-19}} newtimes.co.rw, March 11, 2011.</ref> share taxis, or ''twegerane''.<ref name=stuck/> The latter could easily be a word meaning "stuffed" or "full".<ref name="rwnews"/> As of 2020, in [[Kigali]], Rwanda, syndicates include RFTC, Kigali Bus Services, and Royal Express.

====South Africa====
{{See also|Taxi wars in South Africa}}
[[File:Cape-Town-taxi-rank.jpg|thumb|right|Cape Town minibus taxi rank]]
[[File:Wikimania 2018, Cape Town (P1050535).jpg|thumb|Modern Toyota share taxi in Cape Town]]
Over 60% of South African commuters use shared minibus taxis, which are 16 seater commuter buses, sometimes referred to as ''kombis, or more colloquially known as 'quantum', for only the Toyota [[HiAce]]''. Many of these vehicles are unsafe and not roadworthy, and often dangerously overloaded. Since the 1980s, share taxis have been severely affected by turf wars.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://joburg.org.za/about_/Pages/About%20the%20City/About%20the%20City%202/Taxis.aspx | title=Taxis | publisher=[[Johannesburg]]}}</ref> Prior to 1987, the taxi industry in South Africa was highly regulated and controlled. Black taxi operators were declined permits in the [[Apartheid]] era and all minibus taxi operations were, by their very nature, illegal. Post-1987, the industry was rapidly deregulated, leading to an influx of new minibus taxi operators, keen to make money off the high demand for this service. Taxi operators banded together to form local and national associations. Because the industry was largely unregulated and the official regulating bodies corrupt,{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} these associations soon engaged in anti-competitive [[price fixing]] and exhibited gangster tactics – including the hiring of hit-men and all-out gang warfare.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.csvr.org.za/docs/taxiviolence/fromlowintensity.pdf |title=From Low-Intensity War to Mafia War: Taxi violence in South Africa (1987–2000) – Jackie Dugard | date=May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209034354/http://www.csvr.org.za/wits/papers/papvtp4.htm | archive-date=2012-02-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the height of the conflict, it was common for taxi drivers to carry shotguns and [[AK-47]]s to shoot rival taxi drivers and their passengers on sight.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}

Along with new legislation, the government has instituted a recapitalization scheme to replace the old and un-roadworthy vehicles with new 18- and 35-seater minibusses. These new minibus taxis carry the South African flag on the side and are notably more spacious and safe.

====Tanzania====
{{main|Dala-dala}}
[[File:Daladala bus.JPG|thumb|A ''dala dala'' in the city of [[Dar es Salaam]]]]
[[Minivan]]s and minibuses are used as vehicles for hire and referred to as ''dala dala'' in [[Tanzania]]. While ''dala dala'' may run fixed routes picking up passengers at central locations, they will also stop along the route to drop someone off or allow a prospective passenger to board. Before minibuses became widely used, the typical ''dala dala'' was a [[pick-up truck]] with benches placed in the [[Pickup truck#Pickup bed styles|truck bed]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.zanzibar.org/ | title=Travel Guide to Zanzibar | website= zanzibar.org | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050706085802/http://www.zanzibar.org/ |archive-date=2005-07-06 
 | url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Dar es Salaam]], as of 2008, publicly operated minibus service also exists.<ref name=stuck/>

They are usually run by both a driver and a [[bus conductor]] called a ''mpigadebe'', literally meaning "a person who hits a debe" (a 4-gallon tin container used for transporting gasoline or water). The name is in reference to the fact that conductors often hit the roof and side of the van to attract customers and to notify the driver when to leave the station.

Often crowded, they have their routes allocated by a Tanzania transport [[regulator (economics)|regulator]], Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Authority (SUMATRA),<ref name=stuck/> but syndicates also exist and include DARCOBOA.<ref name=stuck/>

====Tunisia====
[[File:Louage_in_Tunisia.jpg|thumb|Louage in [[Tunisia]]]]
Share taxis in [[Tunisia]] are called ''louages'' and follow fixed or semi-fixed routes, departing from stations when full.<ref name=fooc>{{cite AV media | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p029fgxb | title=From our Own Correspondent: Appearance and Reality | work=BBC | first=Hugh | last=Sykes | medium=Audio |date=2 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Bizerte%3A+Tunisia%27s+secret+tourism+weapon%3A+framed+by+wide+sandy...-a0360358169 | last=Stevenson | first=John | title=Bizerte: Tunisia's Secret Tourism Weapon: Framed by Wide Sandy Beaches Dotted by Unimposing Resorts, Bizerte, Tunisia's Northernmost City, Offers an Unrivalled Quaintness, Surpassing the Country's More Tourism Centred Destinations | date=13 December 2014}}</ref> In French, the name means "rental." Departing only when filled with passengers not at specific times, they can be hired at stations.<ref name=tunliv/> Louage ply set routes, and fares are set by the government. At most louage stations, tickets must be purchased at a booth and given to the driver.

In contrast to other share taxis in Africa, louage are sparsely decorated. These white vans sport a single colored stripe that alerts potential passengers to the type of transport they offer. Red-striped vans travel from one state to another, Blue which travels from city to city within a state, and yellow which serves rural locales.<ref name=tunliv>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/travel/the-tunisian-louage-is-a-vehicle-of-a-different-stripe-1.555083/ | title=The Tunisian louage is a vehicle of a different stripe | publisher=The National | work=thenational.ae | date=January 17, 2009 | author=Zaafrani, Omar}}</ref> Blue-striped louage can also be seen.<ref name=tunliv/> Small placards atop the vans specify either a van's exact destination or the town in which it is registered.

Prior to the introduction of vans, French-made station wagons were used as louages.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/28/travel/how-green-is-the-desert.html?pagewanted=3 | title=How Green Is the Desert | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107114858/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/28/travel/how-green-is-the-desert.html?pagewanted=3 |archive-date=2020-11-07 | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=November 28, 1999}}</ref>

====West Africa====
The term ''kia kia'' may be used in [[Yorùbáland]] to refer to minibus public transports, and means "quick quick".<ref name=kiakia/>

===Asia===
[[File:HongKong-Bus&Minibus.png|thumb|A [[public light bus]] (left) and a [[double-decker bus]] (right) in [[Hong Kong]]]]

====Hong Kong====
{{main|Public light bus}}
[[Public light buses]] ({{lang-zh|c=公共小型巴士}}), also known as minibus or maxicab ({{lang-zh|c=小巴}}), run the length and breadth of [[Hong Kong]], through areas which the standard bus lines cannot or do not reach as frequently, quickly or directly. They are 16 or 19 seater minibuses. [[Public Light Bus#Red minibuses|Public Light Bus]] are differentiated from usual minibuses with their red coloured roof, and with very few exceptions, lack of route numbers. With no timetable, drivers can depart when they deem the passenger count on board is financially equitable. Special features include its high speeds (up to 110&nbsp;km/h on some routes; which is illegal when exceeding the 80&nbsp;km/h limit) and permission for the driver to end the journey prematurely, even with passengers on board. Although within their right to charge the full fare, drivers usually lower or omit the fare if they are unable to deliver the passenger to the promised destination.

Typically offering a faster and more efficient transportation solution due to their small size, limited carrying capacity, frequency, and diverse range of routes, although they are generally slightly more expensive than standard buses, minibusses carry a maximum of 19 seated passengers. [[Standing passenger]]s are not allowed.

There are two types of public light minibus: green and red. Both types have a cream-coloured body, the distinguishing feature being the colour of the external roof, and the type of service that the colour denotes: green is like regular [[transit bus]] with fixed number, route, schedule and fare (but generally not fixed stops); red is a shared taxi, operating on semi-fixed route unregulated, with the driver waiting for enough passengers to justify leaving, as his income depends on the revenue.

====Cyprus====
In [[Cyprus]], there are privately owned share taxis that travel to set destinations and board additional passengers en route called service taxis.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6BKlnz-TResC&dq=cyprus%20lonely%20planet&pg=PA98 Cyprus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209205645/https://books.google.com/books?id=6BKlnz-TResC&lpg=PP1&dq=cyprus%20lonely%20planet&pg=PA98 |date=2023-02-09}} Vesna Maric. Lonely Planet, 2009. 268 pp. 4th ed. {{ISBN|9781741048032}}.</ref>

====India====
In [[India]], several cities have minibuses apart from the presence of three-wheeler taxi-cabs called rickshaws. Minibuses are especially popular in the city of [[Kolkata]] for intra-city travel but are also present elsewhere. It is also a crucial mode of public transport in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] region and in the hilly tracts of [[Northeast India]], as other modes of transport are infrequent or absent altogether.

Shared taxis have been operating in [[Mumbai, India]], since the early 1970s. These are point-to-point services that operate during peak hours. During [[off-peak hours]] they ply like regular taxis; they can be hailed anywhere on the roads and passengers are charged by the meter. During peak hours they will take a full cab load of passengers to a more or less common destination. The pick-up points are usually fixed, and sometimes (but not always) marked by a sign saying "shared taxis". Cabs typically line up at this point during peak hours.

They sometimes display their general destination on their windscreens, and passengers get in and wait for the cab to fill up, which leave when full. Fares are fixed and much lower than the metered fare to the same destination, but higher than a bus or train fare.

Such informal arrangements also exist in other Indian cities. Share jeeps are a common form of transportation in the Himalayas, the North Eastern States, and elsewhere.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8FQa2ZSFQC&pg=PA521 Sarina Singh, ''India'', Lonely Planet, 2005.]</ref>

===={{anchor|Indonesia|Angkot}} Indonesia====
'''''Angkutan Kota''''' ({{lit|city transport}}), abbreviated as '''''angkot''''', are shared taxis in [[Indonesia]] widely operating throughout the country, usually with [[microbus]]es. In some places there were also three-wheelers which are called ''bemo'' (such as [[autorickshaw]]s based on the [[Daihatsu Midget]]) but these have been phased out. The older version of Angkot is called ''oplet''. The name of this transportation differs from each different province or area in the country. In [[Jakarta]], it is called ''angkot'' or ''"mikrotrans"'', in other parts such as in [[Sulawesi]], the term ''mikrolet'' (shortened ''"mikro"'') is more widely used especially in [[Manado]]. In [[Makassar]] it is called ''"pete-pete"'', in [[Malang]] it is called ''"angkota"'', in [[Medan]] it is called ''"sudako"'', in [[Western New Guinea|Indonesian Papua]] it is called "''taksi''", in [[Aceh]] it is called ''"labi-labi"'', and in [[Samarinda]] it is called "''[[public minibus|minibus]]''" (but even within the city itself is also called ''angkot'').

Share taxis operated across [[Villages in Indonesia|rural/village]] routes are called '''''angkutan desa''''' ({{lit|village transport}}), abbreviated as '''''angkudes'''. Angkot'' and ''angkudes'' run accordingly to their exact routes and may stop at any class of bus stations (A, B, and C-Type bus stations).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Azis |first1=R. |title=Pengantar Sistem dan Perencanaan Transportasi |last2=Asrul |publisher=Deepublish |year=2018 |isbn=978-602-475-356-6 |location=Yogyakarta |pages=200 |language=id}}</ref> Additionally, passengers can stop the van anywhere along its route, and it is not required to stop at a [[bus stop]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://depok24jam.republika.co.id/posts/46631/wajib-catet-ini-daftar-trayek-angkot-di-depok |title=Wajib Catet Ini Daftar Trayek Angkot di Depok | work=[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)|Republika]] | date=14 February 2022 | language=id}}</ref>

In 2017, [[Jakarta]] launched OKTrip, a cooperation with Kooperasi Wahana Kalpika to provide an ''angkot'' with an integrated fare with [[Transjakarta]]. The system was then continuously refined, birthing Mikrotrans, an ''angkot'' that is integrated with the wider Transjakarta system. Passengers are not required to pay a fare, but are required to tap a [[cash card]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 2024 |title=Beda Antara JakLingko dan Mikrotrans dalam Transportasi Jakarta |url=https://tirto.id/beda-antara-jaklingko-dan-mikrotrans-dalam-transportasi-jakarta-g3uj |work=tirto.id |language=id}}</ref>

In 2023, [[Surabaya]] also launched [[Wirawiri Suroboyo]], a feeder system wholly run by the Department of Transport. Passengers are still required to pay fares when boarding a Wirawiri ''angkot'', but are handed tickets that are integrated with the wider [[Suroboyo Bus]] and select [[Trans Semanggi Suroboyo]] corridors.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://kumparan.com/alief-alfarizi/wira-wiri-suroboyo-solusi-transportasi-ramah-kantong-di-tengah-kemacetan-23e6qLdaU1R |title=Wira Wiri Suroboyo: Solusi Transportasi Ramah Kantong di Tengah Kemacetan | work=tirto.id | date=4 October 2024 | language=id}}</ref> Several cities have followed Surabaya's model, including [[Donggala Regency|Donggala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wati |first=Nila |title=Rute Serta Tarif Bus Trans Donggala dan Angkutan Perkotaan Feeder, Mulai Rp10.000 Hingga Gratis - Sulteng Membangun |url=https://sultengmembangun.id/rute-serta-tarif-bus-trans-donggala-dan-angkutan-perkotaan-feeder-mulai-rp10-000-hingga-gratis/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250903093714/https://sultengmembangun.id/rute-serta-tarif-bus-trans-donggala-dan-angkutan-perkotaan-feeder-mulai-rp10-000-hingga-gratis/ |archive-date=2025-09-03 |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=sultengmembangun.id |date=13 December 2024 |language=id}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:JAK-54 (cropped).jpg|An Mikrotrans angkot operated by [[Transjakarta]] in [[Jakarta]]
File:Unit_Gran_Max_Feeder_Wirawiri_Suroboyo_(Maret_2023)_(cropped).jpg|A [[Wirawiri Suroboyo]] angkot operated by [[Suroboyo Bus]] in [[Surabaya]]
File:Angkot Kalapa Dago at Dago Street in 2012.jpg|A traditional share taxi or angkot in [[Bandung]]
</gallery>

====Iran====
[[Image:Tehran-Sharetaxi.jpg|thumb|right|Sharing ajans in [[Tehran]]]]

In Iran, a share taxi is usually called "taxi", while a non-share is called "ajans"/اژانس, pronounced [aʒans]. Four passengers share a taxi and sometimes there is no terminus and they wait in the street side and blare their destination to all taxis until one of them stops. These are regular taxis but if somebody wants to get a non-share taxi he can call for an ajans (taxi service) for himself or wait in the street side and say ''"Darbast"'' (which means non-share). It means he is not interested in sharing the taxi and is consequently willing to pay more for the privilege.

Minibuses, with a capacity of 18 passengers, and van taxis, with a capacity of 10 passengers are other kinds of share transport in Iran.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967070X22002803 | title=A qualitative exploration of factors influencing women's intention to use shared taxis: A study on the characteristics of urban commuting behavior in Iran | first1=Sayna Firoozi | last1=Yeganeh | first2=Navid | last2=Khademi | first3=Hojatollah | last3=Farahani | first4=Mohammad Ali | last4=Besharat | journal=Transport Policy | date=December 2022| volume=129 | pages=90–104 | doi=10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.10.001 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

====Israel====
[[File:Sherut.JPG|thumb|Sherut taxis]]In {{langx|he|מונית שירות}} ''monit sherut'', pl. {{langx|he|מוניות שירות}} ''moniyot sherut'' is a word meaning "service taxi". Referring to vans or minibuses<ref name="lpisrael">[https://books.google.com/books?id=VRGsmo7xjykC&dq=Israel%20and%20the%20Palestinian%20Territories&pg=PA431 Amelia Thomas, Michael Kohn, Miriam Raphael, Dan Savery Raz, ''Israel and the Palestinian Territories'', p. 431.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209205645/https://books.google.com/books?id=VRGsmo7xjykC&lpg=PA9&dq=Israel%20and%20the%20Palestinian%20Territories&pg=PA431 |date=2023-02-09}} Lonely Planet, 2010. 468 pp. 6th ed. 1741044561, 9781741044560.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sFatRBsSHIMC&dq=Sherut&pg=PA107 Frommer's Israel.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209205645/https://books.google.com/books?id=sFatRBsSHIMC&lpg=PA107&dq=Sherut&pg=PA107 |date=2023-02-09}} Robert Ullian. Frommer's, 2010. 544 pp. 0470618205, 9780470618202.</ref> that serve as share taxis in [[Israel]], these can be picked up from anywhere on their route. They follow fixed routes<ref name="lpisrael"/> (sometimes the same routes as [[public transport]] buses) and usually leave from the initial station only when full.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/04/travel/guide-to-13-major-way-stations.html?pagewanted=6 GUIDE TO 13 MAJOR WAY STATIONS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828160252/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/04/travel/guide-to-13-major-way-stations.html?pagewanted=6 |date=2020-08-28}} nytimes.com, March 4, 1984.</ref> ''Moniyot sherut'' operate both inter-<ref name="lpisrael"/><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/11/travel/international-issue-going-abroad-without-going-broke.html?pagewanted=6 INTERNATIONAL ISSUE; Going Abroad Without Going Broke] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105033428/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/11/travel/international-issue-going-abroad-without-going-broke.html?pagewanted=6 |date=2020-11-05}} nytimes.com, March 11, 1990.</ref> and intra-city.<ref name="lpisrael"/> Payment is often done by passing money to the driver in a "human chain" formed by the passengers seated before. The change (and the receipt, when requested) are returned to the person who paid by the same means. In intra-city routes, where they compete with official buses, the drivers usually coordinate their travel by radio so that they can arrive at the bus station just before public transport buses and take the most passengers.

Monit sherut is one of the only forms of transit accessible to many Israelis during [[Shabbat]], as most public transportation in the country closes down between sunset on Friday and nightfall on Saturday.

In Israel, Mercedes are used, owned generally by Arabs, and very efficient, having space for 7–8 people, and having loosely fixed routes, dropping a passenger either at a specific terminus or going a little out of the way to facilitate the passenger.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024|reason=A claim like "owned generally by Arabs" needs to be supported with source or better yet specific statistic data.}}

====Philippines====
{{Main|Jeepney|UV Express}}
[[File:02567jfBarangays Progeso Rivera San Juan River Bridge Welcome Arch Cityfvf 18 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|UV Express vehicle in Metro Manila]]
[[File:Jeepney in Legazpi City.JPG|thumb|right|A typical jeepney in Legazpi, The Philippines]]
The most popular means of public transportation in the [[Philippines]] as of 2007,<ref name=fears/> jeepneys were originally made out of [[Willys MB|US military jeep]]s left over from [[World War II]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Otsuka |first1=Keijiro | first2=Masao | last2=Kikuchi | first3=Yujiro | last3=Hayami |date=January 1986 |title=Community and Market in Contract Choice: The Jeepney in the Philippines |journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=279–98 |doi=10.1086/451528 |issn=0013-0079 |jstor=1153851 |s2cid=155062784}}</ref> and are known for their color and flamboyant decoration.<ref name=fears/> The jeepneys are built by local [[automobile repair shop]]s from a combination of prefabricated elements (from a handful of Filipino manufacturers) and improvisation and in most cases equipped with "surplus" or used Japanese SUV or light truck engines, drive train, suspension and steering components (from recycled vehicles in Japan).

They have not changed much since their post-war creation, even in the face of increased access to pre-made vehicles, such as minibuses.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} However, due to the government's [[Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program]], Jeepneys and other modes of transportation must comply to the newer Philippine National Standards which is more compliant with international standards.

Older jeepneys have the entrance on the back, and there is space for two people beside the driver (or more if they are small) while the modern jeepneys have two doors on the right side of the vehicle. The back cab of the Jeepney is equipped with two long bench seats along the sides and the people seated closest to the driver are responsible for passing the fare of new passengers forward to the driver and the change back to the passenger. The start and end point of the jeepney route is often a jeepney terminal, where there is a queue system so only one jeepney plying a particular route is filled at a time, and where a person helps the driver to collect fares and fill the vehicles with people, usually to more than comfortable capacity.

Preferring to leave only when full and only stop for a crowd of potential passengers,<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaUR07G0yAcC&dq=lonely%20planet%20philippines&pg=PA454 | title=Philippines |page=454 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209205645/https://books.google.com/books?id=aaUR07G0yAcC&lpg=PP1&dq=lonely%20planet%20philippines&pg=PA454 |archive-date=2023-02-09 | first1=Chris | last1=Rowthorn | first2=Greg | last2=Bloom | publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-74104-289-4}}</ref> riders can nonetheless disembark at any time; and while jeepneys ply fixed routes,<ref name=fears>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSMAN1276320071120/ |title=Manila's jeepney pioneer fears the end of the road | work=[[Reuters]] |date=November 20, 2007 |archive-date=2015-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208231750/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-jeepney-idUSMAN1276320071120 |url-status=live}}</ref> these may be subject to change over time.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200807054202/http://www.wayblima.com/cebu-jeepneys-routes.html JEEPNEY ROUTES]}} wayblima.com</ref> New ones may need approval from a Philippine transport [[regulator (economics)|regulator]].<ref name="philstar">[http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleid=609592 City Council pushes for new jeepney route] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302140153/https://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleid=609592 |date=2020-03-02}} philstar.com, September 06, 2010.</ref> Jeepney stations do exist.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=aaUR07G0yAcC&dq=lonely%20planet%20philippines&pg=PA114 Philippines (p. 114).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209205645/https://books.google.com/books?id=aaUR07G0yAcC&lpg=PP1&dq=lonely%20planet%20philippines&pg=PA114 |date=2023-02-09}} Chris Rowthorn, Greg Bloom. Lonely Planet, 2006. 492 pp. 9th ed. 1741042895, 9781741042894.</ref>

Another share taxi that is also common in the Philippines is the [[UV Express]] which uses [[Compact MPV]]s and [[van]]s as its form factor. These vehicles seat 10–18 people and charge an additional 2 [[Philippine peso]] per kilometer (as of 2013).

====Thailand====
{{Main|Songthaew}}

Literally "two rows"{{citation needed|date=March 2011}} a ''songthaew'' or ''song thaew''<ref name="tiny"/> (Thai สองแถว, Lao: ສອງແຖວ [sɔ̌ːŋtʰíw]) is a passenger vehicle in [[Thailand]]<ref name="tiny">[https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/20/travel/island-escape-from-bangkok.html?pagewanted=3 Island Escape From Bangkok] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106225836/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/20/travel/island-escape-from-bangkok.html?pagewanted=3 |date=2020-11-06}} nytimes.com, April 20, 1997.</ref> and [[Laos]]<ref name="lao"/> adapted from a pick-up<ref name="lao">[https://www.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/asia/laos/luang-prabang/frm_luang-prab_2412010011.html?pagewanted=all ''Side Trips by Frommer's''. Luang Namtha & the Far North: Getting There; By Air] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209205647/https://www.nytimes.com/section/travel?pagewanted=all |date=2023-02-09}} nytimes.com, "Frommer's content excerpted from Frommer's Southeast Asia, 4th Edition © 2007, Wiley Publishing, Inc".</ref> or a larger truck and used as a share taxi. They are also known as baht buses.

==== Timor-Leste ====
The main form of public transportation in [[Dili]], the capital of [[Timor-Leste]], is a system of ''microlets'', also referred to informally as ''bemos'', which are similar to Indonesian ''angkots''. There are thirteen ''microlet'' routes in Dili, each distinguished by a different number and color. Each route is a loop, with few formal stops; instead, passengers wave down a ''microlet'' along its route when they wish to ride. To get off, passengers tap a coin on the metal railing inside the vehicle to indicate for the driver to stop. ''Microlet'' rides cost 25 centavos ([[US$]]0.25), regardless of distance traveled.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dili Microlet Routes |url=https://dilimicroletroutes.github.io/ |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=dilimicroletroutes.github.io}}</ref>

====Turkey and Northern Cyprus====
[[File:Istanbul_minibus_04_(cropped).jpg|thumb|An [[Karsan Jest]] {{Lang|tr|dolmuş}}]]

In [[Turkey]] and [[Northern Cyprus]], ''dolmuşlar'' (singular ''dolmuş'', pronounced "dolmush") are share taxis that run on set routes within and between cities. These cars or minibuses display their routes on a signboard behind the [[windscreen]]. Some cities may only allow ''dolmuş'' to pick up and drop passengers at designated stops, and terminals also exist. The word derives from [[Turkish language|Turkish]] for "full" or "stuffed", as these share taxis depart from the terminal only when a sufficient number of passengers have boarded. Visitors to Turkey have been surprised by the speed of ''dolmuş'' travel.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/innovation-from-dolmus-to-uber-149326 | title=Innovation: From dolmuş to Uber | work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] | date=December 2, 2019}}</ref> There are also minibuses (Minibus) In the outskirts of cities like Istanbul, that take people from Point A to Point B, however they can get really crowded. They also have stops that are not usually labelled.

Traveling intra and inter-city, the privately owned minibuses are overseen by a governance institution; routes are leased and vehicles licensed. Passengers board anywhere along the route as well as at termini and official stations. ''Dolmuşlar'' in Turkish-controlled Northern Cyprus display their routes but don't follow timetables.

====West Bank, Palestine ====
Share taxis are often called "ser-vees" (service taxi) in the [[West Bank]]. Minibuses are often used in lieu of vans. [[Ford Transit]] vans were often a popular vehicle for conversion, resulting in the [[generic trademark]] "Ford" and "Fordat"(pl) being used to describe minibusses of various makes, replacing aging Mercedes sedans.<ref name="lpisrael" />

===Oceania===
====New Zealand====
In [[New Zealand]] the first widespread motor vehicle services were shared taxi services termed ''service cars''; a significant early provider was Aard, operating elongated [[Hudson Super Six]]es.<ref name="map"/> By 1930, there were 597 service cars.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://teara.govt.nz/mi/coaches-and-long-distance-buses/page-3 |title=Kōrero: Coaches and long-distance buses Whārangi 3 – Service cars |website=Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |archive-date=2020-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318235219/https://teara.govt.nz/mi/coaches-and-long-distance-buses/page-3 |url-status=live}}</ref> Aard was taken over by [[New Zealand Railways Road Services]] in 1928.<ref name="map">[[Alexander Turnbull Library]], ''Map New Zealand'', Godwit/Random House, Auckland 2006</ref>

[[File:super shuttle23.JPG|thumb|right|A shuttle van service to [[Dunedin International Airport]] picks up a passenger at [[Dunedin Railway Station]] in New Zealand.]]
[[File:shuttle stop.png|thumb|80px|alt=shuttle stop traffic sign|Sign for a shuttle stop]]
Shared taxis in New Zealand nowadays are referred to as ''shuttles'' or ''shuttle vans''.

Shared buses or vans are available in many more developed countries connecting frequent destinations, charging a fixed fee per passenger. The most common case is a connection between an airport and central city locations. These services are often known as shuttles. Such services usually use smaller vehicles than normal buses and often operate on demand. An air traveler can contact the shuttle company by telephone or [[Internet]], not necessarily in advance; the company will ensure that a shuttle is provided without unreasonable delay. The shuttle will typically connect one airport with several large hotels, or addresses in a specified area of the city. The shuttle offers much of the convenience of a taxi, although it takes longer, at a price that is significantly lower for one or two passengers. Scheduled services between an airport and a hotel, usually operated by the hotel, are also called shuttles. In many cases the shuttle operator takes the risk of there not being enough passengers to make the trip profitable; in others, there is a minimum charge when there are not enough passengers.

Usually, there are regulations covering vehicles and drivers; for example in New Zealand under NZTA regulations, shuttles are only allowed to have up to eleven passenger seats, and the driver must have a passenger endorsement (P) on their driver's license.

===Europe===
[[File:MOIA, Hamburg (P1080681).jpg|thumb|MOIA van in Hamburg, Germany]]

====Former Soviet Union====
{{Main|Marshrutka}}

[[File:Collage of different coloured marshrutkas in Bishkek.jpg|thumb|Four ''marshrutkas'' in [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]]]
[[File:Маршрутка Ford Transit в Москве без номера.jpg|thumb|right|Marshrutka in [[Moscow]] region]]

====Moldova====
In Moldova, share taxis are called '''rutiere''' (''singular'' '''rutieră'''). Introduced in 1981, they are private, owner-operated [[minibuses]] that operate along fixed routes. In cities, each rutieră route has a given number, as in the case of [[bus]]es or [[trolleybus]]es.

====Netherlands====
Besides the conventional ''deeltaxi'', there are ''treintaxis'' in some [[Netherlands|Dutch]] towns. Operated on behalf of the [[Netherlands Railways]],{{citation needed|date=February 2011}} they run to and from railway stations and the ride is shared with additional passengers picked up along the way. Tickets can be purchased at railway ticket offices or from the cabdriver, but ''treintaxis'' must be ordered by phone unless boarding at a railway station.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/the-netherlands#215338 | title=Transport in The Netherlands: Train; Treintaxi | work=[[Lonely Planet]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227025203/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/the-netherlands/transport/getting-around#215338 |archive-date=2015-02-27 | url-status=live}}</ref>

====Bulgaria====
[[File:Linientaxi_Маршрутно_такси_Share_taxi_Sofia_Bulgaria_IMG_7540.JPG|thumb|right|250px|A Ford Transit marshrutka in [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]]]
Marshrutkas are rare in Bulgaria. As of 2021, only a single route operates in Sofia, while 10 lines operate in [[Plovdiv]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.plovdiv.bg/?option=com_content&task=view&id=186&Itemid=310 |title=Община Пловдив - България - Маршрутки |publisher=Plovdiv.bg}}</ref> They are customized passenger vans that have been modified to include large windows in the back, rails and handles. Marshrutkas are commonly white, although their colour varied, and are partially covered in [[advertising]]. In some cases, seating has been modified&nbsp;— popular routes carrying more passengers typically have more standing space. Examples of van models include [[Peugeot Boxer]], [[Citroën Jumper]], [[Ford Transit]], [[Iveco Daily]] and [[Renault Master]]. They have a fixed fare; the fare is paid upon boarding. Marshrutkas were not obliged to stop anywhere on the route, although they did slow down around popular spots. Marshrutka drivers were asked to stop and pick one up in a taxi-like manner; the getting-off was arranged with the driver, often by just standing up and approaching the door. Sometimes the driver would ask for consent to veer off the route to avoid a traffic jam or roadworks.

====Romania====
In [[Romania]], ''microbuze'' or ''maxi-taxi'' supplied the need of affordable public transportation in smaller towns when some local administrations abolished the expensive community-owned systems of buses. In [[Bucharest]], this form of transportation appeared in 1977, when the ITB began using them as a peak-hour service, beginning to use [[Iran Khodro|Irannational]]-made [[Mercedes-Benz T2]] vans, being supplemented in 1983 by [[Rocar]]-TV 35M vans. Prior to this, in 1973, the [[Societatea de Transport București|ITB]] experimented with what was called at the time "fixed taxi lines", which ran between the [[Drumul Taberei]], [[Titan, Bucharest|Titan]] and [[Berceni, Bucharest|Berceni]] housing estates and picked up and stopped passengers on request, before discontinuing the experiment the following year.

In 1990, the newly founded [[RATB]] sold off its operations to private operators, who began using them in competition to the RATB. They enjoyed wide popularity, especially from 2003 to 2007, and from 2011 onwards, when the RATB lost the rights to operate suburban routes. On the Black Sea shore, it is very common to travel from [[Constanţa]] or [[Mangalia]] to the resorts on minibuses (microbuze), especially in those resorts where the competing train service is far from the beach and/or lodging facilities. These minibuses have been criticised for their shady operations, lack of safety and primitive transportation conditions.

====Greece====
In [[Athens]], [[Greece]] most taxis were share taxis,<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4kd7pphgXcC&q=taxi%20greece&pg=PA336 | last=Gerrard | first=Mike | title=National Geographic Traveler Greece | publisher=[[National Geographic Books]] | edition=3, illustrated | year=2009 | page=336 | isbn=978-1-4262-0396-1 | archive-date=2023-02-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209205646/https://books.google.com/books?id=e4kd7pphgXcC&q=taxi%20greece&pg=PA336 | url-status=live}}</ref> but since the country joined the [[EU]] in 1981, this tradition started to disappear.

====United Kingdom====
In 2018, Arriva launched shared taxi service Arriva Click in [[Liverpool]] and [[Sittingbourne]] and [[Kent Science Park]] in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-44614616 |title=Uber-style bus service planned for city |work=[[BBC News]] | date=26 June 2018 | archive-date=8 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708172454/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-44614616 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Northern Ireland=====
In some towns in [[Northern Ireland]], notably certain districts in [[Ballymena]], [[Belfast]], [[Derry]] and [[Newry]], share taxi services operate using [[Hackney carriage]]s and are called black taxis. These services developed during [[The Troubles]] as public bus services were often interrupted due to street [[rioting]]. Taxi collectives are closely linked with political groups – those operating in Catholic areas with [[Sinn Féin]], those in Protestant areas with [[Ulster loyalism|loyalist]] [[paramilitaries]] and their political wings.

Typically, fares approximate those of [[Translink (Northern Ireland)|Translink]] operated bus services on the same route. Service frequencies are typically higher than on-bus services, especially at peak times, although limited capacities mean that passengers living close to the termini may find it difficult to find a black taxi with seats available in the [[rush hour]].

====Switzerland====
Major providers of share taxis in Switzerland are Telebus Kriens LU, Taxito, myBuxi, Kollibri by Swiss Postal Bus, and Pikmi by VBZ Verkehrsbetriebe Zurich ZH.

===North America===
====Barbados====
Most areas of [[Barbados]] are served by [[ZR (bus)|ZRs]], which run in addition to the [[Transport in Barbados#Bus service|government-run bus service]].

====Dominican Republic====
In the [[Dominican Republic]], share taxis are privately owned vehicles<ref name="statedr"/> running fixed routes<ref name="carpublic"/><ref name="statedr"/> with no designated stops.<ref name="carpublic">[http://dr1.com/articles/transportation_1.shtml Dominican Republic Transportation: Carro Publicos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414154343/https://dr1.com/articles/transportation_1.shtml |date=2020-04-14}} dr1.com</ref>

[[Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada]] advises against traveling in the Dominican Republic ''carros públicos'' because doing so makes passengers targets for robbery, and because the taxis are known to, "disregard traffic laws, often resulting in serious accidents involving injuries and sometimes death."<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/dominican-republic#9 | title=TRAVEL REPORT: Dominican Republic; 9. TRAVEL AND CURRENCY | work=[[Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919194652/http://www.voyage.gc.ca/countries_pays/report_rapport-eng.asp?id=77000#9 | archive-date=2012-09-19 | url-status=live}}</ref> The [[United States Department of State]] also warns that using them is hazardous, due to [[pickpocket]]s, and are sometimes passengers are robbed by the drivers themselves.<ref name="statedr">{{cite web | url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/dominican-republic-travel-advisory.html | title=Dominican Republic: Country Specific Information; Crime | work=[[United States Department of State]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050823/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1103.html#crime |archive-date=2013-12-03 | url-status=live}}</ref>

====Haiti====
{{main|Tap tap}}

[[File:Tap tap public transportation Haiti.jpg|thumb|right|A Haitian ''tap tap'']]
''Tap taps'', gaily painted buses<ref name="pbs"/> or [[pick-up truck]]s, and ''publiques'', usually older [[saloon (car)|saloon car]]s,<ref name="lphaiti"/> serve as share taxis in [[Haiti]]. ''Tap taps'' are privately owned and ornately decorated.<ref name="pbs"/> They follow fixed routes; won't leave until filled with passengers; and many feature wild colors, portraits of famous people, and intricate, hand-cut wooden window covers.<ref name="pbs">[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/weather/jan-june10/haiti_03-30.html Haiti's 'Tap Tap' Bus Art Flourishes After Quake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122024015/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/weather/jan-june10/haiti_03-30.html |date=2014-01-22}} PBS Newshour, March 30, 2010.</ref> Often they are painted with religious names or [[slogans]].<ref name=kiakia/> Riders can disembark at any point in the journey. Their name refers to "fast motion".<ref name=kiakia/>

The ''publiques'' operate on fixed routes and pick up additional passengers all along the way.<ref name="lphaiti">[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/haiti/port-au-prince/transport/getting-around Transport in Port-au-Prince: Local transport; Taxi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015183303/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/haiti/port-au-prince/transport/getting-around |date=2012-10-15}} lonelyplanet.com</ref>

While saying not to use any form of public transport in [[Haiti]], the [[Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada]] advises against ''tap tap'' travel especially.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/haiti#9 | title=TRAVEL REPORT Haiti: 9. Travel and Currency | work=[[Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919195737/http://www.voyage.gc.ca/countries_pays/report_rapport-eng.asp?id=117000#9 |archive-date=2012-09-19 | url-status=live}}</ref> The [[United States Department of State]] also warns travelers not to use ''tap taps'', "because they are often overloaded, mechanically unsound, and driven unsafely."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/haiti-travel-advisory.html | title=Travel Warning: Haiti | work=[[United States Department of State]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112001844/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_5239.html |archive-date=2013-11-12}}</ref>

====Saint Lucia====
In [[Saint Lucia]], waychehs are a name for minibus public transports using [[Toyota HiAce]].

====Canada====
{{see also|Société de transport de Montréal|Réseau de transport de Longueuil#Shared taxi|Société de transport de Laval}}
In [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, Canada, in the 1920s, jitneys competed directly with the streetcar monopoly operating along the same routes as the streetcars, but jitneys were charging lower fares.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.76428/1 |title=''Report of Dr. Adam Shortt, commissioner investigating the economic conditions and operations of the British Columbia Electric Railway Company and subsidiary companies, and to decide definitely as to the possibility of street car service being maintained in competition with the jitneys'', publ. BC Electric Railway Company Limited, Vancouver, 1917 |archive-date=July 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708133132/https://libapps.ucalgary.ca/toc.aspx?id=1220&qryID=dc69f592-9d26-4ba2-954e-3c9107a36dc3 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Quebec]], share taxis or jitneys are called ''taxis collectifs''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.stl.laval.qc.ca/pa1/taxis/taxis-fr.shtm | language=fr | title=Taxis: Choisissez votre circuit | date=2012-12-05 | website=Société de transport de Laval | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202155654/http://www.stl.laval.qc.ca/pa1/taxis/taxis-fr.shtm | archive-date=2007-12-02 | access-date=2022-09-28 | url-status=live }}</ref> (in English "shared taxis"<ref name="STL">{{Cite web |url=https://stlaval.ca/network/schedules-shared-taxis |title=Shared taxis |archive-date=2022-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025211038/https://stlaval.ca/network/schedules-shared-taxis |url-status=live}}</ref>) or ''transport collectif par taxi'', literally "public transport by taxi".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.stm.info/info/taxi.htm | language=fr | title= Le transport collectif par taxi | website=Société de transport de Montréal (STM) | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091211173639/http://www.stm.info/info/taxi.htm |archive-date= 2009-12-11}}</ref> (which the [[Société de transport de Montréal|STM]] translates in English as "taxibus"<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.stm.info/en/info/networks/bus/collective-taxi |title=Taxibus service |work=Société de transport de Montréal |archive-date=2006-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026091301/http://www.stm.info/English/info/a-taxi.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>) and are operated by [[subcontractor]]s to the local transit authorities on fixed routes.

In the case of [[Montréal]], the fare is the same as the local bus fare, but no cash and [[transfer (bus)|transfer]]s are issued or accepted; in the case of the [[Société de transport de Laval|STL]], only [[bus pass]]es.<ref name="STL"/> The [[Réseau de transport de Longueuil]] accepts regular RTL tickets and all RTL and some [[Réseau de transport métropolitain]] TRAM passes.

====Guatemala====
In Guatemala, ''ruleteros'', minibus share taxis, pick up and discharge passengers along major streets.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ediplomat.com/np/post_reports/pr_gt.htm | website=ediplomat.com | date=June 8, 2004 | title=Guatemala: Local Transportation | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928181006/http://www.ediplomat.com/np/post_reports/pr_gt.htm | archive-date=2018-09-28 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.prensalibre.com.gt/noticias/Ruleteros-regresan-falta-buses-barrios_0_481751857.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814082643/http://www.prensalibre.com.gt/noticias/Ruleteros-regresan-falta-buses-barrios_0_481751857.html | archive-date=2011-08-14 | title=Ruleteros regresan por falta de buses en barrios | trans-title=Ruleteros return because of lack of buses in poor neighborhoods | work=[[Prensa Libre (Guatemala)|Prensa Libre]] | first=Sandra | last=Valdez | location=Guatemala | date=May 16, 2011 | language=es}}</ref>

====United States====
[[File:10.2.09UnionCityDollarVanByLuigiNovi.jpg|thumb|A dollar van in [[Union City, New Jersey]], 2009]]
[[File:Cartoon_by_Marguerite_Martyn_showing_jitney_bus_and_passengers_in_1915.jpg|thumb|right|Cartoon by [[Marguerite Martyn]] of a jitney cab and passengers in 1915 St. Louis, Missouri]]
In the United States, share taxis are called '''jitneys''' or '''dollar vans'''. They are typically modified passenger vans, and often operate in urban neighborhoods that are underserved by public mass transit or taxis. Some are licensed and regulated, while others operate illegally. They operate at designated stops or can be hailed from the street.

Both common names – dollar van and jitney – originated similarly. Jitney is an archaic term for an American [[Nickel (United States coin)|nickel]], the common fare for early jitneys. In the late 20th century, when a typical fare was one dollar, the corresponding name came into usage, though "jitney" is still also common.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_2rn8M7DSsC&pg=RA1-PA618 | last1=Page | first1=Walter Hines | last2=Page | first2=Arthur Wilson |title=The March Of Events: The Jitney |journal=[[World's Work]] |volume=XXIX |page=618 |date=April 1915 |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209205645/https://books.google.com/books?id=l_2rn8M7DSsC&pg=RA1-PA618 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is generally a small-capacity vehicle that follows a rough service route, but it can go slightly out of its way to pick up and drop off passengers. In many US cities such as [[Pittsburgh]] and [[Detroit]], the term ''jitney'' refers to an unlicensed taxi cab.

They are often owned and used by members of inner-city communities, such as African/Caribbean American, Latino, and Asian-American populations. Travelers cite cost and greater frequency as factors in choosing jitneys over larger bus service, whereas safety and comfort are cited for choosing buses.

The first jitneys in the United States operated in [[Los Angeles, California]] in 1914. By 1915, there were 62,000 nationwide. Local regulations, demanded by streetcar companies, forced jitneys out of business in most places. By the end of 1916, only 6,000 jitneys remained.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Eckert | first1=Ross D. | last2=Hilton | first2=George W. | title=The Jitneys | journal=Journal of Law and Economics | publisher=[[The University of Chicago]] | volume=15 | pages=293–325 | issue=2 | date=March 1972 | location=[[Chicago]] | jstor=724795 | doi=10.1086/466738 | s2cid=222327593}}</ref> Operators were referred to as "jitney men." They were so successful that the city government banned them at the request of the streetcar operators.

=====Atlanta=====
Jitneys were popular in [[Atlanta]] from 1915 to 1925 as an alternative to streetcars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chambliss |first1=Julian C. |title=A Question of Progress and Welfare: The Jitney Bus Phenomenon in Atlanta, 1915-1925|journal=Georgia Historical Quarterly | volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=486–506 |url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=36322079&site=eds-live&scope=site |date=2008}}</ref> In Atlanta, jitneys run along [[Buford Highway]].

=====New York City=====
{{Main|Dollar vans in the New York metropolitan area}}

In [[New York City]], dollar vans serve major areas that lack adequate subway service in [[transit desert]]s. The vans pick up and drop off anywhere along a route, and payment is made at the end of a trip. During periods when limited public mass transit is unavailable, dollar vans were the only feasible method of transportation for many commuters.<ref>{{cite news | last=Henderson | first=Christopher | url=https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/crowds-overrun-lirr-station-while-traffic-crawls-in-jamaica/article_68962cda-aa7b-5264-8726-d9d296169f59.html | title=Crowds Overrun LIRR Station While Traffic Crawls In Jamaica | work=[[Queens Chronicle]] | date=December 22, 2005 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126053158/http://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/crowds-overrun-lirr-station-while-traffic-crawls-in-jamaica/article_68962cda-aa7b-5264-8726-d9d296169f59.html | archive-date=2018-01-26 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Joiner | first=Bryan | date=January 20, 2005 | url=https://www.qchron.com/editions/south/long-stalemate-expected-after-union-quits-strike-negotiations/article_355e281e-08fd-5b4d-b957-245367791f29.html | title=Long Stalemate Expected After Union Quits Strike Negotiations | work=[[Queens Chronicle]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316230603/http://www.qchron.com/editions/south/long-stalemate-expected-after-union-quits-strike-negotiations/article_355e281e-08fd-5b4d-b957-245367791f29.html |archive-date=2018-03-16 | url-status=live}}</ref> In such situations, city governments may pass legislation to deter [[price gouging]].<ref name="Richardson 1999">{{cite web | last=Richardson | first=Lynda | title=As Transit Strike Looms, 'Dollar Vans' and Ferries Are Poised to Cash In | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=December 12, 1999 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/12/nyregion/as-transit-strike-looms-dollar-vans-and-ferries-are-poised-to-cash-in.html | archive-date=November 23, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123140116/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/12/nyregion/as-transit-strike-looms-dollar-vans-and-ferries-are-poised-to-cash-in.html | url-status=live}}</ref> Most dollar vans operate illegally, due to possible rules and fines.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nysenate.gov/newsroom/in-the-news/2023/brian-kavanagh/chinatown-pols-seek-exempt-dollar-vans-congestion-pricing | title=Chinatown pols seek to exempt dollar vans from congestion pricing | first=Brian | last=Kavanagh | work=[[New York State Senate]] | date=September 25, 2023}}</ref> Dollar vans and other jitneys mainly serve low-income, immigrant communities in [[transit desert]]s, which lack sufficient bus and subway service.<ref name="TheNewYorker">{{cite magazine |last=Reiss |first=Aaron |date=June 27, 2014 |title=New York's Shadow Transit |url=https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/interactive-new-yorks-shadow-transit-system |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924174759/http://projects.newyorker.com/story/nyc-dollar-vans/ |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref>

=====New Jersey=====
In New Jersey, 6,500 jitney buses are registered, and are required to have an "Omnibus" license plate, which denotes the vehicle's federal registration. They are also required to undergo inspection by the state [[Department of Motor Vehicles|MVC]] mobile inspection team on the vehicles' companies' property twice a year, and be subject to surprise inspection. Drivers of jitneys are required to qualify for a Class B or Class C Commercial Drivers License (CDL), depending on whether the vehicle seats up to 15 or 30 passengers. Violations against a driver's CDL must be resolved and result in payment of fines prior to resumption of driving on the driver's part, with retesting required if the driver waits longer than three years to resolve the issues.<ref name="FierceCompetition">Tirella, Tricia (July 25, 2010). [http://www.hudsonreporter.com/view/full_story/8867773/article-Fierce-competition-surrounds-jitney-buses-Frequent-violations-may-put-riders-in-danger--officials-say-? "Fierce competition surrounds jitney buses"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520124506/http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full_story/8867773/article-Fierce-competition-surrounds-jitney-buses-Frequent-violations-may-put-riders-in-danger--officials-say- |date=2016-05-20}} ''[[The Union City Reporter]]''</ref>

Denser urban areas of [[Gateway Region|northern New Jersey]], such as [[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson]], [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen]] and [[Passaic County]], are also served by dollar vans,<ref name=TheNewYorker/><ref>[https://archive.today/20121209161619/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:94xLCZlLpn4J:www.newbridgelanding.org/files/03_06_08HNBLPCMinutes.doc+%22bergen+county%22,+jitney,+dollar+van&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a "Minutes of the Meeting Of the Historic New Bridge Landing Park Commission"]. March 6, 2008</ref><ref>Cowen, Richard & Bautista, Justo (November 3, 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121104145033/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-130732557.html "Police arrest 7 in jitney hijacking"]. ''[[The Bergen Record]]''.</ref> which are commonly known as jitneys, and most of which are run by [[Spanish Transportation]] and Community Line, Inc. [[Nungessers]], along the [[Bergenline Avenue|Anderson Avenue-Bergenline Avenue]] transit corridor is a major origination/termination point, as are [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street in Manhattan]], [[Newport Mall]] and [[Five Corners, Jersey City|Five Corners]] in [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]], and [[GWB Plaza]] in [[Fort Lee, New Jersey|Fort Lee]]. These interstate vans are under the purview of the federal government.<ref name=TheNewYorker/>

[[File:Atlantic City Jitney Association Champion 29.jpg|thumb|left|Jitney in [[Atlantic City]], United States in 2008]]
In [[Atlantic City]] the [[Atlantic City Jitney Association]] operates a jitney service that travels the main strip of casinos. One of the routes also services the new cluster of casinos west of Atlantic City proper.

Hudson County commuters who prefer [[NJ Transit]] buses, for example, cite senior citizen discounts and air conditioning among their reasons, which has led some jitney operators to display bumper stickers advertising air conditioning aboard their vehicles in order to lure passengers. Some who prefer the buses will nonetheless take the jitneys if they arrive before the buses, as they pass bus stops more frequently than the buses and are cheaper.<ref name=FierceCompetition/><ref name=Squeezed>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/14/nyregion/new-jersey-jitney-drivers-squeezed-between-competition-and-demands-for-more-safety.html  |last=Semple |first=Kirk |title=New Jersey Jitney Drivers Squeezed Between Competition and Demands for More Safety |website=The New York Times |date=August 13, 2013 |archive-date=September 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911063759/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/14/nyregion/new-jersey-jitney-drivers-squeezed-between-competition-and-demands-for-more-safety.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Others choose buses because, they claim, jitney drivers are less safe, and are prone to using cell phones and playing loud music while driving. Although [[Union City, New Jersey|Union City]] jitney driver Samuel Martinez has complained that authorities unfairly target them and not the larger buses, [[North Bergen]] Patrol Commander Lt. James Somers has contended that jitneys are less safe, and sometimes exhibit higher levels of aggressive driving in order to pick up passengers, which has led to arguments among drivers. Somers also stated that police can only stop a vehicle that appears to have an obvious problem, and that only certified inspectors from the state MVC can stop a vehicle for less apparent, more serious problems.<ref name=FierceCompetition/>

Dollar vans may change ownership over the course of decades, and the mostly immigrant drivers are subject to police searches. Between 1994 and 2015, the TLC issued 418 van licenses, although the vast majority of vans are unlicensed. Licensed vans cannot pick up at New York City bus stops, and all pick-ups must be predetermined and all passengers logged. Additionally, in the 1980s and 1990s, the predominantly black and mostly immigrant dollar van drivers stated that they were harassed "day and night" by the [[New York City Police Department]] (NYPD), with some van drivers having their keys confiscated and thrown away by NYPD officers.<ref name=TheNewYorker/>

Over the course of the 2000s, surprise inspections in [[Hudson County, New Jersey]] have been imposed on jitney operators, whose lack of regulation, licensing or regular scheduling has been cited as the cause for numerous fines. A series of such inspections of the vans on Bergenline Avenue in June 2010 resulted in 285 citation violations, including problems involving brake lights, [[bald tires]], steering wheels, [[Suspension (vehicle)|suspensions]], [[exhaust pipe]]s, and emergency doors welded shut. An early July 2010 surprise inspection by the Hudson County Prosecutor's Office, which receives federal funding for regulating jitneys, found 23 out of 33 jitneys to be unsafe, which were taken out of service.<ref name=FierceCompetition/><ref>Hague, Jim (May 13, 2007). "Erratic driving, lack of licensing: Prosecutor's Office cracks down on commuter vans". ''[[The Hudson Reporter]]''</ref> Claims have also been made that jitneys cause congestion and undermine licensed bus service. Drivers of these vans have also developed a reputation for ignoring traffic laws in the course of competing for fares, picking up and dropping off passengers at random locations, and driving recklessly.<ref name=Squeezed/>

On July 30, 2013, an accident occurred at 56th Street and [[Boulevard East]] in [[West New York, New Jersey]], in which Angelie Paredes, an 8-month-old [[North Bergen]] resident, was killed in her stroller when a full-sized<ref name=infant>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nj.com/hudson/2016/06/bus_driver_charged_in_fatal_crash_breaks_in_sobs_d.html | title=Bus driver charged in crash that killed infant breaks down at trial | last=Haydon | first=Tom | date=June 22, 2016 |work=[[NJ.com]] |
archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623153403/http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2016/06/bus_driver_charged_in_fatal_crash_breaks_in_sobs_d.html |archive-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> jitney bus belonging to the New York-based Sphinx company toppled a light pole. The driver, Idowu Daramola of Queens, was arrested and charged with a number of offenses, including using a cell phone while driving.<ref>{{cite news| title=Family Devastated After Death Of Infant In West New York Bus Crash | publisher=[[CBS News]] | date=July 31, 2013 | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/nj-bus-driver-due-in-court-to-face-charges-in-infants-death/ | archive-date=September 23, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923014122/http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2013/07/31/nj-bus-driver-due-in-court-to-face-charges-in-infants-death/ | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Williams, Barbara (August 4, 2013). [http://www.northjersey.com/news/Infant_killed_in_bus_accident.html "Family to hold public prayer vigil for infant girl killed in West New York jitney bus accident"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221155048/http://www.northjersey.com/news/Infant_killed_in_bus_accident.html |date=2014-02-21}}. [[NorthJersey.com]].</ref><ref name=Never>Passantino, Joseph (August 11, 2013). [http://www.hudsonreporter.com/view/full_story/23335678/article-Never-again--legislators-say-Officials-hold-press-conference-on-greater-oversight-of-jitneys--buses "Never again, legislators say"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809180551/http://www.hudsonreporter.com/view/full_story/23335678/article-Never-again--legislators-say-Officials-hold-press-conference-on-greater-oversight-of-jitneys--buses |date=2016-08-09}}. ''[[The Hudson Reporter]]''.</ref> Officials also stated that he was speeding;<ref name=Squeezed/> however, this was later disputed by an investigator to the scene who concluded that there was insufficient evidence to determine the speed of the bus.<ref name=infant/> At an August 6 press conference, legislators including U.S. Representative [[Albio Sires]], New Jersey State Senator [[Nicholas Sacco]], State Assembly members [[Vincent Prieto]], [[Charles Mainor]] and [[Angelica Jimenez]], [[West New York, New Jersey|West New York]] Mayor [[Felix Roque]], [[Weehawken]] Mayor Richard Turner, [[Guttenberg, New Jersey|Guttenberg]] Mayor Gerald Drasheff, Freeholder Junior Maldonado and [[Hudson County]] Sheriff Frank Schillari, noted that problems with jitneys existed since the 1980s, and called for stricter regulations for drivers and bus companies. This included increased monitoring and enforcement, and heightened participation by the public in identifying poor drivers,<ref name=Never/> as jitneys had been exempt from regulations imposed on buses and other forms of transportation.

In February 2014, New Jersey Governor [[Chris Christie]] signed Angelie's Law, strengthening regulations on commuter buses.<ref>{{cite web | title=N.J. Pols Introduce 'Angelie's Law' Targeting Distracted Commuter Van Drivers | website=CBS New York | date=January 30, 2014 | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/n-j-pols-introduce-angelies-law-targeting-distracted-commuter-van-drivers/ | archive-date=September 20, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920001032/http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2014/01/30/n-j-pols-introduce-angelies-law-targeting-distracted-commuter-van-drivers/ | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Conte | first=Michaelangelo | title='Angelie's Law' makes jitney victim a hero because of lives that will be saved | website=NJ.com | date=March 5, 2014 | url=http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2014/01/parents_of_8-month-old_killed_in_west_new_york_commuter_bus_crash_accept_framed_copy_of_angelie.html | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092210/http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2014/01/parents_of_8-month-old_killed_in_west_new_york_commuter_bus_crash_accept_framed_copy_of_angelie.html | url-status=live}}</ref>

Several companies run vans in Northern New Jersey, often following similar routes to New Jersey Transit buses but at a slightly lower price and greater frequency. The most common routes have an eastern terminus on street level in Manhattan, either near the [[Port Authority Bus Terminal]] or the [[George Washington Bridge Bus Station]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jerseyjitneys.info/ |title=Jitney Buses of New Jersey |website=Jitney Buses of New Jersey}}</ref> Often, several different companies ply the same route.

=====Miami=====
In Miami, jitneys (also known as the Miami Mini Bus) run through various neighborhoods, mostly those stretching between Downtown Miami to [[The Mall at 163rd Street]] in [[North Miami Beach]], Florida. Miami has the country's most comprehensive jitney network, due to Caribbean influence.

=====San Francisco=====
Jitneys ran in San Francisco from late 1914 to January 2016. In the 1910s, there were more than 1,400 jitneys operating in the city. However, by 2016, declining ridership combined with mounting penalties for traffic citations made the operations unprofitable.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sfweekly.com/archives/the-last-ride-of-the-jitney/article_e0abba67-9402-525e-b30c-3d73a14e306e.html |work=[[SF Weekly]] |date=March 9, 2016 |title=The Last Ride of the Jitney}}</ref>

=====Houston=====
The Houston Wave, Houston's first jitney service in 17 years, operated between 2009 and 2019. It expanded into a network of buses operating within Loop 610 and to all special event venues in Houston.

===Latin America===
In Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, "carros públicos" (literally "public cars") are share taxis.<ref name="prico">[https://books.google.com/books?id=aRPvp5BhkWYC&dq=Carro%20P%C3%BAblico&pg=PA62 On becoming Nuyoricans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209205646/https://books.google.com/books?id=aRPvp5BhkWYC&lpg=PA62&dq=Carro%20P%C3%BAblico&pg=PA62 |date=2023-02-09}} Angela Anselmo, Alma Rubal-Lopez. Peter Lang, 2005. 172 pp. 0820455202, 9780820455204.</ref> Carros Publicos set routes with several passengers sharing the ride<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/31/travel/puerto-rico-s-quiet-edge.html PUERTO RICO'S QUIET EDGE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828225458/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/31/travel/puerto-rico-s-quiet-edge.html |date=2020-08-28}} nytimes.com, March 31, 1985.</ref> and others picked up throughout the journey.<ref name="prico" />

In Puerto Rico the industry is [[regulation|regulated]] by the [[Puerto Rico Public Service Commission]].<ref name="nypubcarpr" />

While these cars do travel inter-city, they may not be available for longer, cross-island travel.<ref name="nypubcarpr" /> Stations may exist in cities, and Puerto Rican ''carros públicos'' may congregate in specific places around town.<ref name="nypubcarpr" />

===Mexico===
{{See also|Pesero}}
There are some areas in which traditional buses and minibuses cannot operate due to the size restrictions of the streets and overhanging objects. Some of these places are served by share taxis that are regulated by the state or city. The share taxis charge the standard minibuses fare. Often share taxi routes in [[Mexico]] are ''[[ad hoc]]'' arrangements to fill in gaps in regular public transportation, and many operate inter-city as well as local routes. In many rural areas, they are the only public transportation.

In some cases, truck/taxi combination vehicles have evolved to transport light goods as well as passengers. Heavily used share taxi routes often evolve into regulated microbus public transit routes, as has occurred in [[Mexico City]] and also in [[Lima]].

===Central and South America===
====Argentina====
{{main|Colectivo}}
''Colectivos'' operated as share taxis from the late 1920s until the 1950s in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] when they were integrated into the public transportation system. Vehicles still known as ''colectivos'' operate throughout the country, but have long been indistinguishable from buses.<ref name="busarg">{{cite web | url=http://www.busarg.com.ar/evolucion.htm | title=The design evolution of the colectivo | language=es | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928080141/http://www.busarg.com.ar/evolucion.htm |archive-date=2018-09-28 | url-status=live}}</ref>

====Chile, Peru and Guatemala====
{{see also|Pesero|Transport in Lima#Vehicles|l2=Combi}}
[[File:Colectivos18.jpg|thumb|upright|Taxis ''Colectivos'' of different lines in [[Talca]], Chile]]
''Taxis colectivos'' are also found in [[Peru]], [[Chile]], [[Guatemala]], and [[Argentina]], where they are most commonly referred to simply as ''colectivos'', although in some places they have become essentially standard buses.<ref name="busarg"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Share taxis}}

{{Taxicabs}}
{{Public transport}}

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