View source for Sevastopol

{{Short description|City on the Crimean peninsula}}
{{redirect|Sebastopol|other uses|Sebastopol (disambiguation)|and|Sevastopol (disambiguation)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name      = Sevastopol
| native_name        = {{#invoke:random|unbulleted_list|{{native name|uk|Севастополь}}|{{native name|crh|Акъяр / Aqyar}}|{{native name|ru|Севастополь}}}}
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
 | photo1a = 1356 Памятник затопленным кораблям.jpg|px300{{!}}
 | photo2a = St Vladimir Chersonesos 2012 G8.jpg{{!}}
 | photo2b = Sevastopol Chersonesus Basilica of 1935 IMG 0704 1725.jpg{{!}}
 | photo3a = Sevastopol Institute of biology of the Southern Seas IMG 4276 1725.jpg{{!}}
 | photo3b = Chersonesos Bell.jpg{{!}}
 | photo4a = Balaklava, Sevastopol.jpg{{!}}
 | photo4b =
 | photo5a =
 | photo5b =
 | color = white
 | color_border = white
 | position = center
 | spacing = 2
 | size = 266
 | foot_montage =
 }}
| image_flag         = Flag of Sevastopol.svg
| image_shield       = COA of Sevastopol.svg
| shield_size        = 55px
| image_map          = Crimea-sevastopol-orthographic-projection2.svg
| map_caption        = Orthographic projection of Sevastopol (in green)
| image_map1         = Sevastopol location map.svg
| map_caption1       = Map of the [[Crimean Peninsula]] with Sevastopol highlighted
| pushpin_map        = Crimea#Russia#Ukraine#Europe
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Sevastopol within Crimea##Location of Sevastopol within Ukraine##Location of Sevastopol within Europe
| pushpin_mapsize    = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| anthem             = {{native name|ru|"Легендарный Севастополь"|italics=no}}<br />({{Langx|en|"[[Legendary Sevastopol]]"}})<div style="display:inline-block;padding-top:0.4em;"></div>
| subdivision_type   = Country <small>{{nobold|(''[[de facto]]'')}}</small>
| subdivision_name   = {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Federal cities of Russia|Federal Subject (Federal City)]] <small>{{nobold|(''[[de facto]]'')}}</small>
| subdivision_name1  = Sevastopol
| subdivision_type2  = [[Federal districts of Russia|Federal District]] <small>{{nobold|(''[[de facto]]'')}}</small>
| subdivision_name2  = [[Southern Federal District|Southern]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Economic regions of Russia|Economic Region]] <small>{{nobold|(''[[de facto]]'')}}</small>
| subdivision_name3  = [[North Caucasus economic region|North Caucasus]]
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = 1783 ({{years ago|1783}} years ago)
| government_footnotes = &nbsp;([[Russian occupation of Crimea|Russia (de facto)]])<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-invites-un-red-cross-experts-probe-ukraine-jail-deaths-2022-07-31/ | title=Russian strikes kill Ukrainian grain tycoon; drone hits Russian naval base | newspaper=Reuters | date=August 2022 | last1=Zinets | first1=Natalia }}</ref>
| leader_title       = [[Governor of Sevastopol (Russia)|Governor]]
| leader_name        = [[Mikhail Razvozhayev]]
| governing_body     = [[Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol|Legislative Assembly]]
| area_total_km2     = 864
| population_as_of   = 2021
| population_total   = 547,820
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 479394
| population_demonym = Sevastopolitan, Sevastopolian
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Gross regional product]]
| blank_info_sec1    = ₽168.574 billion<br />(€{{To EUR|168|RUS|year=2021|round=yes}} billion)<br /> ₽326,677<br />(€{{To EUR|326677|RUS|year=2021|round=yes}})<ref>{{cite web |url= https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s_1998.xlsx
|title= "GRP volume at current basic prices (billion rubles)" |publisher= rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref>
| timezone           = 
| utc_offset         = +3
| timezone1          = [[Moscow Time|MSK]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085 |script-title=ru:"Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации |language=ru |access-date=19 January 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622151333/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| elevation_m        = 100
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 
| area_code          = 
| blank_name         = [[OKTMO]] ID
| blank_info         = [https://classinform.ru/oktmo/search.php?str=67000000 67000000]
| registration_plate = 92, 192<ref>{{Cite web |title=Автомобильные коды регионов России-2022: таблица с последними изменениями |url=https://ria.ru/20221116/avtokody-1831987874.html |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=РИА Новости |date=16 November 2022 |language=ru |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128050947/https://ria.ru/20221116/avtokody-1831987874.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| website            = {{url|https://sev.gov.ru}}
| name               = 
| footnotes          = 
| subdivision_type4  = Country <small>{{nobold|(''[[de jure]]'')}}</small>
| subdivision_type5  = Status
| subdivision_name4  = {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]]
| subdivision_type6  = [[City with special status]] <small>{{nobold|(''[[de jure]]'')}}</small>
| subdivision_name6  = Sevastopol
| blank1_name_sec2   = [[NUTS statistical regions of Ukraine]]
| blank1_info_sec2   = UA45
| mapframe          = yes
| mapframe-zoom     = 10
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

'''Sevastopol''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|ɛ|v|ə|ˈ|s|t|oʊ|p|əl|,_|s|ə|ˈ|v|æ|s|t|ə|p|oʊ|l}} {{respell|SEV|ə|STOH|pəl|,_|sə|VAS|tə|pohl}}),{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|uk|Севастополь}}, {{IPA|uk|sewɐˈstɔpolʲ|IPA|Uk-Севастополь.ogg}}|{{langx|ru|Севастополь}}, {{IPA|ru|sʲɪvɐˈstopəlʲ|IPA|Ru-Севастополь.ogg}}|{{langx|grc-x-medieval|Σεβαστούπολις|Sevastoúpolis}}, {{IPA|grc|sevasˈtupolis|IPA}}|{{langx|crh-Cyrl|Акъяр|Aqyar}}, {{IPA|crh|ɑqˈjɑɾ|pron}}.}}}} sometimes written '''Sebastopol''', is the largest city in [[Crimea]] and a major port on the [[Black Sea]]. Due to its strategic location and the navigability of the city's harbours, Sevastopol has been an important [[Port of Sevastopol|port]] and [[Sevastopol Naval Base|naval base]] throughout its history. Since the city's founding in 1783, it has been a major base for Russia's [[Black Sea Fleet]]. During the [[Cold War]] of the 20th century, it was a [[closed city]]. The total administrative area is {{convert|864|km2}} and includes a significant amount of rural land. The urban population, largely concentrated around [[Sevastopol Bay]], is 479,394,<ref name=stats2021/> and the total population is 547,820.<ref name=2021Census>{{cite web|title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref>

Sevastopol, along with the rest of Crimea, is internationally recognised as part of [[Ukraine]], and under the Ukrainian legal framework, it is administratively one of two [[city with special status|cities with special status]] (the other being [[Kyiv]]). However, it has been occupied by [[Russia]] since 27 February 2014, before Russia [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed Crimea]] on 18 March 2014 and gave it the status of a [[federal cities of Russia|federal city of Russia]]. Both Ukraine and Russia consider the city administratively separate from the [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]] and the [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Republic of Crimea]], respectively. The city's population has an ethnic [[Russians|Russian]] majority and a substantial minority of [[Ukrainians]] and [[Crimean Tatars]].

Sevastopol's unique naval and maritime features have been the basis for a robust economy. The city enjoys mild winters and moderately warm summers, characteristics that help make it a popular [[seaside resort]] and tourist destination, mainly for visitors from the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|former Soviet republics]]. The city is also an important centre for [[marine biology]] research. In particular, the military has studied and trained [[dolphin]]s in the city for [[Military marine mammal|military use]] since the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|last=Narula|first=Svati Kirsten|date=2014-03-26 |title=Ukraine Was Never Crazy About Its Killer Dolphins, Anyway|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/03/ukraine-was-never-crazy-about-its-killer-dolphins-anyway/359647/|access-date=2022-02-03|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2022}}
The name of Sevastopolis was originally chosen following the same [[etymology|etymological]] trend as other cities in the Crimean peninsula; it was intended to express its ancient Greek origins. It is a compound of the Greek adjective, {{lang |grc|σεβαστός}} (''[[sebastos|sebastós]]'', {{IPA|grc-x-byzant|sevasˈtos|link=yes}}; 'venerable') and the noun {{lang|grc|πόλις}} (''pólis'', 'city'). {{lang|grc|Σεβαστός}} is the traditional Greek equivalent (see [[Sebastian (name)|Sebastian]]) of the Roman honorific ''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augustus]]'', originally given to the first emperor of the Roman Empire, [[Augustus]] and later awarded as a title to his successors.

The city was probably named after Empress ("[[Augusta (honorific)|Augusta]]") [[Catherine the Great|Catherine II]] of the [[Russian Empire]] who founded Sevastopol in 1783. She visited the city in 1787, accompanied by [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]], the Emperor of Austria, and other foreign dignitaries.

In the west of the city, there are well-preserved ruins of the ancient Greek port city of [[Chersonesos Taurica|Chersonesos]], founded in the 5th<ref name="A1">{{cite web|url=https://www.wmf.org/project/ancient-chersonesos/|title=Ancient Chersonesos|work=wmf.org/|access-date= 25 December 2020|language=en |trans-title=Ancient Chersonesos}}</ref> century BC by settlers from [[Heraclea Pontica]]. This name means "peninsula", reflecting its immediate location. It is not related to the ancient Greek name for the Crimean Peninsula as a whole: ''Chersonēsos [[Taurica|Taurikē]]'' ("the [[Tauri]]an Peninsula").

{{anchor|spelling}}The name of the city is spelled as:
* English: ''Sevastopol'', the current prevalent spelling; the previously common spelling ''Sebastopol'' was used because the letter 'V' in the Cyrillic spelling, "Севасто́поль", looks like a Western letter 'B'. This form is still used by some publications, and formerly by ''[[The Economist]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.war.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3000099/sailors-still-battling-fire-on-russian-cruiser-moskva-says-dod-official/ | title=Sailors still battling fire on Russian cruiser | access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sevastopol | title=Britannica entry for Sevastopol | access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> The current spelling has the pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|ɛ|v|ə|ˈ|s|t|oʊ|p|əl|,_|-|ˈ|s|t|ɒ|p|əl|,_|s|ᵻ|ˈ|v|æ|s|t|ə|p|əl|,_|-|p|ɒ|l|,_|-|p|oʊ|l}},<ref name="MWCD_online_paywalled">{{Citation | author = Merriam-Webster | author-link = Merriam-Webster | title = Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary | publisher = Merriam-Webster | url = http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/collegiate/ | postscript = . | access-date = 6 March 2014 | archive-date = 10 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201010163505/https://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/subscriber/login?redirect_to=%2Fcollegiate%2F | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=OED-US>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/Sevastopol|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105020818/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/Sevastopol|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2015|title = definition: meaning, pronunciation and origin of the word |work = Oxford Dictionary  |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 | access-date = 7 June 2014}}</ref> while the former spelling has the pronunciation {{IPAc-en|s|ᵻ|ˈ|b|æ|s|t|ə|p|əl|,_|-|p|ɒ|l|,_|-|p|oʊ|l}}.<ref name=OED-b>{{cite web |url = http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Sebastopol |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130729132855/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Sebastopol |url-status = dead |archive-date = 29 July 2013 | title = definition: meaning, pronunciation and origin of the word | work = Oxford Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 | access-date = 7 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=OED-US-b>{{cite web |url = http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/Sebastopol |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150105015650/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/Sebastopol |url-status = dead |archive-date = 5 January 2015 | title = definition: meaning, pronunciation and origin of the word | work = Oxford Dictionary  |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 | access-date = 7 June 2014}}</ref>
* {{Langx|uk|Севасто́поль}}, {{IPA|uk|sewɐˈstɔpolʲ|pron}}, or ''Sivastopol''{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}; {{Langx|ru|Севасто́поль}}, {{IPA|ru|sʲɪvɐˈstopəlʲ|pron}}.<ref name=OED>{{cite web |url = http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Sevastopol |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121221203004/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Sevastopol |url-status = dead |archive-date = 21 December 2012 | title = definition: meaning, pronunciation and origin of the word | work = Oxford Dictionary  |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 | access-date = 7 June 2014}}</ref>
* {{crh|Aqyar}}, {{IPA|tt|aqˈjar|pron}}

==History==
{{See also|History of Crimea}}
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Sevastopol 04-14 img36 Chersonesus.jpg|thumb|The ruins of the ancient Greek theatre in [[Chersonesos Taurica]]]]

{{Quote box |width=23em |align=right |bgcolor=#B0D4DE
|title=Historical affiliations
|fontsize=85% |quote=<poem>
[[Chersonesus]] founded in 6th century BC
Hellenic Colonies 6th century BC – 480 BC
[[Bosporan Kingdom]] 480 BC – 107 BC
[[Kingdom of Pontus]] 107 BC – 63 BC
[[Roman Republic]] 63 BC – 27 BC
[[Roman Empire]] 27 BC – 330
[[Byzantine Empire]] 330 – 1204
[[Empire of Trebizond]] 1204 – 1461
[[Principality of Theodoro]] 1461 – 1475
[[Crimean Khanate]] 1475 – 1783 (Ottoman vassal from 1478 to 1774)
[[Russian Empire]] 1783 – 1917
Founded as Sevastopol in 1783
[[Russian Republic]] 1917
[[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] ([[Soviet Union]] from 1922) 1917 – 1942
[[Nazi Germany]] 1942 – 1944 (''de facto'')
[[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] ([[Soviet Union]]) 1944 – 1954
[[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] ([[Soviet Union]]) 1954 – 1991
[[Ukraine]] 1991 – 2014 (''de facto''; ''de jure'' – 1991–present)
[[Russia|Russian Federation]] 2014 – present (''de facto'')
</poem>
}}

===Ancient Chersonesus===
In the 6th century BC, a Greek colony was established in the area of the modern-day city. The Greek city of [[Chersonesus (Crimea)|Chersonesus]] existed for almost two thousand years, first as an independent democracy and later as part of the [[Bosporan Kingdom]]. In the 13th and 14th centuries, it was sacked by the [[Golden Horde]] several times and was finally totally abandoned. The modern day city of Sevastopol has no connection to the ancient and medieval Greek city other than geographical location, but the ruins are a popular tourist attraction located on the outskirts of the city.

===Part of the Russian Empire===
[[File:"Soldier and Sailor" Memorial to Heroic Defenders of Sevastopol.jpg|thumb|"Soldier and Sailor" Memorial to Heroic Defenders of Sevastopol]]
[[File:2012-09-09 Памятник затопленным кораблям в Севастополе (1).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Monument to the Sunken Ships]], dedicated to ships [[Scuttling|scuttled]] during the siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War, designed by [[Amandus Adamson]]]]
[[File:Sevastopol Panorama.jpg|left|thumb|Sevastopol in 1889, [https://www.nga.gov/research/library/imagecollections/features/watsons_russia.html Department of Image Collections], National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, D.C.]]
Sevastopol was founded in June 1783 as a base for a naval squadron under the name Akhtiar<ref>{{Citation | contribution-url = http://leksika.com.ua/19111014/ure/sevastopol | contribution = Sevastopol | title = The Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia | publisher = Leksika | place = [[Ukraine|UK]]| title-link = Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia }}</ref> (''White Cliff''),<ref name=bse>{{Cite book | url = http://bse.sci-lib.com/article100495.html | title = Севастополь (Sevastopol)| publisher = [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] | place = [[Moscow]]| language = ru }}</ref> by [[Thomas MacKenzie (Russian admiral)|Rear Admiral Thomas MacKenzie]] ("Foma Fomich Makenzi"), a native [[Scottish people|Scot]] in Russian service; soon after, the [[Russian Empire]] annexed the [[Crimean Khanate]]. Five years earlier, [[Alexander Suvorov]] had ordered that earthworks be erected along the harbour and Russian troops be placed there. The Crimean Tatar version of this name is now written ''[[:wikt:Aqyar|Aqyar]]''.

In February 1784, [[Catherine the Great]] ordered [[Grigory Potyomkin]] to build a fortress there and call it Sevastopol. The realisation of the initial building plans fell to Captain [[Fyodor Ushakov]] who in 1788 was named commander of the [[Port of Sevastopol|port]] and of the [[Black Sea Fleet|Black Sea squadron]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sevastopol.info/history/hist_first.htm|title=Основание и развитие Севастополя (Osnovaniye i razvitiye Sevastopolya) |trans-title=Foundation and development of Sevastopol | publisher = Sevastopol.info|date=28 May 2007| access-date=26 April 2010|language=ru}}</ref> The city was established on the western shore of Southern Bay which branches away from the bigger [[Sevastopol Bay]]. The ruins of ancient Chersonesus were situated to the west. The newly built settlement became an important [[naval base]] and later a commercial [[seaport]]. In 1797, under an edict issued by Emperor [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]], the military stronghold was again renamed Akhtiar. Finally, on 29 April (10 May), 1826, the Senate returned the city's name to Sevastopol.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} In 1803 to 1864 along with [[Mykolaiv]] the city was part of Nikolayev–Sevastopol Military Governorate. The town had 3,000 inhabitants by the 1840s.<ref>{{cite book |title=The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge |date=1848 |publisher=Charles Knight |location=London |page=Vol V, p.97 |edition=First}}</ref>
[[File:Sevastopol British Memorial Complex.jpg|left|thumb|British Memorial Complex, Sevastopol, [https://www.nga.gov/research/library/imagecollections/features/watsons_russia.html Department of Image Collections], National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, D.C.]]

===Crimean War===
{{Main|Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)}}
From 1853 to 1856, the Crimean peninsula's strategic position in controlling the Black Sea caused it to be the site of the principal engagements of the [[Crimean War]], where Russia lost to a French-led alliance.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Crimean War (1853–1856)|journal=Gale Encyclopedia of World History: War|year=2008|volume=2|url=http://www.omnilogos.com/2015/01/crimean-war-1853-1856.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416183025/http://www.omnilogos.com/2015/01/crimean-war-1853-1856.html|archive-date=16 April 2015}}</ref>

After a minor skirmish at Köstence (now [[Constanța]]), the allied commanders decided to attack Sevastopol as Russia's main naval base in the Black Sea. After extended preparations, allied forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and marched to a point south of Sevastopol after winning the [[Battle of the Alma]] on 20 September. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the [[Battle of Balaclava]] and were repulsed, but the [[British Army during the Victorian Era|British Army]]'s forces were seriously depleted as a result. A second Russian counterattack, [[Battle of Inkerman|at Inkerman]] in November, ended in a stalemate as well. The front settled into the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)|siege of Sevastopol]], involving brutal conditions for troops on both sides.

Sevastopol finally fell after eleven months, after the French [[Battle of Malakoff|had assaulted Fort Malakoff]]. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion by the West if the war continued, Russia [[suing for peace|sued for peace]] in March 1856. France and Britain welcomed the development, owing to the conflict's domestic unpopularity. The [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]], signed on 30 March 1856, ended the war and forbade Russia from basing warships in the Black Sea.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Figes|first=Orlando|author-link=Orlando Figes|title=Crimea: The Last Crusade|publisher=Allen Lane|year=2010|isbn=978-0-7139-9704-0|location=London |page=415}}</ref> This hampered the Russians during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78]] and in the aftermath of that conflict, Russia moved to reconstitute its naval strength and fortifications in the Black Sea.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

===World War II===
{{main|Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)}}
During [[World War II]], Sevastopol withstood intensive bombardment by the Germans in 1941–42, supported by their Italian and Romanian allies during the [[Battle of Sevastopol]]. German forces used [[railway artillery]]—including history's largest-ever calibre railway artillery piece in battle, the 80-cm calibre ''[[Schwerer Gustav]]''—and [[Karl-Gerät|specialised mobile heavy mortars]] to destroy Sevastopol's extremely heavy fortifications, such as the [[Maxim Gorky Fortresses]]. After fierce fighting, which lasted for 250 days,<ref>{{cite book|first=Barrie|last=Pitt|url={{GBurl|id=Q94762dwrPsC|q=Axis+forces%2Bsevastopol%22250+days%22}}|title=History of the Second World War|volume=5|year=1966|publisher=Purnell|oclc=	1110288057}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Willmott|first=H. P.|url={{GBurl|id=IRIcZeEZB8QC|pg=PT269}}|title=The Great Crusade: A New Complete History of the Second World War|page=269|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|year=2008|isbn=978-1-61234-387-7|oclc=	755581494}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Michael Clement |last=Hall|url={{GBurl|id=iIuUBgAAQBAJ|p=52}}|title=The Crimea. A very short history|page=52|year=2014|publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-97576-8|oclc=980143992}}</ref> the fortress city finally fell to Axis forces in July 1942.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ww2aerialreconstudies.com/sevastopol-.html|title=WW2 Aerial Reconnaissance Studies - Sevastopol, Balaclava and the Crimea 1942-1943|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180712052743/https://www.ww2aerialreconstudies.com/sevastopol-.html|archive-date=12 July 2018|url-status=live|access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> It was intended to be renamed to "''Theodorichshafen''"<ref>{{cite book |title=Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945-1 October 1946: Proceedings |volume=1–42 |date=1947 |publisher=International Military Tribunal |isbn=0-404-53650-6 |page=168 |url={{GBurl|id=3QU1AQAAIAAJ|q=sevastopol+Theodorichshafen}} |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> (in reference to [[Theodoric the Great]] and the fact that Crimea had been home to Germanic [[Goths]] until the 18th or 19th century) in the event of a German victory against the Soviet Union, and like the rest of Crimea was designated for future colonisation by the Third Reich. It was liberated by the [[Red Army]] on 9 May 1944 and was awarded the [[Hero City (Soviet Union)|Hero City]] title a year later.

===Part of the Ukrainian SSR===
During the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] era, Sevastopol became a so-called "[[closed city]]". This meant that any non-residents had to apply to the authorities for a temporary permit to visit the city.

On 29 October 1948, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Russian SFSR issued an ''ukaz'' (order) which confirmed the special status of the city.<ref name=myths/> Soviet academic publications since 1954, including the ''[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]'', indicated that Sevastopol, [[Crimean Oblast]] was part of the [[Ukrainian SSR]].<ref>''[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]'' 1976, Vol.23. p. 104</ref><ref name=bse/>

In 1954, under [[Nikita Khrushchev]], both Sevastopol and the remainder of the Crimean peninsula were administratively [[1954 transfer of Crimea|transferred]] from being territories within the Russian SFSR to being territories administered by the Ukrainian SSR. Administratively, Sevastopol was a municipality excluded from the adjacent [[Crimean Oblast]].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}{{explain|date=December 2018}} The territory of the municipality was 863.5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and it was further subdivided into four raions (districts). Besides the City of Sevastopol proper, it also included two towns—Balaklava (having had no status until 1957), Inkerman, urban-type settlement Kacha, and 29 villages.<ref name=YavlinskyUkr>{{cite book|url={{GBurl|id=tedMMgz3RV8C|p=44}} |title=Contemporary Ukraine|isbn=0-7656-3150-4|last1=Kuzio|first1=Taras|date=15 April 1998|publisher=M.E. Sharpe }}</ref>

For the 1955 Ukrainian parliamentary elections on 27 February, Sevastopol was split into two electoral districts, Stalinsky and Korabelny (initially requested three Stalinsky, Korabelny, and Nakhimovsky).<ref name=myths/> Eventually,{{clarify|date=October 2022}} Sevastopol received two [[People's Deputy of Ukraine|people's deputies]] of the [[Ukrainian SSR]] elected to the [[Verkhovna Rada]],{{clarify|date=October 2022}} A. Korovchenko and M. Kulakov.<ref name=myths/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fleet.sebastopol.ua/articles/POChTI_50_LET_NAZAD._SEVASTOPOL_V_1955_GODU/printable/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208203215/http://fleet.sebastopol.ua/articles/POChTI_50_LET_NAZAD._SEVASTOPOL_V_1955_GODU/printable/|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2014|title=Статьи / газета Флот України: ПОЧТИ 50 ЛЕТ НАЗАД. СЕВАСТОПОЛЬ В 1955 ГОДУ|language=ru|date=8 December 2014|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref>

In 1957, the town of [[Balaklava]] was incorporated into Sevastopol.

===Part of Ukraine===
[[File:Музей Черноморского флота.jpg|thumb|The Black Sea Fleet Museum]]
<!--Following the break-up of the Soviet Union, the [[Congress of People's Deputies of Russia]] "questioned" the legal status of Sevastopol and requested the [[Supreme Soviet of Russia]] to "define" it.

On 11 December 1992, the [[President of Ukraine]] called the attempt of the Russian deputies to charge the Russian parliament with the task of defining the status of Sevastopol as an "imperial disease". On 17 December 1992, the Office of the Ukrainian Presidential Representative in [[Crimea]] was created, which caused a wave of protests a month later. Among the protesters who organised the unsanctioned rally were the Sevastopol branches of the National Salvation Front, the Russian Popular Assembly, and the All-Crimean Movement of the Voters for the Republic of Crimea. The protest was held in Sevastopol on 10 January on [[Nakhimov Square]].{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

-->
Following [[Ukraine]]'s declaration of [[History of Ukraine#Independence|independence]] from the USSR in 1991, Sevastopol became the principal base of the [[Ukrainian navy]]. As the key naval base of the former Soviet [[Black Sea Fleet]], it was a source of tensions for [[Russia–Ukraine relations]] until a [[Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet|set-term lease agreement]] was signed in 1997.

On 10 July 1993, the [[Russian parliament]] passed a resolution declaring Sevastopol to be "a federal Russian city".<ref name="doyle">''Secession as an International Phenomenon: From America's Civil War to Contemporary Separatist Movements'' edited by Don Harrison Doyle (page 284)</ref> At the time, many supporters of President [[Boris Yeltsin]] had ceased taking part in{{clarify|date=October 2022}} the parliament's work.<ref>{{Citation | first = Serge | last = Schmemann | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/10/world/russian-parliament-votes-a-claim-to-ukrainian-port-of-sevastopol.html | title = Russian Parliament Votes a Claim to Russian Port of Sevastopol | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | date = 10 July 1993}}</ref> On 20 July 1993, the [[United Nations Security Council]] denounced the decision of the Russian parliament. According to [[Anatoliy Zlenko]], it was the first time that the council had to review and qualify actions of a legislative body.<ref name=myths>{{cite web|url=http://ukrlife.org/main/uacrim/obermif34.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208165334/http://ukrlife.org/main/uacrim/obermif34.htm|title=Українське життя в Севастополi Михайло ЛУКІНЮК ОБЕРЕЖНО: МІФИ! Міф про юридичну належність Севастополя Росії|archive-date=8 December 2014|work=ukrlife.org|via=archive.org|trans-title=Ukrainian life in Sevastopol Mykhailo LUKINYUK CAUTION: MYTHS! The myth of the legal affiliation of Sevastopol in Russia }}</ref>

On 14 April 1993, the Presidium of the Crimean Parliament called for the creation of the presidential post of the Crimean Republic.{{clarify|date=October 2022}} A week later, the Russian deputy, Valentin Agafonov, said that [[Russia]] was ready to supervise a referendum on Crimean independence and include the republic as a separate entity in the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]]. On 28 July 1993, one of the leaders of the Russian Society of Crimea, Viktor Prusakov, said that his organisation was ready for an armed mutiny and the establishment of Russian administration of Sevastopol.

In September, the commander of the joint Russian-Ukrainian Black Sea Fleet, {{ill|Eduard Baltin|ru|Балтин, Эдуард Дмитриевич|vertical-align=sup}}, accused Ukraine of converting some of his fleet and conducting an armed assault on his personnel and threatened to take countermeasures placing the fleet on alert. (In June 1992, the Russian president Yeltsin and the Ukrainian president [[Leonid Kravchuk]] had agreed to divide the former Soviet Black Sea Fleet between Russia and Ukraine. Eduard Baltin had been appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet by Yeltsin and Kravchuk on 15 January 1993.)

The Moscow mayor [[Yury Luzhkov]] to claim{{clarify|date=October 2022}} the city, and in December 1996, the Russian [[Federation Council (Russia)|Federation Council]] officially endorsed the claim, threatening negotiations. In response, Ukraine proposed a "special partnership" with NATO in January 1997.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Glenn E. |first=Curtis |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/97007563 |title=Russia: A Country Study |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |year=1998 |isbn=0-8444-0866-2 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=xcii |oclc=36351361}}</ref>

In May 1997, Russia and Ukraine signed the [[Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty]], ruling out Moscow's territorial claims to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Review of Ukraine base lease 'fatal,' Russia warns|url=http://english.people.com.cn/200512/28/eng20051228_231329.html|newspaper=People's Daily|location=Beijing, China|date=28 December 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060117111808/http://english.people.com.cn/200512/28/eng20051228_231329.html|archive-date=17 January 2006|url-status=dead|access-date=12 June 2012}}</ref> This was followed by the [[Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet]] on 28 May 1997. A separate agreement established the terms of a long-term lease of land, facilities, and resources in Sevastopol and the Crimea by Russia.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} Russia kept its naval base, with around 15,000 troops stationed in Sevastopol.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Şafak|last1= Oğuz|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/355595|title=Russian Hybrid Warfare and Its Implications in The Black Sea|journal=Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi|date=1 May 2017|via=Paperity.org|volume=1|issue=1|page=10|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200711010100/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/355595|archive-date=11 July 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Vladimir Putin in Ukraine 28-29 July 2001-17.jpg|thumb|Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] with Ukrainian president [[Leonid Kuchma]] on board the Black Sea Fleet's flagship in July 2001]]
The ex-Soviet Black Sea Fleet and its facilities were divided between Russia's Black Sea Fleet and the [[Ukrainian Navy|Ukrainian Naval Forces]]. The two navies co-used some of the city's harbours and piers, while others were demilitarised or used by either{{clarify|date=October 2022}} country. Sevastopol remained the location of the Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters, and the Ukrainian Naval Forces Headquarters were also located in the city. A judicial row periodically continued over the naval [[hydrography|hydrographic]] infrastructure both in Sevastopol and on the Crimean coast (especially [[lighthouses]] historically maintained by the Soviet and Russian Navy and also used for civil navigation support).

As in the rest of Crimea, Russian remained the predominant language of the city, although following the independence of Ukraine there were some attempts at [[Ukrainisation]], with very little success. Russian society in general and even some outspoken government representatives never accepted the loss of Sevastopol and tended to regard it as temporarily separated from Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ua.pravda.com.ua/news/2007/2/21/54793.htm|title=Лужков знайшов у серці рану і хоче почувати себе в Криму як вдома|work=pravda.com.ua|trans-title=Luzhkov has found a wound in his heart and wants to feel at home in the Crimea|language=uk|access-date=22 March 2007|archive-date=19 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319203900/http://ua.pravda.com.ua/news/2007/2/21/54793.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In July 2009, the chairman of the [[Sevastopol City Council]], Valeriy Saratov ([[Party of Regions]]),<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/29585/print |title=Calm sea in Sevastopol |newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=4 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915170100/http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/29585/print |archive-date=15 September 2008 }}</ref> said that Ukraine should increase the amount of compensation it is paying to the city of Sevastopol for hosting the foreign Russian Black Sea Fleet, instead of requesting such compensation from the Russian government and the Russian Ministry of Defense in particular.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/46037 |title=Sevastopol authorities asking to raise compensation fees for Russian Black Sea Fleet's basing |newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=28 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301020957/http://www.kyivpost.com/nation/46037 |archive-date=1 March 2012 }}</ref>

On 27 April 2010, Russia and Ukraine ratified the [[Russian Ukrainian Naval Base for Gas treaty]], which extended the Russian Navy's lease of the Crimean facilities for 25 years after 2017 (through 2042) with the option to prolong the lease in five-year extensions. The ratification process in the [[Ukrainian parliament]] encountered stiff opposition and even resulted in a brawl in the parliament chamber. Eventually, the treaty was ratified by a 52% majority vote—236 of 450. The [[Russian Duma]] ratified the treaty by a 98% majority.<ref>{{Citation | place = [[United Kingdom|UK]] | publisher = BBC | newspaper = World | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8645847.stm | title = Parliamentary chaos as Ukraine ratifies fleet deal | date = 27 April 2010}}</ref>

===Occupation and annexation by Russia===
{{further|Russian occupation of Crimea}}

On 23 February 2014, a pro-Russian rally took place in Nakhimov Square declaring allegiance to Russia and protesting against the new government in [[Kyiv]] following the [[Revolution of Dignity|overthrow]] of the president, [[Viktor Yanukovych]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-secession-russian-crimea|title=Ukraine crisis fuels secession calls in pro-Russian south|work=The Guardian|date=23 February 2014}}</ref> On 27 February, pro-Russian militia, including Russian troops, seized control of government buildings in Crimea, and by 28 February, controlled other strategic locations such as the military airport in Sevastopol.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20140228-ukraine-crimea-gunmen-airport-simferopol|title=Gunmen 'seize control' of airport in Ukraine's Crimea region|website=France 24|date=28 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-31796226|title=Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot|website=BBC News|date=9 March 2015}}</ref>

On 16 March 2014, an internationally unrecognised [[2014 Crimean status referendum|referendum]] was held in Sevastopol with official results claiming an 89.51% turnout and 95.6% of voters choosing to join Russia. Ukraine and almost all other countries of the [[United Nations General Assembly]] consider the referendum illegal and illegitimate.<ref name="sevsovet">{{cite web|url=http://sevsovet.com.ua/index.php/2011-06-30-23-44-03/12395-na-sessii-gorodskogo-soveta-utverzhdeny-rezultaty-obshchekrymskogo-referenduma-16-marta-2014-goda|script-title=ru:На сессии городского Совета утверждены результаты общекрымского референдума 16 марта 2014 года|trans-title=Session of the City Council approved the results of the general referendum on March 16, 2014|language=ru|publisher=Official site of the Sevastopol City Council|date=March 17, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722133147/http://sevsovet.com.ua/index.php/2011-06-30-23-44-03/12395-na-sessii-gorodskogo-soveta-utverzhdeny-rezultaty-obshchekrymskogo-referenduma-16-marta-2014-goda|archive-date=July 22, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/cnews-us-ukraine-crisis-idCABREA1Q1E820140316|title=Crimeans vote over 90 percent to quit Ukraine for Russia|website=Reuters|date=16 March 2014}}</ref>

On 18 March, [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russia annexed Crimea]], incorporating the [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Republic of Crimea]] and [[Federal cities of Russia|federal city]] of Sevastopol as [[federal subjects of Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tass.ru/en/russia/724785|title=Putin signs laws on reunification of Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol with Russia|publisher=[[ITAR TASS]]|date=21 March 2014|access-date=21 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?92062 |script-title=ru:Распоряжение Президента Российской Федерации от 17 March 2014 No. 63-рп 'О подписании Договора между Российской Федерацией и Республикой Крым о принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов' |access-date=25 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318095051/http://pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?92062 |archive-date=18 March 2014}}</ref> However, the annexation remains internationally unrecognised, with most countries recognizing Sevastopol as a [[city with special status]] within Ukraine.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Territories of the Russian Federation 2020|publisher=[[Routledge]]|author=[[Taylor & Francis]]|date=2020|section=Republic of Crimea|section-url={{GBurl|id=3xbUDwAAQBAJ|pg=PT161}}|isbn=978-1-003-00706-7|quote=Note: The territories of the Crimean peninsula, comprising Sevastopol City and the Republic of Crimea, remained internationally recognised as constituting part of Ukraine, following their annexation by Russia in March 2014.}}</ref> While Russia has taken ''de facto'' control of Sevastopol and Crimea, the international community considers the area as part of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26415508 | title=Does Russia have a case? | work=BBC News | date=5 March 2014 | access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wbez.org/stories/russia-takes-de-facto-control-of-ukraines-crimea-region/a93ce953-d445-4081-bc8a-1ad832c0a43f | title=Russia takes defacto control of Ukraine's Crimea region | date=3 March 2014 | access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.marshallcenter.org/en/publications/security-insights/strategic-culture-and-geography-russias-southern-seas-after-crimea-0 | title=Russia's southern seas after Crimea | access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Sevastopol, Ukraine.jpg|thumb|left|Satellite image of the Sevastopol area.]]
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 300
| image1 = Вид на залив Севастополе.jpg
| caption1 = A view of the Bay of Sevastopol.
| image2 = Fiolent Sevastopol 2009 G1.jpg
| caption2 = [[Cape Fiolent]], on the southwestern coast of Sevastopol.
}}
The city of Sevastopol is located at the southwestern tip of the Crimean peninsula in a headland known as [[Heracles peninsula]] on a coast of the [[Black Sea]]. The city is designated a special city-region of Ukraine which besides the city itself includes several of its outlying settlements. The city itself is concentrated mostly in the western portion of the region and around the long [[Bay of Sevastopol]]. This bay is a [[ria]], a river canyon drowned by [[Holocene]] sea-level rise, and the outlet of [[Chorna River (Crimea)|Chorna River]]. Away in a remote location southeast of Sevastopol is located the former city of [[Balaklava]] (since 1957 incorporated within Sevastopol), the bay of which in the Soviet era served as a main port for the Soviet diesel-powered submarines.

The coastline of the region is mostly rocky, in a series of smaller bays, a great number of which are located within the Bay of Sevastopol. The biggest of them are Southern Bay (within the Bay of Sevastopol), Archer Bay, a gulf complex that consists of Deergrass Bay, the Bay of Cossack, Salty Bay, and many others. There are over thirty bays in the immediate region.

Three rivers flow through the region: the Belbek, Chorna, and Kacha. All three mountain chains of the [[Crimean mountains]] are represented in Sevastopol, the southern chain by the Balaklava Highlands, the inner chain by the Mekenziev Mountains, and the outer chain by the Kara-Tau Upland (Black Mountain).

===Climate===
Sevastopol has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa''). Due to the summer mean straddling {{convert|22|C|F}} it borders on a four-season [[oceanic climate]], with cold winters and warm summers.

The average yearly temperature is {{convert|15|–|16|C|F}} during the day and around {{convert|9|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night. In the coldest months, January and February, the average temperature is {{convert|5|–|6|C|F}} during the day and around {{convert|1|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night. In the warmest months, July and August, the average temperature is around {{convert|26|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and around {{convert|19|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night. Generally, the summer/holiday season lasts 5 months, from around mid-May and into September, with the temperature often reaching {{convert|20|°C|0|abbr=on}} or more in the first half of October.

The average annual temperature of the sea is {{convert|14.2|°C|0|abbr=on}}, ranging from {{convert|7|°C|0|abbr=on}} in February to {{convert|24|°C|0|abbr=on}} in August. From June to September, the average sea temperature is greater than {{convert|20|°C|0|abbr=on}}. In the second half of May and the first half of October; the average sea temperature is about {{convert|17|°C|0|abbr=on}}. The average rainfall is about {{convert|400|mm|in}} per year. There are about 2,345 hours of sunshine duration per year.<ref name= meteoweb>{{cite web|url=http://meteoweb.ru/cl006.php|title=The duration of sunshine in some cities of the former USSR|publisher=Meteoweb|language=ru|access-date=29 September 2012}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Sevastopol
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan high C = 5.9
|Feb high C = 6.0
|Mar high C = 8.9
|Apr high C = 13.6
|May high C = 19.2
|Jun high C = 23.5
|Jul high C = 26.5
|Aug high C = 26.3
|Sep high C = 22.4
|Oct high C = 17.8
|Nov high C = 12.3
|Dec high C = 8.1
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 2.9
|Feb mean C = 2.8
|Mar mean C = 5.4
|Apr mean C = 9.8
|May mean C = 15.1
|Jun mean C = 19.5
|Jul mean C = 22.4
|Aug mean C = 22.1
|Sep mean C = 18.1
|Oct mean C = 13.8
|Nov mean C = 8.8
|Dec mean C = 5.0
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = -0.2
|Feb low C = -0.4
|Mar low C = 2.0
|Apr low C = 6.1
|May low C = 11.1
|Jun low C = 15.5
|Jul low C = 18.2
|Aug low C = 17.9
|Sep low C = 13.9
|Oct low C = 9.9
|Nov low C = 5.4
|Dec low C = 2.0
|year low C =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 26
|Feb precipitation mm = 25
|Mar precipitation mm = 24
|Apr precipitation mm = 27
|May precipitation mm = 18
|Jun precipitation mm = 26
|Jul precipitation mm = 32
|Aug precipitation mm = 33
|Sep precipitation mm = 42
|Oct precipitation mm = 32
|Nov precipitation mm = 42
|Dec precipitation mm = 52
|year precipitation mm =
|Jan precipitation days= 6
|Feb precipitation days= 3
|Mar precipitation days= 4
|Apr precipitation days= 2
|May precipitation days= 2
|Jun precipitation days= 1
|Jul precipitation days= 2
|Aug precipitation days= 0
|Sep precipitation days= 1
|Oct precipitation days= 3
|Nov precipitation days= 2
|Dec precipitation days= 5
|year precipitation days=
|Jan sun =  72
|Feb sun =  75
|Mar sun = 145
|Apr sun = 202
|May sun = 267
|Jun sun = 316
|Jul sun = 356
|Aug sun = 326
|Sep sun = 254
|Oct sun = 177
|Nov sun =  98
|Dec sun =  64
|source 1 = pogodaiklimat.ru<ref name="Погода и Климат">{{cite web|url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/summary/33991.htm |title=Sevastopol Climate Summary   |publisher=pogodaiklimat.ru |access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref>
|date=April 2016}}

==Politics and government==

===Ukrainian administration===
[[File:Sevastopol-boroughs.svg|thumb|Districts of Sevastopol:
{{legend|#F09ABD|[[Gagarin Raion]] (Gagarinsky)}}
{{legend|#E14A35|[[Lenin Raion, Sevastopol|Lenin Raion]] (Leninsky)}}
{{legend|#45B7ED|[[Nakhimov Raion]] (Nakhimovsky)}}
{{legend|#8DCCA1|[[Balaklava Raion]] (Balaklavsky)}}
]]
According to the [[Constitution of Ukraine]], Sevastopol is administered as a [[City with special status]]. Executive power in Sevastopol is exercised by the [[Sevastopol City State Administration]], led by a chairman (also known as mayor) appointed by the Ukrainian president.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sev.gov.ua/en/administr/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211231807/http://sev.gov.ua/en/administr/ |archive-date=11 February 2014  |title=The City State Administration |publisher=Sevastopol City State Administration}}</ref> The [[Sevastopol City Council]] is the legislature of Sevastopol.

Sevastopol is administratively divided into four districts:
*[[Gagarin Raion]]
*[[Lenin Raion, Sevastopol|Lenin Raion]] 
*[[Nakhimov Raion]]
*[[Balaklava Raion]]

===Russian occupation===
On 18 March 2014, Russia [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|claimed to have annexed Crimea]] with Sevastopol being administered as a [[Federal cities of Russia|federal city]] of Russia, the others being [[Moscow]] and [[St. Petersburg]].

;Executive
The head of the executive branch in the city is the [[Governor of Sevastopol (Russia)|Governor of Sevastopol]]. According to the city charter, amended on 29 November 2016, the governor is elected in a direct election for a term of five years and no more than two consecutive terms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sevzakon.ru/view/laws/bank/14402/zakon_n_292_zs_ot_29_11_2016/19627/|title=Закон города Севастополя от 29 ноября 2016 года № 292-ЗС "О внесении изменений в Устав города Севастополя"|website=sevzakon.ru|access-date=31 January 2022|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220161219/https://sevzakon.ru/view/laws/bank/14402/zakon_n_292_zs_ot_29_11_2016/19627/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The current governor is [[Mikhail Razvozhayev]].

;Legislature
During the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Ukrainian Crimea by Russia]], the pro-Russian [[Sevastopol City Council]] threw its support behind Russian citizen [[Alexei Chaly]] as a "people's mayor" and said it would not recognise orders from [[Kyiv]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/25/ukraine-sevastopol-installs-pro-russian-mayor|agency=The Guardian|title=Ukraine: Sevastopol installs pro-Russian mayor as separatism fears grow|date=25 February 2014|access-date=29 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/sevastopol-city-council-refuses-to-recognize-kyiv-leadership-338124.html|agency=Kyiv Post|title=Sevastopol City Council refuses to recognize Kyiv leadership|date=2 March 2014|access-date=29 March 2014}}</ref> After Russia annexed Crimea, the [[Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol]] replaced the City Council.

;Administrative and municipal divisions
{{Main|Administrative and municipal divisions of Sevastopol}}

Within the Russian [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal framework]], the territory of the federal city of Sevastopol is divided into nine [[Administrative okrug|municipal okrugs]] and the town of [[Inkerman]]. While individual municipal divisions are contained within the borders of the administrative districts, they are not otherwise related to the administrative districts.

==Economy==
{{Missing information|section|Sevastopol's economic output by [[economic sector]]|date=March 2014}}

Apart from navy-related civil facilities, Sevastopol hosts some other notable industries. An example is Stroitel,<ref>{{citation |title=Stroitel |publisher=Tradekey.com }}<nowiki> See https://www.tradekey.com/company/Stroitel-1284650.html</nowiki></ref> a major [[plastic]] manufacturer.

=== Industry ===
* Sevastopol Aircraft Plant, [[Sevastopol Shipyard|SMZ Sevastopol Shipyards]] (main at Naval Bay) & Inkerman Shipyards, Balaklava Bay Shipyard
* Impuls 2 SMZ
* [[Chornomornaftogaz]] § Chernomorneftegaz (Chjornomor), oil/gas extraction, petrochemical, jack rigs and oil platforms, LNG and oil tankers.
* AO FNGUP Granit subsidiary of Almaz Antej, assembly, overhaul, and maintenance of SAM and radar EW complexes, ADS services.
* Sevastopol (Parus SPriborMZ, Mayak, NPO Elektron, NPP Kvant, Tavrida Elektronik, Musson, and other industrial plants)
* Sevastopol Economic Industrial Zone SevPZ (SE area)
* Persej SMZ ship repair and floating dock yard plant (South Bay, Sevastopol)
* Sevastopol ship repair and floating docks yards (various)
* Metallurgy, Chemical Plants, and other industries.
* Agriculture: rice, wheat, grapes, tea, fruits, and tobacco (lesser). 
* Mining: iron, titanium, manganese, aluminum, calcite silicates, and amethyst. 
* Kerch bridge, Taurida highway, Sevastopol GasTES plus solar FV plants, gas and petrol depots, and coal derivatives.

===Infrastructure===
[[File:Trolleybus Sevastopol 2012 G2.jpg|thumb|[[Trolleybus]]es [[ZiU-9]] in Sevastopol]]
There are different types of transport in Sevastopol:
* Bus – 101 lines
* Trolley bus – 14 lines
* Minibus – 52 lines
* Cutter – 6 lines
* Ferry – 1 line
* Express bus – 15 lines
* HEV train (local, suburban route) – 1 route
* Airport – 1

[[Sevastopol Shipyard]] comprises three facilities that together repair, modernise, and re-equip Russian Naval ships and submarines.<ref name="fas">{{cite web |title= Sevmorverf (Sevastopol Shipyard) |publisher= Federation of American Scientists |url= https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/industry/sevmorverf.htm |date= 24 August 2000 | access-date = 8 July 2013}}</ref> The [[Sevastopol International Airport]] is used as a military aerodrome at the moment and being reconstructed to be used by international airlines.

Sevastopol maintains a large port facility in the [[Bay of Sevastopol]] and in smaller bays around the [[Heracles peninsula]]. The port handles traffic from passengers (local transportation and cruise), cargo, and commercial fishing. The port infrastructure is fully integrated with the city of Sevastopol and the naval bases of the [[Black Sea Fleet]].

{{wide image|Sevastopol panorama.JPG|1000px|Panorama of the Sevastopol port entrance (left) with its [[Monument to the Sunken Ships|monument]] to [[Imperial Russian Navy|Russian ships]] which were sunk in the [[Crimean War]] to blockade the [[harbour]] (far right side).}}

===Tourism===
Due to its military history, most streets in the city are named after Russian and Soviet military heroes. There are hundreds of monuments and plaques in various parts of Sevastopol commemorating its military past.

Attractions include:
{{col-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Chersonesos Taurica|Chersonesos]] National Archaeological Reserve
* [[Mikhail Kroshitsky Sevastopol Art Museum|MP Kroshitsky Sevastopol Art Museum]]
* Sevastopol Museum of Local History
* Aquarium-Museum of the Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
* Dolphinarium of Sevastopol
* [[Monument to the Sunken Ships]]
* The Panorama Museum (The Heroic Defence of Sevastopol during the [[Crimean War]])
* [[Malakhov Kurgan]] (Barrow) with its White Tower
* [[Admirals' Burial Vault]]
* The [[Black Sea Fleet]] Museum
* The Storming of [[Sapun-gora]] of 7 May 1944, the Diorama Museum ([[World War II]])
* Naval museum complex "[[Naval museum complex Balaklava|Balaklava]]", decommissioned underground submarine base, now opened to the public
* Cheremetieff brothers museum "Crimean war 1853–1856"
* Museum of the underground forces of 1942–1944
* Museum Historical Memorial Complex [[35th coastal battery|"35th Coastal Battery"]]
* The Naval Museum "Michael's battery"
* Fraternal (Communal) War Cemetery
}}

===Gallery===
<gallery>
File:Sevastopol Crimea-5243.jpg|Sevastopol Artillery Bay view
File:Sevastopol Crimea-4856.jpg|The seaside of Sevastopol
File:Sevastopol 04-14 img09 Vladimir Cathedral.jpg|St. Vladimir's Cathedral at 'the city hill'
File:Sevastopol 04-14 img06 Peter and Paul Cathedral.jpg|Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral
File:Sevastopol 04-14 img17 View to Northern Side.jpg|View of the Northern side
File:Sevastopol 04-14 img14 PozharovaStreet Old Cemetery.jpg|Old city cemetery
File:Sevastopol 04-14 img01 railway station.jpg|Main railway station
File:Musee Sevastopol.jpg|The Panorama Museum (The Heroic Defence of Sevastopol during the [[Crimean War]])
File:Building of Diorama Storm of Sapun Mountain on May 7, 1944 in Sevastopol.jpg|The Storming of [[Sapun-gora]] of 7 May 1944, the Diorama Museum ([[World War II]])
File:Balaklava, Sevastopol.jpg|Entrance to [[Balaklava]] bay, 2010
File:Андріївка-пляж.JPG|Steep West Bank, Andriivka
File:Херсонесское_побережье_и_вид_на_севастополь.jpg|The rocky shore of Heracles of the Ey Peninsula, Chersonesos
File:15.Мис_Фіолент_(9).jpg|The high shore of Cape Fiolent
File:Ласпи_053.jpg|South bank landscape, Laspi
File:Sevastopol004.jpg|South bay
File:Balaclava_bay.jpg|Balaklava bay
File:Балаклавские_горы.jpg|View of Sevastopol from Balaklava Heights
File:Verhnesadovoe_2.JPG|Road, Verkhniosadove village
</gallery>

== Demographics ==
{{missing information|section|the different religions practised in Sevastopol; its education system (schools, colleges, and universities); and its healthcare system (clinics and hospitals)|date=March 2014}}
[[File:Sevastopol pop pyramid 2021.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of Sevastopol as of the 2021 Russian Census]]{{Historical populations|1897|53595|1926|68003|1939|109104|1959|148033|1970|228904|1979|300686|1989|356123|2001|342451|2014|393304|2021|547820|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}The population of Sevastopol is 509,992, consisting of 479,394 urban residents and 30,598 rural (January 2021), making it the most populous city of the [[Crimean Peninsula]].<ref name="stats2021">{{cite web |publisher=Federal State Statistic Service |title=Численность населения по муниципальным округам г. Севастополя на начало 2021 года. |url=https://crimea.gks.ru/storage/mediabank/s8niUD5P/%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%20(2).pdf |website=crimea.gks.ru |access-date=12 April 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412084330/https://crimea.gks.ru/storage/mediabank/s8niUD5P/%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%20(2).pdf |url-status=dead |language=RU }}</ref>

The city has retained an ethnic Russian majority throughout its history.{{request quotation|date=October 2022}} In 1989 the proportion of Russians living in the city was 74.4%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ |title=Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 &#124; English version &#124; Results &#124; General results of the census &#124; National composition of population |publisher=2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua |access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref> and by the time of the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|Ukrainian National Census, 2001]], the ethnic groups of Sevastopol included [[Russians]] (71.6%), [[Ukrainians]] (22.4%), [[Belarusians]] (1.6%), [[Tatars]] (0.7%), [[Crimean Tatars]] (0.5%), [[Armenians]] (0.3%), [[Jew]]s (0.3%), [[Moldovans]] (0.2%), and [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijanis]] (0.2%).<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Sevastopol/|title=2001 Ukrainian census|publisher=Ukrcensus.gov.ua|access-date=26 April 2010}}</ref>

{|
|
{{infobox demographics
| type =  Age structure
| group1 = 0–14 years old
| pop1 = male 27,856 / female 26,532
| percent1 = 14.3% {{increase}}
| group2 = 15–64 years old
| pop2 = <span style="white-space: nowrap">male 126,918 / female 141,304</span>
| percent2 = <span style="white-space: nowrap">70.3% {{decrease}}</span>
| group3 = <span style="white-space: nowrap">65 years and over</span>
| pop3 = male 19,038 / female 39,826
| percent3 = 15.4% {{increase}}
| source = {{citation needed|date=March 2014}}{{disputed inline|date=March 2014}}
}}
| style="vertical-align: top" | {{infobox demographics
| type =  [[Median age]]
| group1 = Male
| pop1 = 36.0 years {{increase}}
| group2 = Female
| pop2 = 44.6 years {{steady}}
| group3 = Total
| pop3 = 40.2 years {{increase}}
| source = {{citation needed|date=March 2014}}
}}
|}

Vital statistics for 2015:
*Births: 5 471 (13.7 per 1000)
*Deaths: 6 072 (15.2 per 1000)

===Life expectancy===
{{See also|List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy#Official Russian data 2019||label 1=List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy}}
In 2015, Sevastopol had the largest decrease in [[life expectancy]] at birth among all regions of Russia.<br />In 2020, after beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Sevastopol became the only region of Russia where there was increase of life expectancy.<br />In 2021, average life expectancy at birth in Sevastopol was 72.25 years (67.87 for males and 76.43 for females).<ref name="rosstat">{{cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |title=Демографический ежегодник России |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service of Russia]] (Rosstat) |access-date=28 June 2022 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia}}</ref><ref name="uiiss">{{cite web |url=https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/31293 |title=Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни при рождении |website=Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System of Russia |access-date=28 June 2022 |language=ru |trans-title=Life expectancy at birth |archive-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220124657/https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/31293 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Sevastopol.png|Life expectancy in Sevastopol <ref name="rosstat" /><ref name="uiiss" />
File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Sevastopol -diff.png|Life expectancy with calculated differences
File:Life expectancy in Russia -Crimea.png|Life expectancy in Sevastopol in comparison with Crimea on average and neighboring regions of the country
File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Crimea and its parts.png|Life expectancy in Sevastopol in comparison with Crimea on average (in detail)
</gallery>

==Culture==
{{missing information|section|architecture, arts, cuisine, literature, media, and music in Sevastopol|date=March 2014}}
There are many historical buildings in the central and eastern parts of the city and Balaklava, some of which are architectural monuments. The Western districts have modern architecture. More recently, numerous skyscrapers have been built. Balaklava Bayfront Plaza (on hold), currently under construction, will be one of the tallest buildings in Ukraine, at {{convert|173|m|ft|abbr=on}} with 43 floors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=82259|title=Balaklava Bayfront Plaza, Sevastopol|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com|access-date=26 April 2010}}</ref>

After the [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea]] the city's monument to [[Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny]] was removed and handed over to [[Kharkiv]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sq.com.ua/rus/news/obschestvo/23.08.2014/v_harkove_poyavitsya_pamyatnik_sagajdachnomu/|title=В Харькове появится памятник Сагайдачному|language=ru|work=Status Quo|date=13 June 2023 }}</ref>

== Education ==
*Economics and Humanities Institute (Branch), [[Crimean Federal University]]
*[[Sevastopol National Technical University]]
*[[Sevastopol National University of Nuclear Energy and Industry]]

== Notable people ==
[[File:Leonidoff-ileana1919.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Ileana Leonidoff]], 1919]]
[[File:Alexandr Nosatov (2018).jpg|thumb|140px|[[Aleksandr Nosatov]], 2018]]
* [[Alla Kostromichova]] (born 1986) a Ukrainian fashion model and TV presenter.
* [[Arkady Averchenko]] (1881–1925) a Russian playwright and satirist.
* [[Oleksiy Bessarabov]] (born 1976) a Ukrainian journalist
* [[Igor Cassini]] (1915–2002) a Russian-American syndicated gossip columnist for the Hearst newspaper chain.
* [[Aleksei Chaly]] (born 1961) a businessman and former de facto mayor of Sevastopol.
* [[Alexander Galich (writer)|Alexander Galich]] (1918–1977) a Soviet poet, playwright, singer-songwriter and dissident.
* [[Dimal (rapper)|Gulyayev Dmitry Igorevich]] (born 1986), stage name ''[[Dimal (rapper)|Dimal]]'', rapper, songwriter and entertainer, based in Malta.
* [[Lola Gjoka]] (1910–1985) an Albanian pianist
* [[Tatiana Godovalnikova]] (born 1962) a Russian contemporary artist.
* [[Rimma Kazakova]] (1932–2008) a Soviet/Russian poet who wrote popular songs.
* [[Sasha Krasny]] (1882– 1995), a Russian poet and songwriter.
* [[Aleksandr Kuznetsov (actor)|Aleksandr Kuznetsov]] (born 1992) a Ukrainian-Russian actor in Russian films and TV
* [[Ileana Leonidoff]] (1893–1968) émigrée actress in silent films; then dancer and choreographer.
* [[Kseniya Mishyna]] (born 1989) a Ukrainian film and stage actress.
* [[Mikhail Samoilovich Neiman]] (1905–1975) a Soviet physicist and academic professor.
* [[Aleksandr Nosatov]] (born 1963) an admiral in the [[Russian Navy]].
* [[Ivan Papanin]] (1894–1986) a Soviet polar explorer, scientist and [[Counter Admiral]]
* [[Sergei Pinchuk]] (born 1971) a vice-admiral in the [[Russian Navy]].
* [[Olga von Root]] (1902–1967), Russian noblewoman, singer, and stage actress
* [[Mikhail Sablin]] (1869–1920), an admiral in the [[Imperial Russian Navy]]
* [[Semen Semenchenko]] (born 1974), a Ukrainian politician and founder of the [[Donbas Battalion]].
* [[Anton Shkaplerov]] (born 1972) a Russian cosmonaut with four spaceflights.
* [[Antonina Shuranova]] (1936–2003) a Russian stage, TV and film actress.
* [[Alexandra Voronin]] (1905–1993) the Russian wife of Norwegian fascist [[Vidkun Quisling]]

=== Sport ===
* [[Lyudmila Aksyonova]] (born 1947) 400 metre athlete, team bronze medallist at the [[1976 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Aleksandr Fyodorov (water polo)|Aleksandr Fyodorov]] (born 1981) water polo player and team bronze medallist at the [[2004 Summer Olympics]].
* [[Andriy Govorov]] (born 1992), a Ukrainian swimmer and world record holder in 50 meters butterfly
* [[Svitlana Matevusheva]] (born 1981) a sailor and team silver medallist at the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Alexander Onischuk]] (born 1975) a Ukrainian-American chess [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]]
* [[Galina Prozumenshchikova]] (1948–2015) a Soviet breaststroke swimmer; five Olympic medals in 1964, 1968 and 1972
* [[Marina Durunda]] (born 1997) an Azerbaijani rhythmic gymnast; finalist at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]]

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="130">
File:Sevastopol 04-14 img04 view from Suvorov Square.jpg|View of Sevastopol
File:Soviet and Russian Black Sea Fleet.jpg|Ships of the [[Black Sea Fleet]] docked in Sevastopol
File:Sevastopol. Nakhimov square.JPG|Nakhimov Square
File:Sevastopol Nahimova 4-1.jpg|Palace of Culture
File:SevaTeatr.jpg|Lunacharsky Theater
File:Sevastopol Nahimova 4-2.jpg|Artillery Bay
File:Navy Day Sevastopol 2012 G03.jpg|2012 Navy Day joint celebration (Russian AF)
File:Navy Day Sevastopol 2012 G04.jpg|2012 Navy Day joint celebration (Ukrainian AF)
File:Boat U170 Skadovsk 2012 G1.jpg|[[Ukrainian Navy]] artillery boat U170 in the [[Bay of Sevastopol]]
File:Celebrating Victory Day and the 70th anniversary of Sevastopol’s liberation (2493-07).jpg|Victory Day in Sevastopol, 9 May 2014
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[2121 Sevastopol]] – [[asteroid]] discovered in 1971 by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] astronomer [[Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova]] and named after the city.<ref name="minorplanet">{{cite book|last=Schmadel|first=Lutz D.|title=Dictionary of Minor Planet Names|page=172|edition=5th|year=2003|publisher=Springer Verlag|location= New York|url={{GBurl|id=VoJ5nUyIzCsC|p=172}}|isbn=3-540-00238-3}}</ref>
* [[Sebastopol, Victoria]]
* [[Novorossiysk]] (new planned headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet)
{{Portal bar|Geography|Ukraine|Europe}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes|commonscat=yes|d=yes}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Sevastopol |volume= 24 | page = 707 |short= 1}}
*{{Official website|http://www.sevastopol.gov.ru/}} {{in lang|ru}} (Russian administration)
*{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.sev.gov.ua/en/|title=Official website}} (Ukrainian administration)
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=44.588699,33.524780&spn=0.236457,0.468361&t=k Satellite picture by Google Maps]
*[http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=623 The murder of the Jews of Sevastopol] during [[World War II]], at [[Yad Vashem]] website.

{{Sevastopol}}
{{Administrative divisions of Ukraine}}
{{Federal subjects of Russia}}
{{List of European capitals by region}}
{{Catherinian pseudo-Hellenization}}
{{Cities in Ukraine}}
{{Hero Cities of the Soviet Union}}
{{Hero Cities of Ukraine}}
{{Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sevastopol| ]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Black Sea]]
[[Category:Disputed territories in Europe]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Russia]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1783]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Russia]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Taurida Governorate]]
[[Category:Crimean Federal District]]
[[Category:Southern Federal District]]
[[Category:Cities in Crimea]]
[[Category:Cities with special status in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Federal cities of Russia]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Russian is an official language]]
[[Category:1783 establishments in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Russia]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Former closed cities]]