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{{short description|Spacecraft compartment}}

[[Aعلى الفيسبوك منال السلمان|A]] '''service module''' (also known as an '''equipment module''' or '''instrument compartment''') is a component of a [[human spaceflight|crewed]] [[space capsule]] containing a variety of support systems used for spacecraft operations. Usually located in the uninhabited area of the spacecraft, the service module serves a storehouse of critical subsystems and supplies for the mission such as electrical systems, environmental control, and propellant tanks. The service module is jettisoned upon the completion of the mission, and usually burns up during [[atmospheric reentry]].<ref name="csm07">{{cite web |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/CSM07_Service_Module_Overview_pp53-60.pdf |title=CSM07 Service Module Overview |website=NASA |access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref>

The Russian phrase for ''service module'' for the [[Soyuz spacecraft]] is sometimes more directly translated "Instrument-Assembly Compartment". This comes from the design feature of having the guidance and other computer systems in a separate pressure chamber (the instruments) from the rocket engines, their propellant tanks, and the life support tanks (from the German ''Aggregat'', which gets translated "assembly"). The Russians use the term "module" (модуль) primarily in regards to elements of a modular [[space station]], e.g. the [[Zvezda Service Module]].{{cn|date=February 2021}}

==Design==
Depending upon the spacecraft architecture and system design, a typical service module usually contain the following:<ref name="csm07" /><ref name=":0" />
* [[Fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell|solar panels]], or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]] to provide electrical power to the spacecraft (batteries are also used in the crew capsule)
* [[Liquid hydrogen]] (LH<sub>2</sub>) and [[liquid oxygen]] (LOX) for fuel cell operation and water production, with LOX also being used to provide breathing oxygen for the crew.
* Pressurized [[helium]] or [[nitrogen]] to force consumables and fuel from source tanks to their destinations.
* Guidance computer systems and related sensors
* Fuel and oxidizer for [[reaction control system|reaction control]] and [[Spacecraft propulsion|propulsion]] systems.
* Thermal control systems for proper heating and cooling of above systems.

While this would be used for a "baseline" service module, a service module may also be modified for additional functions. An example would be the equipment module on [[Gemini 9]], when it was modified to carry the [[U.S. Air Force]]-developed [[Manned Maneuvering Unit|astronaut maneuvering unit]] that would have been tested by astronaut [[Eugene Cernan]], but was cancelled when his spacesuit overheated, causing his visor to fog up. But the best example would be the final three Apollo missions, in which the J-series service modules included scientific instrument module (SIM) bays that took pictures and other readouts in lunar orbit. In addition to the film cameras, similar to those used on the [[Lunar Orbiter]] spacecraft and requiring the Command Module Pilot to perform a deep-space EVA during the return trip, two of the SIM bays, on [[Apollo 15|Apollos 15]] and [[Apollo 16|16]], also launched a lunar "subsatellite" before the astronauts performed the Trans-Earth Injection burn with the onboard service propulsion system.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

A unique inhabitable variation of the service module concept is the [[Functional Cargo Block]] developed for the Soviet [[TKS (spacecraft)|TKS Transport Supply Spacecraft]]. In addition to full functionality of a service module, it featured a sizeable pressurized cargo bay, and a docking port – as opposed to its conventional location on the front of the re-entry capsule, which in case of the TKS instead possessed its own downscaled service module with de-orbiting thrusters – allowing the FGB to remain docked as an extension of the space station.{{cn|date=February 2021}}

== Operating service modules ==

=== Zvezda (ISS module) ===
{{Main|Zvezda (ISS module)}}
The ''Zvezda Service Module'', is a module of the [[International Space Station]] (ISS). It was the third module launched to the station, and provides all of the station's [[life support system]]s, some of which are supplemented in the [[US Orbital Segment]] (USOS), as well as living quarters for two crew members. It is the structural and functional center of the [[Russian Orbital Segment]] (ROS), which is the [[Russia]]n part of the ISS. Crew assemble here to deal with emergencies on the station.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Williams, Sunita (presenter)|date=3 July 2015|title=Departing Space Station Commander Provides Tour of Orbital Laboratory|medium=video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=doN4t5NKW-k|access-date=1 September 2019|time=17.46-18.26|publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2000-11-11-0011110386-story.html|title=Space station astronauts take shelter from solar radiation|last=Roylance|first=Frank D.|date=11 November 2000|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/10.28Flare.html|title=Tuesday/Wednesday Solar Punch|last=Stofer|first=Kathryn|date=29 October 2013|publisher=NASA|access-date=1 September 2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> ''Zvezda'' was launched on a [[Proton (rocket family)|Proton]] launch vehicle on 12 July 2000, and docked with the ''[[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]]'' module on 26 July 2000.

=== Soyuz service module ===
{{Main|Soyuz (spacecraft)}}
At the back of the Soyuz spacecraft is the Service Module. It has a pressurized container shaped like a bulging can (instrumentation compartment, priborniy otsek) that contains systems for temperature control, electric power supply, long-range radio communications, radio telemetry, and instruments for orientation and control. A non-pressurized part of the Service Module (propulsion compartment, agregatniy otsek) contains the main engine and a liquid-fuelled propulsion system for maneuvering in orbit and initiating the descent back to Earth. Outside the Service Module are the sensors for the orientation system and the solar array, which is oriented towards the Sun by rotating the ship.

=== Shenzhou service module ===
{{Main|Shenzhou (spacecraft)}}
The aft service module of the Shenzhou spacecraft contains life support and other equipment required for the functioning of Shenzhou. Two pairs of solar panels, one pair on the service module and the other pair on the orbital module, have a total area of over 40 m2 (430 ft<sup>2</sup>), indicating average electrical power over 1.5 kW.

=== European Service Module (Orion) ===
{{Main|European Service Module}}
The European Service Module is the service module component of the [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion spacecraft]], serving as its primary power and propulsion component until it is discarded at the end of each mission. The service module supports the crew module from launch through separation prior to reentry. It provides in-space propulsion capability for orbital transfer, [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]], and high altitude ascent aborts. It provides the water and oxygen needed for a habitable environment, generates and stores electrical power, and maintains the temperature of the vehicle's systems and components. This module can also transport unpressurized cargo and scientific payloads.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Explore the Exploration Vehicle |url=https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/mpcv/explore.html |publisher=NASA |access-date=6 February 2021 |language=en |date=6 June 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== List of past service modules ==
===Retired===
* {{flagicon|USSR}} [[Vostok spacecraft|Vostok equipment module]]
* {{flagicon|USSR}} [[Voskhod spacecraft|Voskhod equipment module]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Project Gemini|Gemini equipment module]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Apollo Service Module]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Apollo Lunar Module|Apollo Lunar Module descent stage]]

===Canceled===
* {{flagicon|RUS}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[CSTS|CSTS service module]] (canceled)
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Kliper|Kliper service module]] (canceled)
* {{flagicon|FRA}}{{flagicon|EU}} [[Hermes (shuttle)|Hermes resource module]] (canceled)

==See also==
* [[Orbital module]]
* [[Reentry capsule]]
* [[Command module (disambiguation)]]
* [[Space capsule]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Soyuz}}
{{Apollo program}}
{{Apollo program hardware}}
{{Shenzhou program}}
{{Project Constellation}}

{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}

[[Category:Spacecraft components]]