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{{Short description|1914–1915 invasion of Serbia during WWI}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Warbox
|conflict= Serbian campaign
|partof=the [[Balkans theatre]] of [[World War I]]
|image=Vojska Ada Ciganlija.jpg
|image_size=300px
|caption=Serbian infantry positioned at [[Ada Ciganlija]].
|date=28 July 1914 – 24 November 1915<br/>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=07|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=24|year2=1915}})
|place=[[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]], [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]], [[Principality of Albania|Albania]]
|result= {{ublist|Central Powers victory}}
*[[Great Retreat (Serbia)|Serbian retreat through Albania]]
*[[Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia|Austro-Hungarian occupation]]
*[[Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)|Bulgarian occupation]]
|combatant1={{plainlist|
*'''[[Central Powers]]''':
*{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}
*{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} {{small|(from 1915)}}
*{{flagcountry|German Empire}} {{small|(from 1915)}}
}}
|combatant2={{plainlist|
*'''[[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]]''':
*{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Serbia}}
*{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Montenegro}}
}}
|casualties1={{plainlist|
*'''340,000+ battle and non-battle casualties '''
}}
|casualties2={{plainlist|
*'''405,000+ battle casualties'''
}}
|casualties3=450,000<ref name="Urlanis, Boris 1971 Pages 66,79">Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow Pages 66,79,83, 85,160,171 and 268.</ref> to 842,000{{sfn|Milošević|2008|p=7}} Serbian civilians died of war-related causes from 1914 to 1918
}}
{{Campaignbox Serbia WWI}}
{{Campaignbox Balkan theatre (World War I)}}

The '''Serbian campaign''' was a series of military expeditions launched in 1914 and 1915 by the [[Central Powers]] against the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] during the [[First World War]].

The [[Serbian campaign (1914)|first campaign]] began after [[Austria-Hungary]] declared war on Serbia on [[July Crisis|28 July 1914]]. The campaign, 
dubbed a "[[Punitive campaign|punitive expedition]]" ({{langx|de|Strafexpedition}}) by the Austro-Hungarian leadership,<ref name="Merrill2001">{{cite book | last=Merrill | first=C. | title=Only the Nails Remain: Scenes from the Balkan Wars | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated | series=G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series | year=2001|page=167| isbn=978-0-7425-1686-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ3qG1s0LSgC&pg=PA167}}</ref> was under the command of Austrian General [[Oskar Potiorek]]. It ended after three unsuccessful Austro-Hungarian invasion attempts were repelled by the Serbians and their [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegrin]] allies. The victory of the [[Royal Serbian Army]] at the [[battle of Cer]] is considered the first [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] victory in World War I, and the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]]'s defeat by Serbia has been called one of the great upsets of modern military history.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schindler |first1=John R. |date=2002 |title=Disaster on the Drina: The Austro-Hungarian Army in Serbia, 1914 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/26014058 |journal=War in History |publisher=Sage Publications, Ltd. |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=159–95|doi=10.1191/0968344502wh250oa |jstor=26014058 |s2cid=145488166 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Rose 2018 p. 195">{{cite book | last=Rose | first=R.A.D. | title=History of Europe | publisher=EDTECH | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-83947-278-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-PEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 | page=195}}</ref>

The [[Serbian campaign (1915)|second campaign]] was launched, under [[German Empire|German]] command, almost a year later, on 6 October 1915, when [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]n, Austro-Hungarian, and German forces, led by [[Field Marshal]] [[August von Mackensen]], successfully invaded Serbia from three sides, pre-empting an Allied advance from [[Thessaloniki|Salonica]] to help Serbia. This resulted in the [[Great Retreat (Serbian)|Great Retreat]] through Montenegro and [[Albania in World War I|Albania]], the evacuation to [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], and the establishment of the [[Macedonian front]].{{Sfn|Hughes|Philpott|2005|p=48}} The defeat of Serbia gave the [[Central Powers]] temporary mastery over the [[Balkans]], opening up a land route from [[Berlin]] to [[Constantinople]], allowing the Germans to re-supply the [[Ottoman Empire]] for the rest of the war.{{Sfn|Hart|2013|p=325}} Mackensen declared an end to the campaign on 24 November 1915. Serbia was then occupied and divided between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and [[Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)|Bulgaria]].{{Sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=117}}

After the Allies launched the [[Vardar Offensive]] in September 1918, which broke through the Macedonian front and defeated the [[Bulgaria]]ns and their German allies, a [[France|Franco]]-Serbian force advanced into the occupied territories and [[Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)|liberated Serbia, Albania, and Montenegro]]. Serbian forces entered [[Belgrade]] on 1 November 1918.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofyu0000sing|url-access=registration|quote=ww1 Serbian army entered belgrade.|title=A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples|first=Fred |last=Singleton|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1985|isbn=978-0-521-27485-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofyu0000sing/page/129 129]}}</ref>

The Serbian army declined severely from about 420,000<ref name="vojska1914">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vojska.net/eng/world-war-1/serbia/organization/1914/|title=Serbian Army, August 1914}}</ref> at its peak to about 100,000 at the moment of liberation. The estimates of casualties are various: Original Serb sources claim that the Kingdom of Serbia lost more than 1,200,000 inhabitants during the war (including both military and civilian losses), which represented more than 29% of its overall population and 60% of its male population.<ref>Чедомир Антић, [http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Tema-nedelje/Najvecha-srpska-pobeda/Sudnji-rat.sr.html ''Судњи рат''], [[Политика (новине)|Политика]] од 14. септембра 2008.</ref><ref>Владимир Радомировић, [http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Tema-nedelje/Najvecha-srpska-pobeda/55729.sr.html ''Највећа српска победа''], [[Политика (новине)|Политика]] од 14. септембра 2008.</ref> More recent historical analysis has estimated that roughly 177,000 Serbian soldiers lost their lives or were not returned from captivity, while the civilian death toll is impossible to determine, numbering in the hundreds of thousands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bjelajac |first=Mile |date=2015 |title=Serbia |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/serbia |website=1914-1918 Online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War}}</ref> According to estimates prepared by the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] government in 1924, Serbia lost 265,164 soldiers or 25% of all mobilized troops. By comparison, France lost 16.8%, Germany 15.4%, Russia 11.5%, and Italy 10.3%.{{sfn|Tucker|2005|p=273}}

== Background ==
{{Main|Causes of World War I|July Crisis}}
Austria-Hungary precipitated the [[Bosnian crisis]] of 1908–09 by annexing the former Ottoman [[Bosnia and Herzegovina in Austria-Hungary|territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], which it had occupied since 1878. This angered the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] and its patron, the [[Pan-Slavism|Pan-Slavic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] [[Russian Empire]].<ref name=keegan48-49>{{cite book |last=Keegan |first=John |date=1998 |title=The First World War |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=0375400524 |pages=48–49}}</ref> Russian political manoeuvring in the region destabilized peace accords that were already unravelling in what was known as "the [[powder keg of Europe]]."<ref name=keegan48-49 />
[[File:G Princip (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Gavrilo Princip]], a member of the [[Young Bosnia]], [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand|assassinated]] Archduke [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|Franz Ferdinand]], the heir to the [[Emperor of Austria|Austro-Hungarian throne]]]]
In 1912 and 1913, the [[First Balkan War]] was fought between the [[Balkan League]] of [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Serbia]], and [[Montenegro]] and the fracturing Ottoman Empire. The resulting [[Treaty of London (1913)|Treaty of London]] further shrank the Ottoman Empire by creating an independent [[Principality of Albania]] and enlarging the territorial holdings of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece. When Bulgaria attacked both Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913, it lost most of its Macedonian region to those countries, and additionally, the [[Southern Dobruja]] region to Romania and Adrianople (the present-day city of [[Edirne]]) to Turkey in the 33-day [[Second Balkan War]], which further destabilized the region.<ref name=Willmott22-23>{{harvnb|Willmott|2003|pp=2–23}}</ref>

On 28 June 1914, [[Gavrilo Princip]], a [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Serb]] student and member of an organization of national revolutionaries called [[Young Bosnia]], [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]], the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia.<ref name=Willmott26>{{harvnb|Willmott|2003|p=26}}</ref>
Though the political objective of the assassination was the independence of the southern Austro-Hungarian provinces mainly populated by Slavs from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, it also inadvertently triggered a chain of events that embroiled Russia and the major European powers. This began a period of diplomatic manoeuvring among Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France, and Britain called the [[July Crisis]]. Austria-Hungary delivered the [[July Ultimatum of 1914|July Ultimatum]] to Serbia, a series of ten demands intentionally made unacceptable to provoke a war with Serbia.<ref name=Willmott27>{{harvnb|Willmott|2003|p=27}}</ref> When Serbia agreed to only eight of the ten demands, Austria-Hungary declared war on 28 July 1914.
[[File:TelegramWW1.jpg|thumb|upright|The Austro-Hungarian government's declaration of war in a telegram sent to the government of Serbia on 28 July 1914, signed by Imperial Foreign Minister [[Count Leopold Berchtold]].]]

The dispute between Austria-Hungary and Serbia escalated into what is now known as World War I, drawing in [[Russian Empire|Russia]], [[German Empire|Germany]], France, and the [[British Empire]]. Within a week, Austria-Hungary had to face a war with Russia, Serbia's patron, which had the largest army in the world at the time. The result was that Serbia became a subsidiary front in the massive fight that started to unfold along Austria-Hungary's border with Russia. Though Serbia had an experienced army, it was exhausted from the conflicts of the Balkan Wars and poorly equipped, which led the Austro-Hungarians to believe it would fall in less than a month. Serbia's strategy was to hold on as long as it could and hope the Russians could defeat the main [[Austro-Hungarian Army]], with or without the help of other allies. Serbia constantly had to worry about its hostile neighbour to the east, [[History of Independent Bulgaria#World War I|Bulgaria]], with which it had fought several wars, most recently in the Second Balkan War of 1913.

== Military forces ==
=== Austro-Hungarian ===
{{See also|Alfred Redl}}
The standing peacetime Austro-Hungarian army had 36,000 officers, including [[non-commissioned officer]]s and 414,000 enlisted personnel. During mobilization, this number could be increased to 3,350,000 men of all ranks. The operational army had over 1,420,000 men, while another 600,000 were allocated to support and logistic units (train, munition and supply columns, etc.). The rest (around 1,350,000) were reserve troops available to replace losses and form new units.<ref name="ReferenceA">Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914 - 1918, vol. 1, Wienn 1930, p68</ref> This vast military power allowed the Austro-Hungarian Army to replace its losses regularly and keep units at their formation strength. According to some sources, there were an average of 150,000 men per month during 1914 sent to replace the losses in the field army. During 1915 these numbers rose to 200,000 per month.<ref>http://digi.landesbibliothek.at/viewer/image/AC03568741/1/LOG_0003/
Die Entwicklung der öst.-ung. Wehrmacht in den ersten zwei Kriegsjahren, 10</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2013}}{{Better source needed|date=November 2013}} According to the official Austrian documents in the period from September until the end of December 1914, some 160,000 replacement troops were sent to the Balkan theatre of war, as well as 82,000 reinforcements as part of newly formed units.<ref>http://digi.landesbibliothek.at/viewer/image/AC01351505/1/LOG_0003/ Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914 -1918, vol. 2 Beilagen, Wienn 1930, table I )</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=November 2013}}

The prewar Austro-Hungarian plan to invade Serbia envisioned the concentration of three armies (2nd, 5th and 6th) on Serbia's western and northern borders to envelop and destroy the bulk of the Serbian army. However, with the beginning of the Russian general mobilization, the ''Armeeoberkommando'' (AOK, Austro-Hungarian Supreme Command) decided to move the 2nd army to [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] to counter Russian forces. Due to the congestion of railroad lines towards Galicia, the 2nd Army could only start its departure on 18 August, which allowed the AOK to assign some units of the 2nd Army to take part in operations in Serbia before that date. Eventually, the AOK allowed General [[Oskar Potiorek]] to deploy a significant segment of the 2nd army (around four divisions) in fighting against Serbia, which caused a delay in the transport of these troops to the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Russian front]] for more than a week. Furthermore, the Austro-Hungarian defeats suffered during the first invasion of Serbia forced the AOK to permanently transfer two divisions from the 2nd Army to Potiorek's force. By 12 August, Austria-Hungary had amassed over 500,000 soldiers on Serbian frontiers, including some 380,000 operational troops. However on 16 August a significant part of the 2nd army was ordered to the Russian front, thus this number fell to some 285,000 active troops, including garrisons.<ref>http://honsi.org/literature/svejk/dokumenty/oulk/band1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910054700/http://honsi.org/literature/svejk/dokumenty/oulk/band1.html |date=10 September 2018 }} Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914 - 1918, vol. 1, Wienn 1930, p68</ref> Apart from land forces, Austria-Hungary also deployed its Danube River flotilla of six monitors and six patrol boats.

Many Austro-Hungarian soldiers were not of good quality.<ref>{{harvnb|Jordan|2008|p=20}}</ref> About one-quarter of them were illiterate, and most of the conscripts from the empire's subject nationalities did not speak or understand German or Hungarian. In addition, most of the soldiers — ethnic Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Romanians and South Slavs — had linguistic and cultural links with the empire's various enemies.<ref name=Willmott69>{{harvnb|Willmott|2003|p=69}}</ref>

=== Serbian ===
[[File:Униформа Српског војника из 1914 године.jpg|thumb|upright|Uniform of Serbian soldiers from 1914]]

The Serbian military command issued orders to mobilize its armed forces on 25 July, and mobilization began the following day. By 30 July, mobilization was completed, and the troops began to be deployed according to the war plan. Deployments were completed by 9 August when the troops had arrived at their designated strategic positions. During mobilization, Serbia raised approximately 450,000 men of three age-defined classes (or bans) called ''poziv'', which comprised all capable men between the ages of 21 and 45.

The operational army consisted of {{fraction|11|1|2}} infantry (six of 1st and five of the 2nd ban) and one cavalry division. Aged men of the 3rd ban were organized in 15 infantry regiments with about 45–50,000 men designated for use in rear and line of communications duties. However, some of them were by necessity used as part of the operational army as well, bringing its strength up to around 250,000 men.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lyon |first=James |title=A peasant mob: The Serbian Army in the eve of the Great War |journal=JMH |volume=61 |date=1997 |page=501}}</ref> Serbia was in a much more disadvantageous position when compared with Austria-Hungary concerning human reserves and replacement troops, as its only source of replacements were recruits reaching the age of military enlistment. Their maximum annual number was theoretically around 60,000 and was insufficient to replace the losses of more than 132,000 sustained during operations from August to December 1914. This shortage of military power forced the Serbian army to recruit under and over-aged men to make up for losses in the opening phase of the war.

[[File:Maxim М.1909 of Serbian Royal Army.jpg|thumb|left|Maxim МG 10 of Serbian Royal Army]]

Because of the poor financial state of the Serbian economy and losses in the recent Balkan Wars, the Serbian army lacked much of the modern weaponry and equipment necessary to engage in combat with their larger and wealthier adversaries. Only 180,000 modern rifles were available for the operational army, which meant that the Serbian military lacked between one-quarter to one-third of the rifles necessary to fully equip even their front-line units, let alone reserve forces.{{Sfn|Lyon|1997|p=496}} Although Serbia tried to remedy this deficit by ordering 120,000 rifles from Russia in 1914, the weapons did not begin to arrive until the second half of August. Only 1st ban troops had complete grey-green M1908 uniforms, with 2nd ban troops often wearing the obsolete dark blue M1896 issue, and the 3rd ban had no proper uniforms at all and were reduced to wearing their civilian clothes with military greatcoats and caps.<ref>{{cite book|first=Nigel|last=Thomas|page=[https://archive.org/details/armiesbalkansmen00thom/page/n48 38]|title=Armies in the Balkans 1914-18|year=2001|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |url=https://archive.org/details/armiesbalkansmen00thom|url-access=limited|isbn=1-84176-194-X}}</ref> The Serbian troops did not have service issued boots at all, and the vast majority of them wore everyday footwear made of pig skin called ''[[opanak]]''.

Ammunition reserves were also insufficient for sustained field operations as most had been used in the 1912–13 Balkan wars. Artillery ammunition was sparse and only amounted to several hundred shells per unit. Because Serbia lacked a significant domestic military-industrial complex, its army depended entirely on imports of ammunition and arms from France and Russia, which were chronically short of supplies. The inevitable shortages of ammunition later would include a complete lack of artillery ammunition, which peaked during the decisive moments of the Austro-Hungarian invasion.

=== Comparative strength ===
These figures detail the number of all Austro-Hungarian troops concentrated on the southern (Serbian) theatre of war at the beginning of August 1914 and the resources of the entire Serbian army (however, the number of troops available for the operations on both sides was somewhat less):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type !! Austro-Hungarian<ref name="ReferenceA"/> !! Serbian
|-
| Battalions || 329 || 209
|-
| Batteries || 200 || 122
|-
| Squadrons || 51 || 44
|-
| Engineer companies || 50 || 30
|-
| Field guns || 1243 || 718
|-
| Machine guns || 490 || 315
|-
| '''Total combatants''' || '''500,000''' || '''344,000'''
|}
[[File:M 45 14 les monténégrins Lovcen au nord de Cettinié.jpg|thumb|right|Montenegrin troops outside of [[Lovćen]], October 1914.]]
Serbia's ally Montenegro mustered an army of about 45–50,000 men, with only 14 modern quick-firing field guns, 62 machine guns and some 51 older pieces (some of them antique models from the 1870s). Unlike the Austro-Hungarian and the Serbian armies, the Montenegrin army was a militia type without proper military training or a career officer's corps.

{{large|'''Note:'''}}

'''According to Austro-Hungarian military formation,<ref>Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914–1918, vol. 1, Wienn 1930, p.82</ref> the average war strength of the following units was:'''
*Battalion: 1000 (combatants)
*Battery: 196
*Squadron: 180
*Engineer companies: 260

'''The strength of corresponding Serbian units was similar:''' 
*Battalion: 1116 (combatants and non-combatants)
*Battery: 169
*Squadron: 130
*Engineer company: 250

'''<big>Heavy artillery</big>'''
{| class="wikitable"
! width=50%| Austro-Hungarian
! Serbian
|-
|
'''12 mobile batteries''': {{plainlist|
*4 {{nobr|305 mm}} mortars
*5 {{nobr|240 mm}} mortars
*20 {{nobr|150 mm}} howitzers
*20 {{nobr|120 mm}} cannons
}}
Additionally, Austro-Hungarian fortresses and garrisons near the Serbian and Montenegrin borders (Petrovaradin, Sarajevo, Kotor etc.) had about 40 companies of heavy fortress artillery of various models.
|
'''13 mobile batteries''': {{plainlist|
*8 {{nobr|150 mm}} mortars Schneider-Canet M97
*22 {{nobr|120 mm}} howitzers Schneider-Canet M97
*20 [[120 mm Schneider-Canet M1897 long gun]]
}}
|}

=== Order of battle ===
==== Serbian army ====
{{Main|Order of battle of the Serbian Army in World War I}}
*[[First Army (Serbia)|First Army]], commanded by general [[Petar Bojović]]; Chief of Staff colonel Božidar Terzić.
**Cavalry division, four regiments, Colonel Branko Jovanović
**Timok I division, four regiments, General Vladimir Kondić
**Timok II division, three regiments
**Morava II division, three regiments
**Danube II division (Braničevo detachment), six regiments
**Army artillery, colonel Božidar Srećković
*[[Second Army (Serbia)|Second Army]], commanded by general [[Stepa Stepanović]]; Chief of Staff colonel Vojislav Živanović
**Morava I division, colonel Ilija Gojković, four regiments
**Combined I division, general Mihajlo Rašić, four regiments, regiment commanders Svetislav Mišković, X, X and Dragoljub Uzunmirković
**Šumadija I division, four regiments
**Danube I division, colonel [[Milivoje Anđelković]], four regiments
**Army artillery, Colonel Vojislav Milojević
*[[Third Army (Serbia)|Third Army]], commanded by general [[Pavle Jurišić Šturm]]; Chief of Staff colonel Dušan Pešić
**Drina I division, four regiments
**Drina II division, four regiments, regiment commanders Miloje Jelisijević, X, X and X
**Obrenovac detachment, one regiment, two battalions
**Jadar Chetnik detachment
**Army artillery, colonel Miloš Mihailović
*Užice Army, commanded by General Miloš Božanović
**Šumadija II division, colonel Dragutin Milutinović, four regiments
**Užice brigade, Colonel Ivan Pavlović, two regiments
**Chetnik detachments, Lim, Zlatibor, and Gornjak detachments
**Army artillery

==== Austro-Hungarian army ====
August 1914:
*Balkan force
**5th Army, commanded by [[Liborius Ritter von Frank]]
***9. infantry division
***21. landwehr infantry division
***36. infantry division
***[[42nd Home Guard Infantry Division|42. Honvéd (Hungarian home guard) infantry division]]
***13. infantry brigade
***11. mountain brigade
***104. Landsturm infantry brigade
***13. march brigade
**6th Army, commanded by [[Oskar Potiorek]]
***1. infantry division
***48. infantry division
***18. infantry division
***47. infantry division
***40. Honvéd infantry division
***109. Landsturm infantry brigade
**Banat Rayon and Garrisons
***107. Landsturm infantry brigade
***sundry units of infantry, cavalry and artillery
*Parts of the 2nd Army, commanded by [[Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli]]
**17. infantry division
**34. infantry division
**31. infantry division
**32. infantry division, commanded by [[Andreas von Fail-Griessler]]
**29. infantry division
**7. infantry division
**23.infantry division
**10. cavalry division
**4. march brigade
**7. march brigade
**8. march brigade

==1914==
{{main|Serbian campaign (1914)}}

==1915==
{{main|Serbian campaign (1915)}}

==Aftermath==
===1916–1918===
{{Main|Macedonian front|Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)}}
[[File:Veljko Stanojević 1976 Yugoslavia stamp.jpg|thumb|A 1976 Yugoslav postage stamp depicting the collapse of the Salonika front by war artist Veljko Stanojević]]

The Serbian army was evacuated to Greece and met with the [[Allied Army of the Orient]]. They then fought a trench war against the Bulgarians on the Macedonia Front, which was mainly static. French and Serbian forces re-took limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing [[Bitola]] on 19 November 1916 as a result of the costly [[Monastir Offensive]], which brought stabilization of the front.

French and Serbian troops finally made a breakthrough in the [[Vardar Offensive]] in 1918, after most German and Austro-Hungarian troops had withdrawn. This breakthrough was significant in defeating Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary, which led to the final victory of World War I. After the Allied breakthrough, Bulgaria capitulated on 29 September 1918.<ref>{{harvnb|Tucker|Wood|Murphy|1999|p=120}}</ref> Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the Central Powers and insisted on an immediate peace settlement during a meeting with government officials a day after the Bulgarian collapse.<ref name="Doughty">{{Cite book |last=Doughty |first=Robert A. |title=Pyrrhic Victory |date=2005 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-1880-8 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vZRmHkdGk44C&pg=PA491 491]ff}}</ref> On 29 September 1918, the [[Oberste Heeresleitung|German Supreme Army Command]] informed [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II]] and the [[Chancellor of Germany#Chancellor of the German Empire (1871–1918)|Imperial Chancellor]] [[Count]] [[Georg von Hertling]], that the military situation facing Germany was hopeless .{{Sfn|Axelrod|2018|p=260}}

German Emperor [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] in his telegram to [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria|Bulgarian Tsar Ferdinand I]] stated: "Disgraceful! 62,000 Serbs decided the war!".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyon |first=James |date=12 October 2020 |title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1 |url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2020/10/12/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1 |access-date=2019-11-21 |website=Military History Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schoppert |first=Stephanie |date=22 February 2017 |title=The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight |url=https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9 |access-date=2019-11-21 |website=History Collection}}</ref>
 
The collapse of the [[Macedonian front]] meant that the road to [[Budapest]] and [[Vienna]] was now opened for the 670,000-strong Army of General [[Franchet d'Esperey]] as the Bulgarian surrender deprived the Central Powers of the 278 infantry battalions and 1,500 guns (the equivalent of some 25 to 30 German divisions) that were previously holding the line.<ref name=militera/> The German high command responded by sending only seven infantry and one cavalry division, but these forces were far from enough for a front to be re-established.<ref name="militera">{{Cite web |last=Korsun |first=N. |title=The Balkan Front of the World War (in Russian) |url=http://militera.lib.ru/h/korsun_ng4/06.html |access-date=27 September 2010 |publisher=militera.lib.ru}}</ref> In September, Entente armies spearheaded by Serbian and French troops, broke through the remaining German and Bulgarians defense, forcing Bulgaria to exit the war and liberating Serbia two weeks before the ceasefire.<ref name="Moal 2008 p.209 ">{{Cite book |last=Moal |first=F.L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sYDXPQAACAAJ |title=La Serbie: du martyre à la victoire, 1914-1918 |date=2008 |publisher=14-18 Éditions |isbn=978-2-9163-8518-1 |series=Collection "Les nations dans la Grande Guerre." |language=fr}}</ref>

===End of the War ===
The ramifications of the war were manifold. When World War I ended, the [[Treaty of Neuilly]] awarded [[Western Thrace]] to Greece, whereas Serbia received some minor territorial concessions from Bulgaria. Austria-Hungary was broken apart, and Hungary lost much land to Yugoslavia and Romania in the [[Treaty of Trianon]]. Serbia assumed the leading position in the new [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], joined by its old ally, [[Montenegro]]. Meanwhile, Italy established a quasi-protectorate over Albania, and Greece re-occupied Albania's southern part, which was autonomous under a local Greek provisional government (see [[Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus]]), despite Albania's neutrality during the war.

===Casualties ===
[[File:WorldWarI-MilitaryDeaths-EntentePowers-Piechart.svg|thumb|left|The [[Allies of World War I|Entente]] casualties]]

Before the war, the Kingdom of Serbia had 4,500,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWinSerbia.htm|title=Serbia in 1914|work=Spartacus |date=22 March 2024 |author1=Chris }}</ref> According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', 150,000 people are estimated to have died in 1915 alone during the worst [[typhus|typhus epidemic]] in world history. With the aid of the [[American Red Cross]] and 44 foreign governments, the outbreak was brought under control by the end of the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/10/29/105045220.pdf |title=$1,600,000 was raised for the Red Cross |date=29 October 1915 | work=The New York Times}}</ref> The number of civilian deaths is estimated by some sources at 650,000, primarily due to the typhus outbreak and [[famine]], but also direct clashes with the occupiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstworldwar.com/features/minorpowers_serbia.htm|title=The Minor Powers During World War One - Serbia|website=First World War.com}}</ref> Serbia's casualties accounted for 8% of the total Allied military deaths. 58% of the regular [[First Army (Serbia)|Serbian Army]] (420,000 strong) perished during the conflict.<ref>[http://www.vojska.net/eng/world-war-1/serbia/organization/1914/ Serbian army, August 1914]</ref> According to the Serb sources, the total number of casualties is placed around 1,000,000:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politika.rs/search/searchEngineLanding/a/Sudnji-rat|title=Политика Online|website=www.politika.rs}}</ref> 25% of Serbia's prewar size, and an [[absolute majority]] (57%) of its overall male population.<ref>[http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Tema-nedelje/Najvecha-srpska-pobeda/Svi-srpski-trijumfi.sr.html Тема недеље: Највећа српска победа: Сви српски тријумфи: ПОЛИТИКА] {{in lang|sr}}</ref> ''L.A. Times'' and ''N.Y. Times'' also cited early Serbian sources which claimed over 1,000,000 victims in their respective articles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/337249982.html?dids=337249982:337249982&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jun+30%2C+1918&author=PIERRE+LOTI.+Special+Contributor+to+%22The+Times.%22&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=FOURTH+OF+SERBIA'S+POPULATION+DEAD.&pqatl=google|title=Fourth of Serbia's population dead.|access-date=2017-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721100208/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/337249982.html?dids=337249982:337249982&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jun+30%2C+1918&author=PIERRE+LOTI.+Special+Contributor+to+%22The+Times.%22&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=FOURTH+OF+SERBIA'S+POPULATION+DEAD.&pqatl=google|archive-date=2013-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/04/05/102687236.pdf|title=Asserts Serbians face extinction}}</ref> Modern western and non-Serb historians put the casualties number either at 45,000 military deaths and 650,000 civilian deaths{{sfn|Sammis|2002|p=32}} or 127,355 military deaths and 82,000 civilian deaths.{{sfn|Tucker|2005|p=273}} These numbers would appear to be a low estimate, given that according to a study by Vemić of the 10 biggest concentration camps (out of more than 300) in Austria-Hungary the number of Serb dead comes to at least 59,524.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vemić |first=Mirčeta |date=2014 |title=The Pomor of Serb POWs and Civilians in Austro-Hungarian camps during WWI 1914-1918, SUMMED NUMBERS |url=https://booksofjeremiah.com/post/the-pomor-of-serb-pows-and-civilians-in-austro-hungarian-camps-during-wwi-1914-1918-summed-numbers/ |website=Books of Jeremiah}}</ref> Vemić indicated that the number is likely higher than 64,597 victims, as some of the camp graveyards were not fully surveyed and excavated, as well as poor record-keeping in the camps and the destruction of some of the record-keeping books in the camps. This number combines POWs and civilian casualties, as the camps were often mixed, as well as people from Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, since they would be mixed in together in the camps.

[[File:Ostatky Srbů povražděných Bulhary.jpg|thumb|right|The remains of Serbs killed by Bulgarian soldiers during the [[Surdulica massacre]]. It is estimated that 2,000–3,000 Serbian men were killed in the town during the first months of the Bulgarian occupation of southern Serbia.{{sfn|Mitrović|2007|p=223}}]]
The extent of the Serbian demographic disaster can be illustrated by the statement of the Bulgarian Prime Minister [[Vasil Radoslavov]]: "Serbia ceased to exist" (''New York Times'', summer 1917).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/11/05/98273895.pdf|title=Serbia restored}}</ref> In July 1918, the [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Robert Lansing]] urged the Americans of all religions to pray for Serbia in their respective churches.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/07/28/102728073.pdf| work=New York Times| title=Serbia and Austria| date=28 July 1918 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/07/27/102727338.pdf| work=New York Times| title=Appeals to Americans to pray for Serbians| date=27 July 1918 }}</ref>

The Serbian army suffered a staggering number of casualties. It was significantly destroyed near the war's end, falling from about 420,000<ref name="vojska1914"/> at its peak to about 100,000 at the moment of liberation.

The Serb sources claim that the Kingdom of Serbia lost 1,100,000 inhabitants during the war. Of {{nowrap|4.5 million}} people, there were 275,000 military deaths and 450,000 among the ordinary citizenry. The civilian deaths were attributable mainly to food shortages and the effects of epidemics such as [[Spanish flu]]. In addition to the military deaths, there were 133,148 wounded. According to the Yugoslav government, in 1914, Serbia lost 365,164 soldiers, or 26% of all mobilized personnel, while France suffered 16.8%, Germany 15.4%, Russia 11.5%, and Italy 10.3%.{{no source|date=November 2018}}

At the war's end, there were 114,000 disabled soldiers and 500,000 orphaned children.<ref>{{Cite book|quote=its postwar population included some 114,000 invalids and over half a million orphans|page=222|title=The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics|first=Ivo|last=Banac|author-link=Ivo Banac|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-8014-9493-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfqbujXqQBkC}}</ref>

=== Attacks against ethnic Serb civilians ===
{{Main|Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo|Schutzkorps}}

The assassination in Sarajevo of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife [[Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg]] was followed by violent anti-Serb demonstrations of angry Croats and Muslims<ref name=bennett>{{cite book|author=Christopher Bennett|title=Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences|year=1995 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|access-date=7 September 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeiKg3TuNl0C&pg=PA259|page=259|isbn=978-1-85065-232-8}}</ref> in the city during the evening of 28 June 1914 and for much of the following day. This happened because most Croats and many Muslims considered the archduke the best hope for establishing a South Slav political entity within the Habsburg Empire. The crowd directed its anger principally at shops owned by ethnic Serbs and the residences of prominent Serbs. Two ethnic Serbs were killed on 28 June by crowd violence.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert J. Donia|title=Sarajevo: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACvJHam2_-oC&pg=PA123|year=2006|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-11557-X|pages=123–}}</ref> That night there were anti-Serb demonstrations in other parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph Ward Swain|title=Beginning the twentieth century: a history of the generation that made the war|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tA4AAAAIAAJ|year=1933|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Bennett|title=Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeiKg3TuNl0C&pg=PA31|date=January 1995|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-232-8|pages=31–}}</ref>

Incited by anti-Serbian propaganda and collusion with the command of the Austro-Hungarian Army, soldiers committed numerous atrocities against the Serbs in both Serbia and Austria-Hungary. According to the German-Swiss criminologist and observer [[Archibald Reiss|R.A. Reiss]], it was a "system of extermination." In addition to executions of prisoners of war, civilian populations were subjected to mass murder and rape. Villages and towns were burned and looted. Fruit trees were cut down, and water wells were poisoned in an effort on the Austro-Hungarian part to discourage Serb inhabitants from ever returning.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/howaustriahungar00reis How Austria-Hungary waged war in Serbia (1915)] German criminologist R.A. Reiss on atrocities by the Austro-Hungarian Army</ref><ref>[http://www.kakanien.ac.at/beitr/fallstudie/AHolzer1/?page=2&alpha=h Augenzeugen. Der Krieg gegen Zivilisten. Fotografien aus dem Ersten Weltkrieg] Anton Holzer, Vienna</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/executions(3).html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010124000000/http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/executions(3).html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 January 2001|title=Executions, various|website=www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Austria-Hungary WWI propaganda card against Serbs - 005.JPG|[[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] propaganda postcard saying "Serbs, we'll smash you to pieces!"
File:Austria-Hungary WWI propaganda card against Serbs - 006.JPG|Anti-Serbian propaganda postcard 
File:Hromadná poprava Srbů.jpg|upright|Austro-Hungarian soldiers executing Serbian civilians during World War I (1916).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Honzík|first1=Miroslav|last2=Honzíková|first2=Hana|title=1914/1918, Léta zkázy a naděje|year=1984|publisher=Panorama|location=Czech Republic}}</ref>
File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|Austro-Hungarian firing squad executing Serbian civilians in 1917
File:Jindřichovice mauzoleum červen 2019 (1).jpg|Memorial to military and the concentration camp victims in [[Jindřichovice (Sokolov District)|Jindřichovice]]
File:Štip Massacre6.jpg|Remains of the [[Štip massacre]] victims
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia]]
*[[Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)]]
*[[Albania during World War I]]
*[[Momčilo Gavrić (soldier)]]
*[[Serbian army's retreat through Albania (World War I)]]
*[[World War I casualties]]

== References ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Axelrod |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Axelrod |title=How America Won World War I |date=2018 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4930-3192-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=DiNardo |first=Richard L. |title=Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915 |date=2015 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-1-4408-0093-1 |location=Santa Barbara}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hart |first=Peter |title=The Great War: A Combat History of the First World War |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1999-7627-0}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=M. |title=The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of the First World War |last2=Philpott |first2=W. |date=29 March 2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-2305-0480-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jordan |first=David |title=The Balkans, Italy & Africa 1914–1918: From Sarajevo to the Piave and Lake Tanganyika |date=2008 |publisher=Amber Books |isbn=978-1-9066-2614-3 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Milošević |first=Krsman |title=Србија у великом рату |publisher=CIP |year=2008 |isbn=978-86-82777-16-8 |location=Народна Библиотека Србије, Београд |language=Serbian}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mitrović |first=Andrej |author-link=Andrej Mitrović |title=Serbia's Great War 1914-1918 |date=2007 |publisher=Purdue University Press |isbn=978-1-5575-3476-7 |location=West Lafayette}}
* Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914 - 1918, vol. 1, Wienn 1930 [http://digi.landesbibliothek.at/viewer/image/AC03202139/1/LOG_0003/]
* Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914 - 1918, vol. 2 Beilagen, Wienn 1931 [http://digi.landesbibliothek.at/viewer/image/AC01351505/1/LOG_0003/]
* {{Cite book |last=Sammis |first=Kathy |title=Focus on World History: The Twentieth Century |date=2002 |publisher=Walch Publishing |isbn=978-0-8251-4371-7 |volume=5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYIRuzh5Ew8C&pg=PA32 32]}}
* Silberstein, Gerard E. "The Serbian campaign of 1915: Its diplomatic background." ''American Historical Review'' 73.1 (1967): 51-69 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1849028 online]
* {{Cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer |title=The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia |last2=Wood |first2=Laura M. |last3=Murphy |first3=Justin D. |date=1999 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8153-3351-7 |oclc=40417794}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer |author-link=Spencer C. Tucker |title=World War I: Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |date=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-8510-9420-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA273 273]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Willmott |first=H. P. |title=World War I |date=2003 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-0-7894-9627-0}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

* {{Cite book |last=Babac |first=Dušan M. |title=The Serbian Army in the Great War, 1914-1918 |date=2016 |publisher=Helion |isbn=978-1-9107-7729-9 |location=Solihull}}
* {{Cite book |title=Histoire du peuple serbe |date=2005 |publisher=L’Age d’Homme |isbn=978-2-8251-1958-7 |editor-last=Bataković |editor-first=Dušan T. |editor-link=Dušan T. Bataković |location=Lausanne |language=fr |trans-title=History of the Serbian People}}
* {{Cite book |last=Buttar |first=Prit |title=Collision of Empires: The War on the Eastern Front in 1914 |date=2014 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-7820-0972-6 |location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite book |last=Buttar |first=Pritt |title=Germany Ascendant: The Eastern Front 1915 |date=2015 |publisher=Osprey Publishing/Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4728-0795-3 |pages=361–388}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ćirković |first=Sima |author-link=Sima Ćirković |title=The Serbs |date=2004 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-1-4051-4291-5 |location=Malden}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cox |first=John K. |title=The History of Serbia |date=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-3133-1290-8 |location=Westport, Connecticut}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Đorđević |first1=M. P. |title=Srbija i Jugosloveni za vreme rata 1914-1918 |last2=Živojinović |first2=D. R. |date=1991 |publisher=Biblioteka grada Beograda |volume=5 |location=Beograd}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dragnich |first=Alex N. |title=Serbia Through the Ages |date=2004 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-8803-3541-6 |location=Boulder}}
* Falls, Cyril, ''The Great War'' (1960) 978-1440800924
* {{Cite book |last=Fryer |first=Charles |title=The Destruction of Serbia in 1915 |date=1997 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-8803-3385-6 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gumz |first=Jonathan E. |title=The Resurrection and Collapse of Empire in Habsburg Serbia, 1914-1918 |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5218-9627-6 |location=Cambridge}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hadži-Vasiljević |first=Jovan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iL7FAAAAMAAJ |title=Bugarska zverstva u Vranju i okolini, 1915-1918 |date=1922 |publisher=Zastava}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larned |first=Josephus Nelson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjsFAAAAIAAJ |title=The New Larned History for Ready Reference, Reading and Research: The Actual Words of the World's Best Historians, Biographers and Specialists; a Complete System of History for All Uses, Extending to All Countries and Subjects and Representing the Better and Newer Literature of History |date=1924 |publisher=C.A. Nichols}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lyon |first=James B. |title=Serbia and the Balkan Front, 1914: The Outbreak of the Great War |date=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4725-8005-4 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pavlowitch |first=Stevan K. |author-link=Stevan K. Pavlowitch |title=Serbia: The History behind the Name |date=2002 |publisher=Hurst & Company |isbn=978-1-8506-5477-3 |location=London}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pisarri |first=Milovan |date=2013 |title=Bulgarian Crimes Against Civilians in Occupied Serbia during the First World War |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531344357P |journal=Balcanica |issue=44 |pages=357–390 |doi=10.2298/BALC1344357P |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Radić |first=Radmila |title=The Serbs and the First World War 1914-1918 |date=2015 |publisher=Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts |isbn=978-8-6702-5659-0 |location=Belgrade |pages=263–285 |chapter=The Serbian Orthodox Church in the First World War}}
* {{Cite book |last=Radojević |first=Mira |title=The Serbs and the First World War 1914-1918 |date=2015 |publisher=Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts |isbn=978-8-6702-5659-0 |location=Belgrade |pages=187–204 |chapter=Jovan M. Jovanović on the outbreak of the First World War}}
* {{Cite book |last=Strachan |first=Hew |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwarihistory00stra |title=World War I: A History |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1982-0614-9 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Temperley |first=Harold W. V. |author-link=Harold Temperley |url=https://archive.org/download/historyofserbia00temp/historyofserbia00temp.pdf |title=History of Serbia |date=1919 |publisher=Bell and Sons |edition=2 |location=London |orig-date=1917}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Tomac |first1=Petar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXNY16EoeAoC |title=Prvi svetski rat, 1914-1918 |last2=Đurašinović |first2=Radomir |date=1973 |publisher=Vojnoizdavački zavod}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Serbia in World War I}}
* Bjelajac, Mile: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/serbia Serbia], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home/ 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].
* Tasić, Dmitar: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/warfare_1914-1918_south_east_europe Warfare 1914-1918 (South East Europe)], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home/ 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQuKMMjTbD0&feature=youtu.be Years which changed the war - WWI in documents from Archive of Serbia]
*{{cite web|title=Jugoslovenska kinoteka|publisher=Kinoteka|url=http://www.kinoteka.org.rs/di/efg/Http/EFG/00-efg_S_index01.htm|language=sr}}
*{{cite book|author=Popović, Andra|year=1926|script-title=sr:Ратни албум : 1914-1918|title=Збирка књига Универзитетске библиотеке у Београду|publisher=Digital National Library of Serbia|url=http://scc.digital.bkp.nb.rs/document/UBSM-album-1914-1918|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150422064034/http://scc.digital.bkp.nb.rs/document/UBSM-album-1914-1918|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2015|language=sr}}
*{{cite book|author=W. H. Crawfurd Price|title=Serbia's Part in the War ...|url=https://archive.org/stream/serbiaspartinwa01pric|year=1918|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Company}} (Public Domain) 

{{World War I}}
{{Bulgaria in World War I}}
{{Wars and battles involving Serbs}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Military operations of World War I involving Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:Campaigns and theatres of World War I|Serbia]]
[[Category:Bulgaria in World War I]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Balkans]]
[[Category:Serbia in World War I]]
[[Category:Austria-Hungary–Serbia relations]]