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{{short description|Graeco-Egyptian deity}}
{{for|other usages|Serapis (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox deity
|type=egyptian
| name = Serapis
| hiero = {{center|<hiero>st-ir-A40-H-Hp-p-E1</hiero>}}
{{transliteration|egy|wsjr-ḥp}}
{{langx|grc-x-koine|Σέραπις}}
| image = Serapis Pio-Clementino Inv689 n2.jpg
| caption = Marble bust of Serapis wearing a [[modius (headdress)|modius]]
| cult_center = [[Serapeum of Alexandria]]
}}
{{Ancient Egyptian religion}}

'''Serapis''' or '''Sarapis''' is a [[Egyptian Greeks|Graeco-Egyptian]] god. A [[Religious syncretism|syncretic]] deity derived from the worship of the Egyptian [[Osiris]] and [[Apis (deity)|Apis]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Youtie, H. |year=1948 |title=The kline of Serapis |journal=[[The Harvard Theological Review]] |volume=41 |pages=9–29|doi=10.1017/S0017816000019325 |s2cid=154333290 }}</ref> Serapis was extensively popularized in the third century BC on the orders of Greek Pharaoh [[Ptolemy I Soter]],<ref name=Brit>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sarapis |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica|The New Encyclopædia Britannica]] |place=Chicago, IL |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |edition=15th |year=1992 |volume=10 |page=447}}</ref> as a means to unify the Greek and Egyptian subjects of the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]].

The {{lang|la|[[Glossary of ancient Roman religion#cultus|cultus]]}} of Serapis was spread as a matter of deliberate policy by subsequent Ptolemaic kings. Serapis continued to increase in popularity during the [[Roman Empire]], often replacing Osiris as the consort of [[Isis]] in temples outside Egypt.
Alongside his Egyptian roots he gained attributes from other deities, such as [[chthonic]] powers linked to the Greek [[Hades]] and [[Demeter]], and benevolence derived from associations with [[Dionysus]].

==Etymology==
Originally known as [[Demotic (Egyptian)|Demotic]] {{transliteration|egy|wsjr-ḥp}}, ('[[Osiris]]-[[Apis (deity)|Apis]]'), the name of the deity is derived from the syncretic worship of Osiris and the bull Apis as a single deity under the Egyptian name {{transliteration|egy|[[wikt:wsjr|wsjr]]-[[wikt:ḥp|ḥp]]}}.{{sfn|Stambaugh|1972|pp=1–4}} This name was later written in Coptic as {{Lang|cop|ⲟⲩⲥⲉⲣϩⲁⲡⲓ}} ((transliteration|cop|Userhapi}}; Greeks sometimes used an uncommon form {{transliteration|grc|Sorapis}} ({{langx|grc-x-koine|Σόραπις}}), slightly closer to the Egyptian name(s).{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

The earliest mention of a "Sarapis" occurs in the disputed death scene of Alexander (323 BCE),<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Arrian]] |title=Anabasis |at=VII. 26}}</ref> but it is something of a mix-up: The unconnected Babylonian god Ea ([[Enki]]) was titled {{transliteration|akk|Šar Apsi}}, meaning 'king of the Apsu' or 'the watery deep',{{efn|In the [[Babylonian Talmud]] a "Sar Apis" is mentioned as an idol believed to have been named after the biblical [[Joseph]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Avodah Zara |page=43a |url=https://www.sefaria.org.il/Avodah_Zarah.43a.5?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en}}</ref>}} and Ea as {{transliteration|akk|Šar Apsi}} seems to be the deity intended in the description of Alexander's death. Since this "Sarapis" had a temple at [[Babylon]], and was of such importance that only Sarapis is named as being consulted on behalf of the dying king, Sarapis of Babylon appears to have radically altered perceptions of mythologies in the post-Alexandrian era. His significance to the Hellenic psyche, due to the mention in the story of Alexander's death, may have also contributed to the choice of the similar-sounding Osiris-Apis as the chief Ptolemaic god, even if the Ptolemies understood that they were different deities.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

[[File:Votive tablet Serapis Met 21.88.172.jpg|thumb|left|Bronze votive tablet inscribed to Serapis (2nd century)]]
{{transliteration|grc|Sarapis}} ({{lang|grc|Σάραπις}}, earlier form) was the most common form in Ancient Greek until Roman times, when {{transliteration|grc|Serapis}} ({{langx|grc-x-koine|Σέραπις}}, later form) became common.<ref name="suda">{{cite book |title=Suda |at=[http://www.stoa.org/sol-entries/sigma/117 sigma, 117]}}</ref>{{efn|Consulting the unabridged ''Lewis and Short Latin lexicon'' shows that "Serapis" was the most common Latin version of the name in antiquity.<ref>{{L&S|Serapis|ref}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Charlton |first2=Charles |last2=Short |year=1879 |title=A Latin Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |page=1630 |isbn=978-0-19-864201-5 |url=https://archive.org/stream/latindictionaryf00andr#page/1630/mode/2up |via=[[Internet Archive]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Latin Dictionary|year=1879 |page=1678 |isbn=978-0-19-864201-5 |url=https://archive.org/stream/latindictionaryf00andr#page/1678/mode/2up |via=[[Internet Archive]] }}</ref>}}<ref>For example, see [[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum]] (CIL)&nbsp;03, 07768; [[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]]&nbsp;03, 07770; [[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]]&nbsp;08, 12492. All known occurrences can be obtained from a search at {{cite web |editor1=Clauss, Manfred |editor2=Kolb, Anne |editor3=Slaby, Wolfgang A. |editor4=Woitas, Barbara |title=Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss / Slaby (EDCS) |publisher=Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt |url=http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi.php?s_sprache=en |lang=en}}</ref>

A ''[[serapeum]]'' ({{langx|grc-x-koine|σεραπεῖον}} {{transliteration|grc|serapeion}}) was any temple or religious precinct devoted to Serapis. The most renowned serapeum was in Alexandria.{{efn|"Of the Egyptian sanctuaries of Serapis the most famous is at Alexandria", [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] noted<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Pausanias (geographer) |author=Pausanias |title=Description of Greece |at=1.18.4}}</ref> in the 2nd century CE, while describing the serapeion erected by Ptolemy at Athens, on the steep slope of the [[Acropolis of Athens|Acropolis]]: "As you descend from here to the lower part of the city, is a sanctuary of Serapis, whose worship the Athenians introduced from Ptolemy."}}

==Iconography==
Serapis was depicted as a Greek god in general appearance with Egyptian trappings, sometimes identified either as [[Pluto (god)|Pluto]] ([[Hades]]), [[Osiris]], [[Dionysus]], [[Ammon]], [[Zeus]], [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]], [[Pan (god)|Pan]], [[Asclepius]], and [[Dis Pater]].{{efn|As noted by Stambaugh, these associations could be sifted through the history of "court propaganda, scholarly theory, or popular piety". The ancient Hellenistic authors associated Serapis either with Pluto ([[Heraclides of Pontus]]; [[Archemachus of Euboea]]), Apis the bull (Nymphodorus of Syracuse; [[Phylarchus]]), [[Apis of Argos|Apis the king of Argos]] (Aristeas of Argos; [[Varro]]), with both Osiris and Apis ([[Athenodorus of Tarsus]]), and finally with both [[Helius]] and Zeus (Pseudo-Callisthenes; [[Macrobius]]).{{sfn|Stambaugh|1972|pp=1–4}}}} The depictions of Serapis combined iconography from many [[Egyptian Greek]] cults, in most cases signifying the abundance and resurrection, namely, as the [[cornucopia]] horn and [[Calathus (basket)|Calathus]] basket. Moreover, Serapis was generally considered to be the god of the underworld, healer, and protector of distressed, providing an asylum in his temple.{{sfn|Stambaugh|1972|pp=1–4}}

The Greeks had little respect for animal-headed figures, and so a Greek-style [[anthropomorphic]] statue was chosen as the [[cult image|idol]], and proclaimed as the equivalent of the highly popular Apis.{{efn|"Apollodorus identifies the Argive Apis with the Egyptian bull Apis, who was in turn identified with Serapis (Sarapis)";<ref>[[James George Frazer|J.G. Frazer]]'s note to 2.1.1 of the ''Biblioteca'' of [[Pseudo-Apollodorus]]</ref> Pausanias also conflates Serapis and Egyptian Apis: "Of the Egyptian sanctuaries of Serapis the most famous is at Alexandria, the oldest at Memphis. Into this neither stranger nor priest may enter, until they bury Apis".<ref>{{cite book |author=Pausanias |title=Description of Greece |at=1.18.4}}</ref>}} It was named ''Userhapi'' (i.e. "Osiris-Apis"), which became Greek ''Sarapis'',{{sfn|Stambaugh|1972|p=3}} and was said to be Osiris in full, rather than just his ''[[Egyptian soul|ka]]'' (life force).{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

[[File:Egyptian - Pendant with Image of Sarapis - Walters 571524 - Front View B.jpg|thumb|left|A pendant bearing Serapis's likeness, which would have been worn by a member of elite Egyptian society]]
The cult statue of Serapis that Ptolemy I erected in Alexandria enriched the texture of the Serapis conception by portraying him in a combination of both Egyptian and Greek styles.{{sfn|Stambaugh|1972|pp=1–2}} The statue suitably depicted a figure resembling Hades or Pluto, both being kings of the Greek [[underworld]], and was shown enthroned with the [[modius (headdress)|modius]], a basket/grain-measure, on his head, since it was a Greek [[symbol]] for the land of the dead. He also held a [[sceptre]] in his hand indicating his rulership, with [[Cerberus]], gatekeeper of the underworld, resting at his feet. The statue also had what appeared to be a [[Serpent (symbolism)|serpent]] at its base, fitting the Egyptian symbol of rulership, the [[uraeus]].{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==Serapis cult history==
{{Ancient Greek religion}}

There is evidence that the cult of Serapis existed before the Ptolemies came to power in Alexandria: a temple of Serapis in Egypt is mentioned in 323 BCE by both [[Plutarch]]<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Plutarch]] |title=Life of Alexander |at=76}}</ref> and [[Arrian]].<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Arrian]] |title=Anabasis |at=VII, 26, 2}}</ref>

[[File:Altes Museum - Oberbeamter im Serapis-Kult.jpg|thumb|left|High cleric of the cult of Serapis]]
[[Ptolemy I Soter]] made efforts to integrate his new Egyptian subject's religions with that of their Hellenic rulers. Ptolemy's project was to find a deity that would win the reverence of both groups alike, despite the curses the Egyptian priests had chanted against the gods of the previous foreign rulers (e.g. [[Set (deity)|Set]], who was lauded by the [[Hyksos]]).{{efn|[[Alexander the Great]] had attempted to use [[Amun]] for the same purpose, but Amun was more widely known in [[Upper Egypt]], and not as popular in the more Mediterranean-oriented [[Lower Egypt]], where international Hellenistic culture influenced Egyptians more, and where the foreign resident Greek population was larger.}} The common assertion that Ptolemy "created" the deity is derived from sources which describe him erecting a statue of Serapis in Alexandria.{{sfn|Stambaugh|1972|pp=1–2}} According to [[Plutarch]], Ptolemy stole the [[cult image|cult statue]] from [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinope]] in Asia Minor, having been instructed in a dream by the "[[unknown god]]" to bring the statue to [[Alexandria]], where the statue was pronounced to be Serapis by two religious experts. One of the experts was of the [[Eumolpidae]], the ancient family from whose members the [[hierophant]] of the [[Eleusinian Mysteries]] had been chosen since before history, and the other was the scholarly Egyptian priest [[Manetho]], which gave weight to the judgement both for the [[Egyptians]] and the Greeks.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Plutarch may not be correct, however, as some Egyptologists allege that the "Sinope" in the tale is really the hill of Sinopeion, a name given to the site of the already existing [[Serapeum]] at [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]]. Also, according to [[Gaius Cornelius Tacitus|Tacitus]], Serapis (i.e., Apis explicitly identified as Osiris in full) had been the god of the village of [[Rhakotis]] before it expanded into the great capital of Alexandria.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

With his (i.e. Osiris's) wife [[Isis]], and their son [[Horus]] (in the form of [[Harpocrates]]), Serapis won an important place in the [[Greco-Roman world|Greek world]]. In his 2nd-century CE ''Description of Greece'', [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] notes two ''Serapeia'' on the slopes of [[Acrocorinth]] above the rebuilt Roman city of [[Corinth]], and one at Copae in Boeotia.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Pausanias (geographer) |author=Pausanias |title=Description of Greece |at=2.4.5, 9.24.1 }}</ref>

Serapis figured among the [[interpretatio graeca|international deities]] whose cult was received and disseminated throughout the Roman Empire, with [[Anubis]] sometimes identified with Cerberus. At Rome, Serapis was worshiped in the [[Iseum Campense]], the sanctuary of Isis built during the [[Second Triumvirate]] in the [[Campus Martius]]. The Roman cults of Isis and Serapis gained in popularity late in the 1st century when [[Vespasian]] experienced events he attributed to their miraculous agency while he was in Alexandria, where he stayed before returning to Rome as emperor in 70 CE. From the [[Flavian Dynasty]] on, Serapis was one of the deities who might appear on imperial coinage with the reigning emperor.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Like many pagan cults of its time, the cult of Serapis declined during the rule of [[Theodosius I]] as the emperor, a Christian, [[Persecution of pagans under Theodosius I|implemented religious laws to restrict paganism across the empire]]. The main cult at Alexandria survived until the late 4th century, when a Christian mob directed by [[Theophilus I of Alexandria|Pope Theophilus of Alexandria]] [[Serapeum of Alexandria#Destruction|destroyed the Serapeum in Alexandria]] some time around 391 CE, during one of the frequent religious riots in the city.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==Jewish and Christian views==
The origins of Serapis has been the source of speculation by both Jewish and Christian philosophers in ancient times. [[Tertullian]] in early 3rd century AD believed that belief in Serapis was inspired by Patriarch [[Joseph (Genesis)|Joseph]] who is traditionally believed to have acceded to the office of chief administrator of Egypt.<ref>[https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03062.htm ''Ad Nationem'', book II, ch. 8]</ref> The same opinion was echoed in the [[Talmud]].<ref>Tractate ''Avoda Zara'', folio 43, p. A</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="183" heights="183">
Serapis as bull.svg|Serapis was sometimes depicted as a mummified man with the head of a bull
Head of a God, 1st century C.E., 58.79.1.jpg|Head of Sarapis, 1st century BCE, 58.79.1 [[Brooklyn Museum]]
File:Serapis Louvre AO1027.jpg|Head of Serapis, Carthage, Tunisia
BegramSerapis.jpg|Statuette possibly of Serapis (but note the [[Heracles|herculean]] club) from [[Begram]], [[Afghanistan]]
Serapis.JPG|Oil lamp with a bust of Serapis, flanked by a crescent moon and star (Roman-era [[Ephesus]], 100–150)
Head of Sarapis 150 200 CE Archeological Museum of Thessaloniki.JPG|Head of Sarapis (150–200) from [[Salonica]]
SarapisHead.jpg|Head of Serapis, from a {{convert|12|ft|m|order=flip|adj=on}} statue found off the coast of Alexandria
File:Serapis on Roman Egypt, Alexandria, Billon Tetradrachm.jpg|Serapis on Roman Egypt, [[Alexandria]], Billon Tetradrachm
File:Kopf des Serapis.jpg|Head of Serapis (Roman-era terracotta, Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, Munich)
File:Huvishka with seated god Serapis ("Sarapo").jpg|[[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] ruler [[Huvishka]] with seated god Serapis ("Sarapo") wearing the [[Modius (headdress)|modius]], 2nd century CE.<ref name="AHH326">{{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |last2=Harmatta |first2=János |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |year=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1408-0 |page=326 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&pg=PA326 |language=en}}</ref>
File:Casa degli Amorini Dorati. Fresco. 09.JPG|[[Anubis]], [[Harpocrates]], [[Isis]] and Serapis, from [[Pompeii]], [[Italy]] 
File:Triptych Panel with Painted Image of Serapis - Google Art Project.jpg|A well-preserved painting of Serapis
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Greeks in Egypt]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|colwidth=25em|small=yes}}

* {{cite journal
 |author1-last=Borgeaud |author1-first=Philippe
 |author2-last=Volokhine |author2-first=Yuri
 |year=2000
 |title=La formation de la légende de Sarapis: une approche transculturelle
 |language=French
 |journal=Archiv für Religionsgeschichte
 |volume=2 |issue=1
}}
* {{cite conference
 |editor1-last=Bricault |editor1-first=Laurent
 |publication-date=2000
 |conference=I{{sup|er}} Colloque international sur les études isiaques
 |place=Poitiers, FR
 |date=8–10 April 1999
 |book-title=De Memphis à Rome <!-- : Actes du Ier Colloque international sur les études isiaques, Poitiers – Futuroscope, 8–10 avril 1999 -->
 |publisher=Brill
 |isbn=9789004117365
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Bricault |first=Laurent
 |year=2001
 |title=Altas de la diffusion des cultes isiaques
 |language=French
 |publisher=Diffusion de Boccard
 |isbn=978-2-87754-123-7
}}
* {{cite conference
 |editor1-last=Bricault |editor1-first=Laurent
 |publication-date=2003
 |conference=II{{sup|ème}} Colloque international sur les études isiaques
 |place=Lyon, FR
 |date=16–17 May 2002
 |book-title=Isis en Occident<!-- : Actes du IIème Colloque international sur les études isiaques, Lyon III 16-17 mai 2002 -->
 |publisher=Brill
 |isbn=9789004132634
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Bricault |first=Laurent
 |year=2005
 |title=Recueil des inscriptions concernant les cultes isiaques (RICIS)
 |language=French
 |publisher=Diffusion de Boccard
 |isbn=978-2-87754-156-5
}}
* {{cite book
 |editor1-last=Bricault |editor1-first=Laurent
 |editor2-last=Veymiers | editor2-first=Richard
 |year=2008–2014
 |title=Bibliotheca Isiaca
 |publisher=Editions Ausonius
}} Vol. I: {{ISBN|978-2-910023-99-7}}; Vol. II: {{ISBN|978-2-356-13053-2}}; Vol. III: {{ISBN|978-2-356-13121-8}}.
* {{cite conference
 |editor1-last=Bricault |editor1-first=Laurent
 |editor2-last=Versluys |editor2-first=Miguel John
 |editor3-last=Meyboom |editor3-first=Paul G.P.
 |publication-date=2007
 |conference=III{{sup|rd}} International Conference of Isis Studies
 |place=Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University
 |date=11–14 May 2005
 |book-title=Nile into Tiber: Egypt in the Roman World<!-- . Proceedings of the IIIrd International Conference of Isis Studies, Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, May 11–14 2005 -->
 |publisher=Brill
 |isbn=978-90-04-15420-9
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Bricault |first=Laurent
 |year=2013
 |title=Les Cultes Isiaques Dans Le Monde Gréco-romain
 |language=French
 |publisher=Les Belles Lettres
 |isbn=978-2251339696
}}
* {{cite conference
 |editor1-last=Bricault |editor1-first=Laurent
 |editor2-last=Versluys |editor2-first=Miguel John
 |publication-date=2014
 |conference=V{{sup|th}} International Conference of Isis Studies
 |place=Boulogne sur Mer, FR
 |date=13–15 October 2011
 |book-title=Power, Politics and the Cults of Isis<!-- : Proceedings of the Vth International Conference of Isis Studies, Boulogne-sur-Mer, October 13–15, 2011 -->
 |publisher=Brill
 |isbn=978-90-04-27718-2
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Hornbostel |first=Wilhelm
 |year=1973
 |title=Sarapis: Studien für Überlieferungsgeschichte, des Erscheinungsformen und Wandlungen der Gestalt eines Gottes
 |language=German
 |publisher=E. J. Brill
 |isbn=9789004036543
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Merkelbach |first=Reinhold
 |year=1995
 |title=Isis regina—Zeus Sarapis. Die griechisch-aegyptische Religion nach den Quellen dargestellt
 |language=German
 |publisher=B.G. Teubner
 |isbn=978-3-519-07427-4
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Pfeiffer |first=Stefan
 |year=2008
 |chapter=The god Serapis, his cult and the beginnings of the ruler cult in Ptolemaic Egypt
 |editor1-last=McKechnie |editor1-first=Paul
 |editor2-last=Guillaume |editor2-first=Philippe
 |title=Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World
 |publisher=Brill
 |isbn= 978-90-04-17089-6
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Renberg |first=Gil H.
 |year=2017
 |title=Where Dreams May Come: Incubation sanctuaries in the Greco-Roman world
 |publisher=Brill
 |isbn=978-90-04-29976-4
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Smith |first=Mark
 |year=2017
 |title=Following Osiris: Perspectives on the Osirian afterlife from four millennia
 |publisher=Oxford University Press
 |isbn=978-0-19-958222-8
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Stambaugh
 |first=John E.
 |author-link=John E. Stambaugh
 |year=1972
 |title=Sarapis Under the Early Ptolemies
 |place=Leiden
 |publisher=[[E. J. Brill]]
 |pages=1–13
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdQUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1
}} 
* {{cite book
 |last=Takács |first=Sarolta A.
 |year=1995
 |title=Isis and Sarapis in the Roman World
 |publisher=E.J. Brill
 |isbn=978-90-04-10121-0
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Tallet |first=Gaëlle
 |year=2011
 |chapter=Zeus Hélios Megas Sarapis: un dieu égyptien 'pour les Romains'?
 |title=L'oiseau et le poisson: cohabitations religieuses dans les mondes grec et romain
 |editor1-last=Belayche |editor1-first=Nicole
 |editor2-last=Dubois |editor2-first=Jean-Daniel
 |publisher=PUPS
 |isbn=9782840508007
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Thompson |first=Dorothy J.
 |year=2012
 |title=Memphis under the Ptolemies
 |edition=2nd
 |publisher=Princeton University Press
 |isbn=978-0-691-15217-2
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Vidman |first=Ladislav
 |year=1970
 |title=Isis und Serapis bei den Griechen und Römern
 |language=German
 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter
 |isbn=978-3111768236
}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web
 |author=Bevan, E.R.
 |title=The House of Ptolemy
 |series=Chapter&nbsp;II
 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/2*.html#Sarapis_cult
}}
* {{cite web
 |author=Grout, James
 |title=Temple of Serapis
 |series=Encyclopædia Romana
 |website=Penelope
 |publisher=University of Chicago
 |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/greece/paganism/serapeum.html
}}
* {{cite web
 |author=[[Theophilus of Antioch]]
 |title=Immoralities of the Gods: Of the fugitive Serapis chased from Sinope to Alexandria
 |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.iv.ii.i.ix.html
}}
* {{cite web
 |title=Greco-Egyptian Mythology: The Alexandrian Synthesis
 |website=grecoegipcio.galeon.com
 |url=http://www.grecoegipcio.galeon.com/english.htm
}}

{{Ancient Egyptian religion footer}}
{{Greek religion}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Serapis]]
[[Category:Egyptian gods]]
[[Category:Greek gods]]
[[Category:Underworld gods]]
[[Category:Hellenistic Egyptian deities]]
[[Category:Osiris]]
[[Category:Ptolemy I Soter]]
[[Category:Residents of the Greek underworld]]
[[Category:Joseph (Genesis)]]
[[Category:Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints]]