View source for Senate (Netherlands)

{{Short description|Upper house of the States General}}
{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = #cc0033
| name           = Senate
| native_name    = <small>{{native name|nl|Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal|icon=no}}</small>
| legislature    = [[States General of the Netherlands]]
| coa_pic        = [[File:Logo of the Eerste Kamer.svg|150px]]
| house_type     = [[States General of the Netherlands|Upper house]]
| leader1_type   = [[President of the Senate (Netherlands)|President]]
| leader1        = [[Jan Anthonie Bruijn]]
| party1         = [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD]]
| election1      = 2 July 2019
| leader2_type   = First Vice President
| leader2        = [[Mei Li Vos]]
| party2         = [[GroenLinks–PvdA|GL–PvdA]]
| election2      = 4 July 2023
| leader3_type  = {{nowrap|Second Vice}} President
| leader3        = Robert Croll
| party3         = [[Democrats 66|D66]]
| election3      = 4 July 2023
| members        = 75
| structure1     = Eerste_Kamer_03-06-2025.svg|
| structure1_res = 250x250px
| political_groups1 = '''[[Schoof cabinet|Government]] (24)'''<br />
* {{color box|{{party color|Farmer–Citizen Movement}}|border=black}} [[Farmer–Citizen Movement|BBB]] (14)
* {{color box|{{party color|People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (2020)}}|border=black}} [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD]] (10)

'''Opposition (51)'''
* {{color box|{{party color|GroenLinks–PvdA}}|border=black}} [[GroenLinks–PvdA|GL–PvdA]] (14)
* {{color box|{{party color|Christian Democratic Appeal}}|border=black}} [[Christian Democratic Appeal|CDA]] (6)
* {{color box|{{party color|Democrats 66}}|border=black}} [[Democrats 66|D66]] (6)
* {{color box|{{party color|Party for Freedom}}|border=black}} [[Party for Freedom|PVV]] (4)
* {{color box|{{party color|Socialist Party (Netherlands)}}|border=black}} [[Socialist Party (Netherlands)|SP]] (3)
* {{color box|{{party color|Christian Union (Netherlands)}}|border=black}} [[Christian Union (Netherlands)|CU]] (3)
* {{color box|{{party color|Party for the Animals}}|border=black}} [[Party for the Animals|PvdD]] (3)
* {{color box|{{party color|JA21}}|border=black}} [[JA21]] (3)
* {{Color box|{{party color|Forum for Democracy (Netherlands)}}|border=black}} [[Forum for Democracy|FvD]] (2)
* {{color box|{{party color|Reformed Political Party}}|border=black}} [[Reformed Political Party|SGP]] (2)
* {{color box|{{party color|Volt Netherlands}}|border=black}} [[Volt Netherlands|Volt]] (2)
* {{color box|{{party color|50PLUS}}|border=black}} [[50PLUS]] (1)
* {{color box|{{party color|Independent Politics Netherlands}}|border=black}} [[Independent Politics Netherlands|OPNL]] (1)
* {{color box|grey|border=black}} Independent (1)
| term_length    = 4 years
| voting_system1 = [[Indirect election|Indirect]] [[Party-list proportional representation|party-list proportional]]
| last_election1 = [[2023 Dutch Senate election|30 May 2023]]
| next_election1 = [[2027 Dutch Senate election|May 2027]]
| session_room   = Plenaire zaal Eerste Kamer.jpg
| session_res    = 260px
| session_room2      =Kazernestraat 2023 08.jpg
| meeting_place2     = Kazernestraat 52 <br>(temporary)
| meeting_place  = Plenary Hall of the Senate, <br /> [[Binnenhof]], [[The Hague]] (closed due to ongoing renovations)
| website        = {{Official URL}}
}}

The '''Senate''' ({{Langx|nl|Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal}} {{IPA|nl|ˈeːrstə ˈkaːmər dɛr ˈstaːtə(ŋ) ɣeːnəˈraːl|}}, literally "'''First Chamber''' of the States General", or simply {{Lang|nl|Eerste Kamer}} {{IPA|nl|ˈeːrstə ˈkaːmər||Nl-Eerste Kamer.ogg}}; sometimes {{Lang|nl|Senaat}} {{IPA|nl|səˈnaːt||Nl-senaat.ogg}}) is the [[upper house]] of the [[States General of the Netherlands|States General]], the legislature of the [[Netherlands]]. Its 75 members are elected on lists by the members of the twelve [[States-Provincial]] and four [[electoral colleges for the Senate]]{{efn|Three for the [[Caribbean Netherlands]] and one for Dutch expatriates.}} every four years, within three months of the provincial elections. All provinces and colleges have different [[Weighted voting|electoral weight]] depending on their population.

Members of the Senate tend to be veteran or part-time politicians at the national level, often having other roles. They receive an allowance which is about a quarter of the salary of the members of the lower house. Unlike the politically more significant [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]], it meets only once a week.

It has the right to accept or reject legislative proposals but not to amend them or to initiate legislation. Directly after a bill has been passed by the House of Representatives, it is sent to the Senate and is submitted to a parliamentary committee. The committee decides whether the bill can be immediately put on the agenda of the full chamber or if there should first be preparatory study of the bill. If a bill is immediately put on the agenda of the full chamber, it is passed as a formality without a debate.

==Name==
Although this body is called the "Senate" in English, this is not a direct translation of its official Dutch name, the "First Chamber of the States General" or, in short, the "First Chamber". Nevertheless, and in contrast to the Second Chamber, the name ''Senaat'' is also used often in the media. "Member of the First Chamber" (''Eerste Kamerlid''), "member of the Senate" (''senaatslid'') or "senator" (''senator'') are used, although the first one is the official and most used term.

==History==
[[File:Binnenhof, The Hague 1866.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Exterior of the Senate Building from the [[Binnenhof]].]]
[[File:Binnenhof - Haag.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Exterior of the Senate Building from the [[Hofvijver]].]]
The first constitution of the modern Netherlands, passed in 1814, re-established a unicameral States General. As it became clear that the former [[Southern Netherlands]] would be added to the new [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]], a newly instituted constitutional commission was tasked with drafting a new constitution. The southern members of the constitutional commission pressed for a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] system because of the conviction that their nobility should be given a place in the legislature. While the northern members were not enthusiastic about the proposal, they agreed under the condition that nobility would not be a requirement for membership.<ref name=tweekamerstelsel>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrpmxvt/tweekamerstelsel |title=Tweekamerstelsel |website=Parlement & Politiek |language=nl |access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/begrip/geschiedenis_eerste_kamer |title=Geschiedenis Eerste Kamer |website=Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal |language=nl |access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref> The new constitution, which came into effect on 24 August 1815, thus provided for a Senate consisting of forty to sixty members appointed by the king for life. The list of the first appointees was published on 16 September 1815 and the newly appointed chamber was first assembled on 21 September 1815 in [[Brussels]] in a joint assembly with the House of Representatives.<ref name=huygens>{{Cite web |url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/repertoriumambtsdragersambtenaren1428-1861/app/instellingen/4/ |title=Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal (1815-1861) |website=Huygens Instituut |language=nl |access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref> In its early years, the Senate functioned as a bulwark of the Crown (the king and his ministers). Its members, appointed by the king from among the "most significant of the country", were mostly confidants of the king who were often called upon to veto bills that displeased him. Such bills were usually private members' bills from the House of Representatives.<ref name=tweekamerstelsel/> The Senate remained in existence after the independence of [[Belgium]] in 1830, although its membership was halved to no fewer than twenty and no more than thirty members.<ref name=huygens/>

Much changed in the political sphere as a result of the [[Constitutional Reform of 1848]], which introduced direct elections for the House of Representatives, which until then had been elected by [[Provincial council (Netherlands)|provincial councils]]. The constitutional commission, under the chairmanship of [[Johan Rudolph Thorbecke]], intended for the Senate to be directly elected as well, but the predominantly conservative House of Representatives blocked this, fearing that the two chambers would be too similar. Additionally, senators were expected to judge bills with more independence and distance from daily politics, as a ''chambre de reflection'', which was deemed impossible when they would be forced to campaign for direct election.

It was therefore decided that the Senate would henceforth be elected by provincial councils. Its 39 seats were distributed among the provinces [[Degressive proportionality|degressively proportional]] to population, and a third of its members would be elected for 9-year terms every three years using a majoritarian system.<ref name=kiessystemen>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parlement.com/id/vhnnmt7mlkw5/geschiedenis_kiesstelsel_eerste_kamer |title=Geschiedenis kiesstelsel Eerste Kamer |website=Parlement & Politiek |language=nl |access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref> The position of the Senate and the criteria governing eligibility to stand for election were also among the changes. Monitoring the quality of legislation gradually came to be the main function of the Senate after 1848.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eerstekamer.nl/begrip/english_2 |title=English |website=Eerste Kamer |access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref>

The existence and functioning of the Senate have been criticised throughout history, manifested in reports of state commissions, government proposals and private member's bills calling for reform or abolition of the Senate. Abolition of the Senate was attempted by social democrats and progressive liberals in 1903, and again after [[World War I]], but these proposals could not count on sufficient support.<ref name=tweekamerstelsel/>

However, reform came in 1922, five years after a constitutional amendment that introduced universal male suffrage and proportional representation to the House of Representatives. The constitutional amendment of 1922 brought proportional representation to the Senate as well. Rather than the seats being distributed among the provinces, the provinces were now organised into four groups of roughly equal population, each electing twelve or thirteen senators under party-list proportional representation. The term of senators was decreased to six years, with two of the four groups electing their senators every three years. The number of senators was increased from 50 to 75 in 1956, and the distribution of seats among groups of provinces was adapted to account for changes in population distribution.<ref name=kiessystemen/>

The Senate was subjected to another reform in 1983. The term of senators was further reduced to four years, equal to that of Representatives. The system of groups of provinces and staggered elections was abolished in favour of quadrennial elections for the entire Senate in one nationwide constituency. The state commission which had paved the way for the constitutional reform had also recommended direct elections for the Senate, but the House of Representatives adopted a motion rejecting this proposal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrqlywz/staatscommissie_cals_donner |title=Staatscommissie-Cals/Donner |website=Parlement.com |language=nl |accessdate=9 March 2024}}</ref>

Several minor changes have since been adopted. In 2010, the possibility for party lists to enter into an [[electoral alliance]] was abolished, and the number of preference votes needed for a candidate to be elected was increased from 50% to 100% of the quota.<ref name=kiessystemen/> The establishment of the three electoral colleges for the Caribbean Netherlands was made possible by the constitutional amendment of 2017. The members of the Caribbean [[Electoral colleges for the Senate|electoral colleges]] were elected for the first time on 20 March 2019. Citizens of [[Bonaire]], [[Sint Eustatius]] and [[Saba (island)|Saba]] with Dutch nationality are entitled to vote.<ref name="RCN3119">[https://www.rijksdienstcn.com/over-de-rijksdienst-caribisch-nederland/documenten/brochures/rcn/qas-kiescollege/2019/qas-kiescollege-2019 Q&A's kiescollege 2019], Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland 3 januari 2019, p.&nbsp;1.</ref> The establishment of a non-resident electoral college was made possible by the 2022 constitutional amendment.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/36071_wet_kiescollege_niet | title=Wet kiescollege niet-ingezetenen (36.071) }}</ref>

==Elections and composition==
===Eligibility===
Any Dutch citizen aged 18 years or older who is qualified to vote can stand for election in either house of the States General. However, no one can simultaneously sit as a member in both houses.<ref name="Eerste">{{cite web |title=Het lidmaatschap van de Eerste Kamer - |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/begrip/het_lidmaatschap_van_de_eerste |website=Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal |language=nl |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>

===Electoral system===
{{Politics of the Netherlands}}
The 75 senators are elected every four years by the members of the [[States-Provincial]] of the country's twelve provinces and (since 2019) by [[Electoral colleges for the Senate|electoral colleges]] of the [[Caribbean Netherlands]] and Dutch expatriates. The seats are distributed in one nationwide constituency using [[party-list proportional representation]]. Remainder seats are distributed using the [[highest averages method]]. The weight of a member's vote is determined by the population of the province in which the voter is a member of the States-Provincial, at a ratio of approximately 1 vote per 100 residents. The table below shows the weight of members' votes per province as of the [[2019 Dutch Senate election|2019 election]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/eerste-kamer |title=Eerste Kamer |website=Kiesraad.nl |date=20 April 2016 |language=nl |access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Province/Special municipality
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Members
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Population{{Efn|Population figures: 1 January 2019}}
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Votes
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Value per member
|-
| [[South Holland]]
| 55
| 3,674,146
| 36,740
| 668
|-
| [[North Holland]]
| 55
| 2,853,488
| 29,095
| 519
|-
| [[North Brabant]]
| 55
| 2,544,995
| 25,465
| 463
|-
| [[Gelderland]]
| 55
| 2,071,913
| 20,735
| 377
|-
| [[Utrecht (province)|Utrecht]]
| 49
| 1,342,194
| 13,426
| 274
|-
| [[Overijssel]]
| 47
| 1,156,373
| 11,562
| 246
|-
| [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]]
| 47
| 1,116,127
| 11,139
| 237
|-
| [[Friesland]]
| 43
| 647,740
| 6,493
| 151
|-
| [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]]
| 43
| 584,094
| 5,848
| 136
|-
| [[Drenthe]]
| 41
| 492,179
| 4,920
| 120
|-
| [[Flevoland]]
| 41
| 416,431
| 4,182
| 102
|-
| [[Zeeland]]
| 39
| 383,073
| 3,822
| 98
|-
| [[Bonaire]]
| 9
| 20,104
| 198
| 22
|-
| [[Sint Eustatius]]
| 5
| 3,138
| 30
| 6
|-
| [[Saba (island)|Saba]]
| 5
| 1,915
| 20
| 4
|}

==Parliamentary groups==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 | Group
! Leader
! Seats
|-
| {{party name with color|Farmer–Citizen Movement|full=yes}}
| [[Ilona Lagas]]
| style="text-align:right" | {{Composition bar compact|14|75|{{party color|Farmer–Citizen Movement}}}}
|-
| {{party name with color|GroenLinks–PvdA|full=yes}}
| [[Paul Rosenmöller]]
| style="text-align:right" | {{Composition bar compact|14|75|{{party color|GroenLinks–PvdA}}}}
|-
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (2020)}};" |
| [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]]
| [[Tanja Klip-Martin]]
| style="text-align:right" | {{Composition bar compact|10|75|{{party color|People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (2020)}}}}
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Christian Democratic Appeal (2021)}};" |
| [[Christian Democratic Appeal]]
| [[Theo Bovens]]
| style="text-align:right" | {{Composition bar compact|6|75|{{party color|Christian Democratic Appeal (2021)}}}}
|-
| {{party name with color|Democrats 66|full=yes}}
| [[Paul van Meenen]]
| style="text-align:right" | {{Composition bar compact|6|75|{{party color|Democrats 66}}}}
|-
| {{party name with color|Party for Freedom|full=yes}}
| [[Alexander van Hattem]]
| style="text-align:right" | {{Composition bar compact|4|75|{{party color|Party for Freedom}}}}
|-
| {{party name with color|Party for the Animals|full=yes}}
| [[Niko Koffeman]]
| style="text-align:right" | {{Composition bar compact|3|75|{{party color|Party for the Animals}}}}
|-
| {{party name with color|JA21|full=yes}}
| [[Annabel Nanninga]]
| style="text-align:right" | {{Composition bar compact|3|75|{{party color|JA21}}}}
|-
| {{party name with color|Socialist Party (Netherlands)|full=yes}}
| [[Tiny Kox]]
| style="text-align:right" | {{Composition bar compact|3|75|{{party color|Socialist Party (Netherlands)}}}}
|-
| {{party name with color|Christian Union (Netherlands)|full=yes}}
| [[Tineke Huizinga]]
| style="text-align:right" | {{Composition bar compact|3|75|{{party color|Christian Union (Netherlands)}}}}
|-
| {{party name with color|Forum for Democracy|full=yes}}
| [[Johan Dessing]]
| style="text-align:right" | {{Composition bar compact|2|75|{{party color|Forum for Democracy}}}}
|-
| {{party name with color|Volt Netherlands|full=yes}}
| [[Gaby Perin-Gopie]]
| style="text-align:right" | {{Composition bar compact|2|75|{{party color|Volt Netherlands}}}}
|-
| {{party name with color|Reformed Political Party|full=yes}}
| [[Peter Schalk]]
| style="text-align:right" | {{Composition bar compact|2|75|{{party color|Reformed Political Party}}}}
|-
| {{party name with color|50PLUS|full=yes}}
| [[Martin van Rooijen]]
| style="text-align:right" | {{Composition bar compact|1|75|{{party color|50PLUS}}}}
|-
| {{party name with color|Independent Politics Netherlands|full=yes}}
| [[Auke van der Goot]]
| style="text-align:right" | {{Composition bar compact|1|75|{{party color|Independent Politics Netherlands}}}}
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" |
| Kemperman group
| [[Eric Kemperman]]
| style="text-align:right" | {{Composition bar compact|1|75|{{party color|Independent politician}}}}
|}

==College of President and Vice-Presidents==
The College of President and Vice-Presidents is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the Senate. It consists of the [[President of the Senate (Netherlands)|president of the Senate]] and two vice-presidents.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/commissies/cvo |title=College van Voorzitter en Ondervoorzitters |website=Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal |language=nl |access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/nieuws/20230704/vos_en_croll_gekozen_tot |title=Vos en Croll gekozen tot Ondervoorzitters |website=Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal |date=4 July 2023 |language=nl |access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Position
! Portrait
! Name
! colspan=2 | Group
|-
| [[President of the Senate (Netherlands)|President]] <br/> {{small|since 2 July 2019}}
| [[File:Jan Anthonie Bruijn (2021) (cropped).jpg|120px|Jan Anthonie Bruijn]]
| [[Jan Anthonie Bruijn]] <br /> <small>(born 1958)</small>
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (2020)}};"|
| style="text-align:left" | [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD]]
|-
| First Vice-President <br/> {{small|since 4 July 2023}}
| [[File:Mei Li Vos 2022 (52159856693) (cropped).jpg|120px|Mei Li Vos]]
| [[Mei Li Vos]] <br /> <small>(born 1970)</small>
| {{Party name with color|GroenLinks–PvdA}}
|-
| Second Vice-President <br/> {{small|since 4 July 2023}}
| [[File:Blanco portrait.svg|120px|Robert Croll]]
| {{Ill|Robert Croll (politician)|lt=Robert Croll|nl|Robert Croll}} <br /> <small>(born 1954)</small>
| {{party name with color|Democrats 66|full=no}}
|}

==Historic composition==
{{further|Historic composition of the Senate of the Netherlands}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;font-size:95%"
|+Party breakdown of the [[Senate of the Netherlands|Senate]] after the 2023 indirect elections
! Parties
! Seats 2023
! Seats 2019
! Seats 2015
! Seats 2011
! Seats 2007
! Seats 2003
! Seats 1999
! Seats 1995
! Seats 1991
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Farmer–Citizen Movement]] (BBB)
| 16
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] (VVD)
| 10
| 12
| 13
| 16
| 14
| 15
| 19
| 23
| 12
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[GreenLeft]] (GL)
| 7
| 8
| 4
| 5
| 4
| 5
| 8
| 4
| 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] (PvdA)
| 7
| 6
| 8
| 14
| 14
| 19
| 15
| 14
| 16
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Christian Democratic Appeal]] (CDA)
| 6
| 9
| 12
| 11
| 21
| 23
| 20
| 19
| 27
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Democrats 66]] (D66)
| 5
| 7
| 10
| 5
| 2
| 3
| 4
| 7
| 12
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Party for Freedom]] (PVV)
| 4
| 5
| 9
| 10
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Party for the Animals]] (PvdD)
| 3
| 3
| 2
| 1
| 1
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[JA21]] 
| 3
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Socialist Party (Netherlands)|Socialist Party]] (SP)
| 3
| 4
| 9
| 8
| 12
| 4
| 2
| 1
| 
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Christian Union (Netherlands)|Christian Union]] (CU)
| 3
| 4
| 3
| 2
| 4
| 2
| 4
| 2*
| 2*
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Forum for Democracy (Netherlands)|Forum for Democracy]] (FVD)
| 2
| 12
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Volt Netherlands]] (Volt)
| 2
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Political Reformed Party]] (SGP)
| 2
| 2
| 2
| 1
| 2
| 2
| 2
| 2
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[50PLUS]] (50+)
| 1
| 2
| 2
| 1
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Independent Politics Netherlands]] (OPNL)
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Pim Fortuyn List]] (LPF)
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1
| 
| 
| 
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[General Elderly Alliance]] (AOV)
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2
| 
|-
! Total
! width="30" style="text-align:right"|75
! width="30" style="text-align:right"|75
! width="30" style="text-align:right"|75
! width="30" style="text-align:right"|75
! width="30" style="text-align:right"|75
! width="30" style="text-align:right"|75
! width="30" style="text-align:right"|75
! width="30" style="text-align:right"|75
! width="30" style="text-align:right"|75
|}
<small>* [[Reformatory Political Federation]] (RPF) and [[Reformed Political League]] (GPV)</small>

== See also ==
* [[List of presidents of the Senate (Netherlands)]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Eerste Kamer}}
* {{Official website|http://www.eerstekamer.nl/begrip/english_2}} (English)
* {{Official website|http://www.eerstekamer.nl/}} (Dutch)

{{Members of the Senate of the Netherlands, 2023–2027}}
{{Dutch Senate elections}}
{{National upper houses}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Senate (Netherlands)| ]]
[[Category:States General of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Dutch political institutions]]
[[Category:High Councils of State]]
[[Category:National upper houses|Netherlands]]
[[Category:1815 establishments in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Organisations based in The Hague]]