View source for Section 123 Agreement

{{Short description|Agreement in the US Atomic Energy Act of 1954}}

[[File:123-Agreement-Map-Feb-2025.svg|thumb|upright=2|123 Agreement countries as of February 2025
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{{legend2|#377eb8|United States}}
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Section 123 of the United States [[Atomic Energy Act of 1954]], titled "Cooperation With Other Nations", establishes an agreement for cooperation as a prerequisite for nuclear deals between the US and any other nation.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr0980/ml022200075-vol1.pdf#pagemode=bookmarks&page=57
|title=NUREG0980 Vol.1, No.6 - Nuclear Regulatory Legislation
|accessdate=July 25, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Paul K.|last2=Nikitin|first2=Mary Beth D.|title=Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries: A Primer|date=December 27, 2016|publisher=Congressional Research Service|location=Washington, DC|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RS22937.pdf|accessdate=12 October 2017}}</ref> Such an agreement is called a '''123 Agreement'''.<ref>[https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/10888.pdf Nuclear Nonproliferation Issue, Issue Brief for Congress, May 10, 2002.]</ref> To date, the U.S. has entered into roughly twenty-six 123 Agreements with 52<!-- 25 separate + 27 EU --> countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation|url=https://nnsa.energy.gov/aboutus/ourprograms/nonproliferation/treatiesagreements/123agreementsforpeacefulcooperation|publisher=National Nuclear Security Administration}}</ref>

== Agreement Countries ==
Countries with which the U.S. has a Section 123 Agreement as of 2025 include:

=== Current ===

* {{flag|Argentina}}<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* {{flag|Australia}}<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* {{flag|Brazil}}<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* {{flag|Canada}}<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* {{flag|China}} (with re-processing rights, requiring approval per each request)<ref name="reprocessing"/>
* {{flag icon|Europe}}[[Euratom]] (with automatic re-processing rights)<ref name="reprocessing"/>
* {{flag icon|UN}}[[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA)<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* {{flag|India}} (With ''advance consent'' to reprocessing),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080066944 |title=NDTV.com: House of Reps passes N-deal, next test US Senate |accessdate=2008-09-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001093148/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080066944 |archivedate=2008-10-01 }}</ref> exempt from certain safeguards by [[Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear agreement]].
* {{flag|Indonesia}}<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* {{flag|Japan}} (with automatic re-processing rights)<ref name="reprocessing">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2412/stories/20070629007011400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022110347/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2412/stories/20070629007011400.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 22, 2007|title=Long haul ahead|accessdate=2007-06-29}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* {{flag|Korea|name=Republic of Korea}}<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* {{flag|Mexico}}<ref name="DOE" />
* {{flag|Morocco}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/cvr/2001/2001-0033vtr.html
|title=NRC: SECY-01-0033 - Proposed Renewal of the Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Morocco
|accessdate=2001-03-02}}</ref>
* {{flag|Norway}}<ref name="DOE" />
* {{flag|Philippines}}<ref name="DOE" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=The White |date=2022-11-20 |title=FACT SHEET: Vice President Harris Launches New Initiatives to Strengthen U.S.-Philippines Alliance |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/11/20/fact-sheet-vice-president-harris-launches-new-initiatives-to-strengthen-u-s-philippines-alliance/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref>
* {{flag|Russia}}<ref name="DOE" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/09/109256.htm |title=Statement on U.S.-Russia 123 Agreement |date=8 September 2008 |accessdate=2008-09-09 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Singapore}}<ref name="DOE" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2024/07/20240731--123A-Joint-Agreement | title=Joint Statement on the Signing of the United States - Singapore 123 Agreement 31 July 2024 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Switzerland}}<ref name="DOE" />
* {{flag|Taiwan}}<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/> via the American Institute in Taiwan<ref name="DOE" />
* {{flag|Thailand}} (1974-2014, 2025-2065)<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/><ref>{{cite web |author= |title=United States and Thailand Sign Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement |url=https://2021-2025.state.gov/office-of-the-spokesperson/releases/2025/01/united-states-and-thailand-sign-civil-nuclear-cooperation-agreement |date=2025-01-14 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=2025-02-12}}</ref>
* {{flag|Turkey}}<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* {{flag|Ukraine}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/cvr/1998/1998-062vtr.html
|title=NRC: SECY-98-62 - Proposed Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Ukraine
|date=1998-04-01}}</ref><ref name="nnsa.energy.gov">[http://nnsa.energy.gov/aboutus/ourprograms/nonproliferation/treatiesagreements/123agreementsforpeacefulcooperation 123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation, NNSA]</ref>
* {{flag|UAE}}<ref>[http://www.uae-embassy.org/media/press-releases/17-Dec-2009 UAE Embassy, Press Release, December 17, 2009]</ref>
* {{flag|UK}}<ref name="DOE" />
* {{flag|Vietnam}}<ref name="DOE">{{cite web|url=https://www.energy.gov/nnsa/123-agreements-peaceful-cooperation|title=123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation|date=2024-12-12|accessdate=2025-01-16|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy}}</ref>

=== Former ===
* {{flag|Bangladesh}}:<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/> September 17, 1981 - June 24, 2012
* {{flag|Colombia}}<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/><ref name="EgyptColombiaEnded" />
* {{flag|Egypt}}<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/t/isn/rls/rm/111757.htm State Department, November 10, 2008<!--bot generated title-->]</ref><ref name="EgyptColombiaEnded">{{cite web |author= |title=Assistance to Foreign Atomic Energy Activities; Secretarial Determination |date=2023-01-31 |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/01/31/2023-01958/assistance-to-foreign-atomic-energy-activities-secretarial-determination |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |access-date=2025-02-12}}</ref>
* {{flag|South Africa}}:<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/> December 4, 1997 - December 4, 2022

=== Proposed ===
* {{flag|Romania}} (Never signed, superseded by Euratom agreement once Romania joined the EU)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/secys/1998/secy1998-006/1998-006scy.html |title=NRC: SECY-98-006 - Proposed Agreement for Cooperation Between the U.S. and Romania |date=1998-01-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041118193812/http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/secys/1998/secy1998-006/1998-006scy.html |archivedate=November 18, 2004 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
'''123 Agreement With India'''
* [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/aug/90050.htm Text of 123 Agreement with India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080915215911/http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/press_display.asp?id=555 Details of Indian 123 Agreement package before Congress]

'''123 Agreement With UAE'''
* [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123195403132281949 U.S. to Sign Nuclear Pact With U.A.E. Wall Street Journal, January 14, 2009]
* [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2008/apr/103859.htm U.S.-United Arab Emirates Memorandum of Understanding on Nuclear Energy Cooperation, State Department]
*[http://www.uae-embassy.org/uae/energy/nuclear-energy Resources on the United Arab Emirates Nuclear Energy Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208001708/http://www.uae-embassy.org/uae/energy/nuclear-energy |date=2015-12-08 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081221213855/http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-12-12-voa58.cfm Voice of America News, December 12, 2008]

[[Category:Energy policy of the United States]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United States]]
[[Category:Energy treaties]]
[[Category:Treaties of Morocco]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Treaties of Romania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Japan]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Treaties of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Treaties of India]]
[[Category:Treaties of Russia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Egypt]]
[[Category:Treaties of Thailand]]
[[Category:Treaties of Argentina]]
[[Category:Treaties of Australia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Treaties of Brazil]]
[[Category:Treaties of Canada]]
[[Category:Treaties of Colombia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkey]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Africa]]
[[Category:Treaties of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Singapore]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mexico]]
[[Category:Treaties of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Nuclear technology treaties]]