View source for Second Bill of Rights

{{Short description|Proposed legislation in the US}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2021}}
[[File:Second Bill of Rights Speech.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=0:10|upright=1.2|President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] announced the plan for a bill of social and economic rights in the [[State of the Union address]] of January 11, 1944 ([[:File:Second Bill of Rights Speech.ogv|filmed excerpt]]).]]
{{Progressivism}}
The '''Second Bill of Rights''' or '''Bill of Economic Rights''' was proposed by [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] during his [[s:Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Eleventh State of the Union Address|State of the Union Address on Tuesday, January 11, 1944]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A Second Bill of Rights|url= https://fdrfoundation.org/a-second-bill-of-rights-video/ |publisher=Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation|access-date=November 4, 2019}}</ref> In his address, Roosevelt suggested that the nation had come to recognise and should now implement a "second [[bill of rights]]". Roosevelt argued that the "political rights" guaranteed by the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] and the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] had "proved inadequate to assure us equality in the [[Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness|pursuit of happiness]]". His remedy was to declare an "economic bill of rights" to guarantee these specific rights:
* [[Full employment|Employment]] ([[right to work]])<ref group="notes">This "right to work" is not to be confused with the "[[right-to-work law]]s" to which this term usually alludes inside the United States.</ref>
* [[Living wage|An adequate income]] for food, shelter, and recreation
* Farmers' rights to a fair income 
* Freedom from [[unfair competition]] and [[Monopoly|monopolies]] 
* [[Right to housing|Decent housing]] 
* [[Universal health care|Adequate medical care]] 
* [[Social security]]
* [[Right to education|Education]]

These rights have come to be known as [[economic rights]]; although not to be enshrined within the constitution, the hope of advocating the policy was that it would be "encoded and guaranteed by federal law".<ref name="ethical_nyc">{{cite web |last1=Chuman |first1=Joe |title=A Second Bill of Rights |url=https://ethical.nyc/a-second-bill-of-rights/ |website=ethical.nyc |date=May 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2020}}</ref> Roosevelt stated that having such rights would guarantee American security and that the [[United States]]' place in the world depended upon how far the rights had been carried into practice. This safety has been described as a state of physical welfare, as well as "economic security, social security, and moral security" by American legal scholar [[Cass Sunstein]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Sunstein|first=Cass|date=June 2004|title=We Need to Reclaim the Second Bill of Rights|journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education|volume=50|pages=B9–B10|id={{ProQuest|214695439}}}}</ref> Roosevelt pursued a legislative agenda to enact his second bill of rights by lending Executive Branch personnel to key Senate committees. This tactic, effectively a blending of powers, produced mixed results and generated a backlash from Congress which resulted in passage of the [[Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946]]. This Act provided funding for Congress to establish its own staffing for committees.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Farley|first=Bill|date=January 25, 2021|title=Blending Powers: Hamilton, FDR, and the Backlash That Shaped Modern Congress|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-policy-history/article/abs/blending-powers-hamilton-fdr-and-the-backlash-that-shaped-modern-congress/AE5E0D3D42A502AFE752F27FEADB176A|journal=Journal of Policy History|language=en|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60–92|doi=10.1017/S089803062000024X|s2cid=231694131 |issn=0898-0306|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{main|Great Depression|New Deal}}
In the runup to the [[World War II|Second World War]], the United States had suffered through the [[Great Depression]] following the [[Wall Street Crash]] of 1929. Roosevelt's election at the end of 1932 was based on a commitment to reform the economy and society through a "[[New Deal]]" program. The first indication of a commitment to government guarantees of social and economic rights came in an [[address to the Commonwealth Club]] on September 23, 1932, during his campaign. The speech was written with [[Adolf A. Berle]], a professor of [[US corporate law|corporate law]] at [[Columbia University]]. A key passage read: {{blockquote|As I see it, the task of government in its relation to business is to assist the development of an economic declaration of rights, an economic constitutional order. This is the common task of statesman and business man. It is the minimum requirement of a more permanently safe order of things.}}

Throughout Roosevelt's presidency, he returned to the same theme continually over the course of the New Deal. Also in the [[Atlantic Charter]], an international commitment was made as the Allies thought about how to "win the peace" following victory in the Second World War. The US' commitment to non-interventionism in World War II ending with the 1941 [[Lend-Lease]] act, and later [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor attacks]], resulted in the mobilisation of the war state. The generous terms of the act, in conjunction with the economic growth of the US were key in allowing the US to establish new global order with the help of [[Allies of World War II|Allied powers]] in the aftermath of war. This motivation to establish a new global order provided the infrastructure for the implementation of an international standard of human rights, seen with the Second Bill of Rights and the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]. [[Akira Iriye]]'s proposition that the US desired to transform the post war Pacific after their own image is representative of the wider desire to raise global standards to that of the US, feeding into ideals of [[American exceptionalism|American Exceptionalism]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 |last=Iriye |first=Akira |publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1982|isbn=9780674695801|pages=[https://archive.org/details/powerculture00akir/page/261 261–262]|url=https://archive.org/details/powerculture00akir/page/261}}</ref> The effect of wider democratisation and social reform is divulged upon in [[Francis Fukuyama|Francis Fukuyama's]] ''[[The End of History and the Last Man]].''<ref>{{Cite book|title=The End of History and the Last Man |last=Fukuyama |first=Francis |publisher=Penguin|year=1992|isbn=9780140134551}}</ref>

== Roosevelt's speech ==
During Roosevelt's [[s:Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Eleventh State of the Union Address|January 11, 1944, message]] to the [[United States Congress|Congress]] on the [[State of the Union]], he said the following:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/archives/address_text.html|title=State of the Union Message to Congress |publisher=[[Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum]]}}</ref> {{blockquote|It is our duty now to begin to lay the plans and determine the strategy for the winning of a lasting peace and the establishment of an American [[standard of living]] higher than ever before known. We cannot be content, no matter how high that general standard of living may be, if some fraction of our people—whether it be one-third or one-fifth or one-tenth—is ill-fed, ill-clothed, ill-housed, and insecure.

This Republic had its beginning, and grew to its present strength, under the protection of certain inalienable political rights—among them the right of free speech, free press, free worship, trial by jury, freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. They were our rights to life and liberty.

As our nation has grown in size and stature, however—as our industrial economy expanded—these political rights proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness.

We have come to a clear realization of the fact that true individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence. "Necessitous men are not free men."<ref>This phrase is found in the old [[English property law]] case, ''[[Vernon v Bethell]]'' (1762) 28 ER 838, according to [[Lord Henley LC]]</ref> People who are hungry and out of a job are the stuff of which dictatorships are made.

In our day these economic truths have become accepted as self-evident. We have accepted, so to speak, a second Bill of Rights under which a new basis of security and prosperity can be established for all—regardless of station, race, or creed.

Among these are:
* The [[right to work|right to a useful and remunerative job]] in the industries or shops or farms or mines of the nation;
* The right to [[living wage|earn enough]] to provide adequate food and clothing and recreation;
* The right of every farmer to raise and sell his products at a return which will give him and his family a decent living;
* The right of every businessman, large and small, to trade in an atmosphere of freedom from [[unfair competition]] and domination by [[monopoly|monopolies]] at home or abroad;
* The [[Right to housing|right of every family to a decent home]];
* The [[Right to health|right to adequate medical care]] and the opportunity to achieve and enjoy good health;
* The right to adequate protection from the economic fears of [[Social security|old age, sickness, accident, and unemployment]];
* The [[Right to education|right to a good education]].

All of these rights spell security. And after this war is won we must be prepared to move forward, in the implementation of these rights, to new goals of human happiness and well-being.

America's own rightful place in the world depends in large part upon how fully these and similar rights have been carried into practice for all our citizens. For unless there is security here at home there cannot be lasting peace in the world.|}}

== Found footage ==
[[File:FDR-January-11-1944.jpg|thumb|260px|[[s:Roosevelt's Fireside Chat, 11 January 1944|Fireside chat on the State of the Union]] (January 11, 1944)<ref name="FC 28"/>]]
Roosevelt presented the [[s:Roosevelt's Fireside Chat, 11 January 1944|January 11, 1944, State of the Union address]] to the public on radio as a [[Fireside chats|fireside chat]] from the White House: <blockquote>Today I sent my Annual Message to the Congress, as required by the Constitution. It has been my custom to deliver these Annual Messages in person, and they have been broadcast to the Nation. I intended to follow this same custom this year. But like a great many other people, I have had the "flu", and although I am practically recovered, my doctor simply would not let me leave the White House to go up to the Capitol. Only a few of the newspapers of the United States can print the Message in full, and I am anxious that the American people be given an opportunity to hear what I have recommended to the Congress for this very fateful year in our history — and the reasons for those recommendations. Here is what I said ...<ref name="FC 28">{{cite web |url=http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3955 |last=Roosevelt |first=Franklin D. |title=Fireside Chat 28: On the State of the Union (January 11, 1944) |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |access-date=September 18, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114073828/http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3955 |archive-date=January 14, 2016}}</ref></blockquote>

He asked that newsreel cameras film the last portion of the address, concerning the Second Bill of Rights. This footage was believed lost until it was uncovered in 2008 in South Carolina by [[Michael Moore]] while researching the film ''[[Capitalism: A Love Story]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-09-22/the-best-scenes-from-michael-moores-new-movie/|title=The Best Scenes From Michael Moore's New Movie|date=September 22, 2009|publisher=[[The Daily Beast]]|access-date=April 29, 2013}}</ref> The footage shows Roosevelt's Second Bill of Rights address in its entirety as well as a shot of the eight rights printed on a sheet of paper.<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q754855|id=tt1232207|title=Capitalism: A Love Story}} (starting approximately at time code 1:55:00)</ref><ref name = cals-mm-oclc-dvd-2010>{{Cite AV media| first1 = Michael| last1 = Moore| author-link1 = Michael Moore| display-authors = etal| title = Capitalism: A Love Story| url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/443524847| at = "FDR's economic bill of rights"| publisher = Front Street Productions, LLC| location = Traverse City, MI| date = 2010| format = DVD| access-date = July 25, 2015| oclc = 443524847}}</ref>

== Revival<!-- any SBoR/EBoR activity 1968-2004? DSA? Rainbow Coalition? Green Party?  -->==
After Roosevelt's death in 1945, [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|President Harry Truman's administration]] had, within a few years, compromised the New Deal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nichols |first=John |title=What did Henry Wallace stand for? |url=https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/4722-what-did-henry-wallace-stand-for |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Verso |language=en |quote=this book begins with a recognition that by 1948, the guardians of the New Deal ethic had already lost. The Democratic Party had already compromised the ideals of the Four Freedoms and the Economic Bill of Rights. Despite the best efforts of Wallace and his most prominent allies, FDR’s Democratic Party died when it rejected the man whom Eleanor Roosevelt described as “peculiarly fitted to carry on the ideals which were close to my husband’s heart.”}}</ref> FDR's third-term vice president, [[Henry A. Wallace|Henry Wallace]], launched a [[Henry A. Wallace 1948 presidential campaign|presidential bid in 1948]] with a new party. The [[Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)|Progressive Party]] platform promoted the opposition party's abandoned Economic Bill of Rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Progressive Party Platform of 1948 {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/progressive-party-platform-1948 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu |quote=The Progressive Party holds that a just government must use its powers to promote an abundant life for its people. This is the basic idea of Franklin Roosevelt's Economic Bill of Rights. Heretofore every attempt to give effect to this principle has failed because Big Business dominates the key sectors of the economy. Antitrust laws and government regulation cannot break this domination. There fore the people, through their democratically elected representatives, must take control of the main levers of the economic system.}}</ref>

In July 1960, at the [[1960 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]], the party nominated [[John F. Kennedy]] for president and [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Johnson]] for vice president. In the platform, it endorsed the Economic Bill of Rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1960 Democratic Party Platform {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/1960-democratic-party-platform |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu |quote=A new Democratic Administration will undertake to meet those needs. It will reaffirm the Economic Bill of Rights which Franklin Roosevelt wrote into our national conscience sixteen years ago. It will reaffirm these rights for all Americans of whatever race, place of residence, or station in life… The pledges contained in this Economic Bill of Rights point the way to a better life for every family in America.}}</ref>

Civil rights leader [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], a champion of economic justice long before the historic [[1963 March on Washington]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-20 |title=What Happened to Martin Luther King Jr.’s Dream of Economic Justice? |url=https://time.com/5783976/martin-luther-king-jr-economic-justice/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=TIME |language=en |quote=Memphis sanitation workers went on strike in 1968…told attendees at a March 1968 rally, “it is a crime for people to live in this rich nation and receive starvation wages … working on a full-time basis and a full-time job getting part-time income… The March on Washington sought equality before the law, but also an economic bill of rights for poor white, black and brown workers. He had constantly linked civil rights and labor and poor people’s movements; as far back as 1957, he condemned “the tragic inequalities of an economic system which takes necessities from the masses to give luxuries to the classes.”}}</ref> lobbied for the economic rights bill in a 1968 [[Look (American magazine)|Look magazine]] essay, published after his assassination.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jr |first=Martin Luther King |date=2018-04-04 |title=We need an economic bill of rights |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/04/martin-luther-king-jr--economic-bill-of-rights |access-date=2024-02-24 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Key civil rights movement activists [[A. Philip Randolph]] and [[Bayard Rustin]] in 1966 drafted ''A “Freedom Budget” for All Americans''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jarow |first=Oshan |date=2024-01-31 |title=We can still make a good economy much better |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2024/1/31/24055562/economy-bill-of-rights-vibecession-progressives-freedom-fdr |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Vox |language=en |quote=1966 proposal drafted by the activists A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin: A “Freedom Budget” for All Americans… a revival of Roosevelt’s economic bill of rights, outlining seven core objectives that covered most of the same terrain, with additional emphasis on reducing pollution, to be achieved within 10 years. By the end of his life, such a program had become a core priority for King — his last written work before his assassination in 1968 was the posthumously published “We Need an Economic Bill of Rights.”}}</ref>

In 2004, legal scholar [[Cass Sunstein]] called for a revival of FDR's unfulfilled vision in his book, ''The Second Bill of Rights: FDR's Unfinished Revolution and Why We Need It More than Ever''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kennedy |first=David M. |date=2004-09-19 |title='The Second Bill of Rights': A New New Deal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/19/books/review/the-second-bill-of-rights-a-new-new-deal.html |access-date=2024-02-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Heffner |first=Richard D. |title=The Open Mind: FDR's Unfinished Revolution ... The Second Bill of Rights |date=2004-09-08 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFJR4o62ipk |access-date=2024-02-24 |publisher=CUNY TV |language=en}}</ref>

In fall 2009, Michael Moore's ''Capitalism: A Love Story'' introduced the Second Bill of Rights to moviegoers and generated national, and even international, press.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weisbrot |first=Mark |date=2009-09-10 |title=Michael Moore's smash and grab |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/sep/09/michael-moore-documentary-capitalism |access-date=2024-02-24 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |quote=you don't have to be a revolutionary to appreciate this film. Indeed, it can be seen as a social democratic treatise, with Franklin Roosevelt's proposed "second bill of rights" – an "economic bill of rights" that included a job with a living wage, housing, medical care, and education – as its reform program.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Borosage |first=Robert L. |date=2011-01-11 |title=FDR: The Second Bill of Rights |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/fdr-the-second-bill-of-ri_b_807542 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=HuffPost |language=en |quote=Now as we struggle to emerge from the worst economic decline since the Great Depression, we would benefit from returning to Roosevelt's principles and vision. Once more our economy is sapped by extreme inequality, with the wealthiest 1% controlling as much wealth as the bottom 90%, and capturing fully 2/3 of the income growth of the five years before the financial collapse. 50 million people go without health insurance, while health reform is under assault.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sklar |first=Rachel |date=2009-09-26 |title=FDR’s Second Bill of Rights |url=https://www.mediaite.com/opinion/fdrs-second-bill-of-rights/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Mediaite |language=en |quote=long-buried archival footage of Franklin D. Roosevelt detailing his planned but never enacted “Second Bill of Rights,” calling for… the right to a job, a home, adequate health care, and an education.}}</ref>

In his [[Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign|2020 presidential primary campaign]], progressive Vermont Sen. [[Bernie Sanders]] promoted a 21st Century Bill of Rights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Korte |first=Cara |date=2019-06-12 |title=Bernie Sanders defends democratic socialism in speech at George Washington University today - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bernie-sanders-speech-live-stream-defends-democratic-socialism-in-speech-george-washington-university-today-2019-06/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US |quote=Sanders offered a full-throated defense of democratic socialism… invoking the legacy of President Franklin D. Roosevelt to call for a "21st Century Bill of Rights… in the 21st century, in the wealthiest country in the history of the world, economic rights are human rights…}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Bernie Sanders calls for "21st Century Bill of Rights" |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbN9OD83f5I |access-date=2024-02-24 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, [[Harvey J. Kaye|Prof. Harvey J. Kaye]] and [[Alan Minsky]] of [[Progressive Democrats of America]] (PDA) launched a campaign for a modern, expanded 21st Century Economic Bill of Rights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minsky |first=Alan |last2=Kaye |first2=Harvey J. |title=Opinion {{!}} A Call for All Progressive Candidates and Officeholders to Embrace a 21st Century Economic Bill of Rights {{!}} Common Dreams |url=https://www.commondreams.org/views/2022/02/23/call-all-progressive-candidates-and-officeholders-embrace-21st-century-economic |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.commondreams.org |language=en |quote=We must guarantee all people residing in the United States the right to the essentials of a good life regardless of their income, race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or country of origin.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alvarez |first=Maximillian |date=2022-04-19 |title=Why Nina Turner Is Taking on the Establishment Again |url=https://inthesetimes.com/article/nina-turner-bernie-sanders-politics-house-candidate-congress-progressive |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=In These Times |language=en |quote=We need progressive candidates to embrace what Dr. Harvey J. Kaye, who’s an expert on the New Deal and FDR, and Alan Minsky, the executive director of Progressive Democrats of America, are calling a 21st Century Economic Bill of Rights.}}</ref> At its 2022 convention, the [[Massachusetts Democratic Party]] endorsed the PDA proposal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convention Resolutions 2022 |url=https://massdems.org/resolutions2022/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Massachusetts Democratic Party}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-09 |title=Massachusetts Democratic Party Endorses a 21st Century Economic Bill of Rights! - Progressive Democrats of America |url=https://pdamerica.org/massachusetts-democratic-party-endorses-a-21st-century-economic-bill-of-rights/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In her [[Marianne Williamson 2024 presidential campaign|2024 presidential primary campaign]], [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] candidate [[Marianne Williamson]] featured the 21st Century Economic Bill of Rights in her platform,<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Economic Bill of Rights |url=https://marianne2024.com/economic-bill-of-rights/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Marianne 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> interviews and speeches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marianne Williamson is running against Biden in the Democratic primary. What's her story? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/02/03/democratic-presidential-heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-presidential-candidate-marianne-williamson/72468057007/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US |quote=Williamson has proposed an economic bill of rights for Americans, including the “right to a job that pays a living wage,” “the right to good, affordable housing,” and other guarantees.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Marianne Williamson: We Need A 21st Century Economic Bill of Rights |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4VptWBF318 |access-date=2024-02-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-22 |title=Media ignored Marianne Williamson 21st Century Economic Bill of Rights |url=https://njtoday.news/2023/05/22/media-ignored-marianne-williamson-21st-century-economic-bill-of-rights/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=NJTODAY.NET |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Media IGNORES Marianne Reviving FDR's 2nd Bill Of Rights {{!}} The Kyle Kulinski Show |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUtUuobKX3w |access-date=2024-02-24 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Wikisource|Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Eleventh State of the Union Address}}
{{Wikisource|Roosevelt's Fireside Chat, 11 January 1944}}
* [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]]
* [[Bill of Rights socialism]]
* ''[[Douglas v. California]]'', 372 U.S. 353 (1963)
* [[Economic democracy]]
* [[Four Freedoms]], enunciated in Roosevelt's 1941 State of the Union Address
* [[Full employment]]
* ''[[Goldberg v. Kelly]]'', 397 U.S. 254 (1970)
* [[Progressive Utilization Theory]]
* [[Public education]]
* [[Public Service law of the United States]]
* [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]
* [[Universal health care]]
* ''[[Vernon v Bethell]]''

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|group=notes}}

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* [[Adolph A. Berle]], 'Property, Production and Revolution' (1965) [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1120512 65 Columbia Law Review 1]
* [[Cass R. Sunstein]], ''The Second Bill of Rights: FDR's Unfinished Revolution--And Why We Need It More Than Ever'' (2004)

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606014109/http://www.apj.us/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=130&Itemid FDR's Unfinished "Second Bill of Rights" – and Why We Need it Now]

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[[Category:1944 in American politics]]
[[Category:1944 in the United States]]
[[Category:1944 speeches]]
[[Category:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
[[Category:Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
[[Category:Human rights in the United States]]
[[Category:78th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:1940s State of the Union addresses]]