View source for Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic

{{Short description|Cyrillic Romanization system}}
{{Redirect|Transliteration of Cyrillic|the broader topic of all forms of romanization of Cyrillic|Romanization of Cyrillic (disambiguation){{!}}Romanization of Cyrillic}}
Scientific transliteration, variously called ''academic'', ''linguistic'', ''international'', or ''scholarly transliteration'', is an international system for [[transliteration]] of text from the [[Cyrillic script]] to the [[Latin script]] ([[romanization]]).  This system is most often seen in [[linguistics]] publications on [[Slavic languages]].

'''Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic''' into Latin was first introduced in 1898 as part of the standardization process for the {{lang|de|[[Preußische Instruktionen]]}} (PI) in 1899.

== Details ==
The scientific transliteration system is roughly as [[phonemic]] as is the orthography of the language transliterated. The deviations are with щ where the transliteration makes clear that two phonemes are involved, and џ, where it fails to represent the (monophonemic) affricate with a single letter. The transliteration system is based on the [[Gaj's Latin alphabet]] used in [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]], in which each letter corresponds directly to a Cyrillic letter in [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]] official standards, and was heavily based on the earlier [[Czech alphabet]]. The Cyrillic letter х, representing the sound [x] as in ''Bach'', was romanized ''h'' in Serbo-Croatian, but in German-speaking countries the native digraph ''ch'' was used instead.<ref>{{Cite Q|Q104231343|pages=257}}</ref> It was codified in the 1898 ''Prussian Instructions'' for libraries, or ''Preußische Instruktionen'' (PI), which were adopted in Central Europe and Scandinavia. Scientific transliteration can also be used to romanize the early [[Glagolitic alphabet]], which has a close correspondence to Cyrillic.

Scientific transliteration is often adapted to serve as a phonetic alphabet.<ref>Timberlake 2004, p 24.</ref><!--¿que?-->

Scientific transliteration was the basis for the [[ISO 9]] transliteration standard. While linguistic transliteration tries to preserve the original language's [[pronunciation]] to a certain degree, the latest version of the ISO standard (ISO 9:1995) has abandoned this concept, which was still found in [[ISO/R 9:1968]] and is now restricted to a one-to-one mapping of letters. It thus allows for unambiguous reverse transliteration into the original Cyrillic text and is language-independent.

The previous official Soviet romanization system, [[GOST 16876-71]], is also based on scientific transliteration but used Latin ''h'' for Cyrillic х instead of Latin ''x'' or ''ssh'' and ''sth'' for Cyrillic Щ, and had a number of other differences. Most countries using Cyrillic script now have adopted [[GOST 7.79]] instead, which is not the same as ISO 9 but close to it.

Representing all of the necessary diacritics on computers requires [[Unicode]], [[Latin-2]], [[Latin-4]], or [[Latin-7]] encoding.<!--How about proprietary ones?-->

==Table==

{| class="wikitable" summary="Table of scientific transliteration of Cyrillic letters for seven languages, and ISO 9:1995 for comparison."
|+ style="font-weight:bold;" | Prussian Instructions, scientific transliteration, and ISO 9
! rowspan="2" |Cyrillic
! colspan="8" |scientific transliteration
! rowspan="2" | PI<ref>{{Cite Q|Q104231343|pages=260–262}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |ISO 9
|- valign="top"
! width="11%" scope="col" abbr="Church Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic" | Church<br />Slavonic
! width="11%" scope="col" | Bulgarian
! width="11%" scope="col" | Russian
! width="11%" scope="col" | Belarusian
! width="11%" scope="col" | Ukrainian
! width="11%" scope="col" | Carpathian<br>Rusyn
! width="11%" scope="col" | Serbian
! width="11%" scope="col" | Macedonian
|-
| [[A (Cyrillic)|А а]]|| a || a || a || a || a || a || a 
|a|| a || a
|-
| [[Be (Cyrillic)|Б б]]|| b || b || b || b || b || b || b || b 
|b|| b
|-
| [[Ve (Cyrillic)|В в]]|| v || v || v || v || v || v || v || v 
|v|| v
|-
| [[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г г]]|| g || g || g || h || h || h || g || g 
|g (h {{Sc|{{abbr|BE|Belarusian}} {{abbr|UK|Ukrainian}}}})||g 
|-
| [[Ge with upturn|Ґ ґ]]|| || || || g{{Efn|archaic letter|name=archaic|group=table}}|| g || g || ||
|ġ|| {{lang|uk|g̀|italic=no}} (g {{Sc|{{abbr|BE|Belarusian}} {{abbr|UK|Ukrainian}}}})
|-
| [[De (Cyrillic)|Д д]]|| d || d || d || d || d || d || d || d 
|d|| d
|-
| [[Gje|Ѓ ѓ]]|| || || || || || || || ǵ (ģ)
| || ǵ
|-
| [[Dje|Ђ ђ]]|| || || || || || || đ (dj) ||
|ď|| đ
|-
| [[Ye (Cyrillic)|Е е]]|| || e || e || e || e || e || e || e 
|e|| e
|-
| [[Yo (Cyrillic)|Ё ё]]|| || || ë || ë || || jo || ||
|ë|| ë
|-
| [[Ukrainian Ye|Є є]]|| e || || || || je || je || ||
|je|| ê
|-
| [[Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж ж]]|| ž || ž || ž || ž || ž || ž || ž || ž 
|ž|| ž
|-
| [[Ze (Cyrillic)|З з]]|| z || z || z || z || z || z || z || z 
|z|| z
|-
| [[Dze|Ѕ ѕ]]|| ʒ (dz) || || || || || || || dz 
| || {{lang|mk|ẑ|italic=no}}
|-
| [[I (Cyrillic)|И и]]|| i || i || i || || y || y (î) || i || i 
|i|| i
|-
| [[Dotted I (Cyrillic)|I і]]|| i || || i{{Efn|archaic letter|name=archaic|group=table}}|| i || i || i || ||
|ī|| ì
|-
| [[Yi (Cyrillic)|Ї ї]]|| i || || || || ji (ï) || ji || ||
| || ï
|-
| [[Short I|Й й]]|| || j || j || j || j || j || ||
|j|| j
|-
| [[Je (Cyrillic)|Ј ј]]|| || || || || || || j || j 
|j|| {{lang|mk|ǰ|italic=no}}
|-
| [[Ka (Cyrillic)|К к]]|| k || k || k || k || k || k || k 
|k|| k
|-
| [[El (Cyrillic)|Л л]]|| l || l || l || l || l || l || l || l 
|l|| l
|-
| [[Lje|Љ љ]]|| || || || || || || lj (ļ/ľ) || lj (ļ/ľ)
|ľ|| ľ
|-
| [[Em (Cyrillic)|М м]]|| m || m || m || m || m || m || m || m 
|m|| m
|-
| [[En (Cyrillic)|Н н]]|| n || n || n || n || n || n || n || n 
|n|| n
|-
| [[Nje|Њ њ]]|| || || || || || || nj (ň/ń/ņ) || nj (ň/ń/ņ)
|ń|| ň
|-
| [[O (Cyrillic)|О о]]|| o || o || o || o || o || o || o || o 
|o|| o
|-
| [[Pe (Cyrillic)|П п]]|| p || p || p || p || p || p || p || p 
|p|| p
|-
| [[Er (Cyrillic)|Р р]]|| r || r || r || r || r || r || r || r 
|r|| r
|-
| [[Es (Cyrillic)|С с]]|| s || s || s || s || s || s || s || s 
|s|| s
|-
| [[Te (Cyrillic)|Т т]]|| t || t || t || t || t || t || t || t 
|t|| t
|-
| [[Kje|Ќ ќ]]|| || || || || || || || {{lang|mk|ḱ|italic=no}} (ķ)
| || {{lang|mk|ḱ|italic=no}}
|-
| [[Tshe|Ћ ћ]]|| ǵ || || || || || || ć ||
|ć|| ć
|-
| [[U (Cyrillic)|У у]]|| || u || u || u || u || u || u || u 
|u|| u
|-
| [[Uk (Cyrillic)|ОУ оу]]|| u || || || || || ||
| ||
|-
| [[Short U|Ў ў]]|| || || || ŭ (w) || || ||
| || ŭ
|-
| [[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф ф]]|| f || f || f || f || f || f || f || f 
|f|| f
|-
| [[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х х]]|| x || h || x (ch) || x (ch) || x (ch) || ch || h 
|ch|| h
|-
| [[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц ц]]|| c || c || c || c || c || c || c || c 
|c|| c
|-
| [[Che (Cyrillic)|Ч ч]]|| č || č || č || č || č || č || č || č 
|č|| č
|-
| [[Dzhe|Џ џ]]|| || || || || || || dž (ģ) || dž 
|ǵ|| {{lang|mk|d̂|italic=no}}
|-
| [[Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш ш]]|| š || š || š || š || š || š || š || š 
|š|| š
|-
| [[Shcha (Cyrillic)|Щ щ]]|| št || št || šč, ŝ  || || šč ||šč || ||
|šč (št {{Sc|{{abbr|BG|Bulgarian}}}})|| ŝ
|-
| [[Yer|Ъ ъ]]|| ъ (ǔ) || ǎ || {{hardsign}}|| || || {{hardsign}}|| ||
| -{{Efn|Indicated by - (hyphen) if medial, disregarded if final.|name=omit-f|group=table}} (ŭ {{Sc|{{abbr|BG|Bulgarian}}}})|| {{hardsign}}
|-
| [[Yery|Ы ы]]|| y (ū) || || y || y ||y{{Efn|archaic letter|name=archaic|group=table}} || ŷ (y) || ||
|y|| y
|-
| [[Soft sign|Ь ь]]|| ь (ǐ) || j || {{softsign}}|| {{softsign}}|| {{softsign}}|| {{softsign}}|| ||
|ʹ|| {{softsign}}
|-
| [[Yat|Ѣ ѣ]]|| ě || ě{{Efn|archaic letter|name=archaic|group=table}}|| ě{{Efn|archaic letter|name=archaic|group=table}}|| ě{{Efn|archaic letter|name=archaic|group=table}}|| ě{{Efn|archaic letter|name=archaic|group=table}}|| ě{{Efn|archaic letter|name=archaic|group=table}}|| ||
|ě|| ě
|-
| [[E (Cyrillic)|Э э]]|| || || è || è || || ||
|ė
| è
|-
| [[Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю ю]]|| ju || ju || ju, û || ju || ju || ju || ||
|ju|| û
|-
| [[Ya (Cyrillic)|Я я]]|| || ja || ja, â  || ja || ja || ja || ||
|ja|| â
|-
| [[Modifier letter apostrophe|&nbsp;{{hamza}}&nbsp;]]|| || || || || || ||
| || {{hamza}}
|-
| [[Omega (Cyrillic)|Ѡ ѡ]]|| o, ô || || || || || ||
| ||
|-
| [[Small yus|Ѧ ѧ]]|| ę || || || || || ||
| ||
|-
| [[iotified small yus|Ѩ ѩ]]|| ję || || || || || ||
| ||
|-
| [[Big yus|Ѫ ѫ]]|| {{lang|bg|ǫ|italic=no}} || ă{{Efn|archaic letter|name=archaic|group=table}}|| || || || ||
|ă|| ǎ
|-
| [[Iotified big yus|Ѭ ѭ]]|| {{lang|bg|jǫ|italic=no}} || jă{{Efn|archaic letter|name=archaic|group=table}}|| || || || ||
| ||
|-
| [[Ksi (Cyrillic)|Ѯ ѯ]]|| ks || || || || || ||
| ||
|-
| [[Psi (Cyrillic)|Ѱ ѱ]]|| ps || || || || || ||
| ||
|-
| [[Fita|Ѳ ѳ]]|| th (θ) || || f{{Efn|archaic letter|name=archaic|group=table}}|| f{{Efn|archaic letter|name=archaic|group=table}}|| f{{Efn|archaic letter|name=archaic|group=table}}|| ||
|{{lang|mk|ḟ|italic=no}}|| {{lang|bg|f̀|italic=no}}
|-
| [[Izhitsa|Ѵ ѵ]]|| ü || || (i){{Efn|archaic letter|name=archaic|group=table}}|| (i){{Efn|archaic letter|name=archaic|group=table}}|| (i){{Efn|archaic letter|name=archaic|group=table}}|| ||
|{{lang|mk|ẏ|italic=no}}|| ỳ
|-
| [[Iotated E|Ѥ ѥ]]|| je || || || || || ||
| ||
|-
| [[Iotated A (Cyrillic)|Ꙗ ꙗ]] || ja || || || || || ||
| ||
|}

{{Notelist|group=table}}

(&nbsp;) Letters in parentheses are older or alternative transliterations. Ukrainian and Belarusian apostrophe are not transcribed. The early Cyrillic letter [[Koppa (Cyrillic)|koppa]] (Ҁ, ҁ) was used only for transliterating Greek and its [[Cyrillic numerals|numeric value]] and was thus omitted. Prussian Instructions and ISO 9:1995 are provided for comparison.

Unicode encoding is:
* {{unichar|02BC|[[Modifier letter apostrophe]]|html=}} for the Cyrillic apostrophe
* {{unichar|02B9|Modifier letter prime|html=}} to transliterate the soft sign<ref name=prime>The templates {{tl|softsign}} and {{tl|hardsign}} may be used for the proper character.</ref>
* {{unichar|02BA|Modifier letter double prime|html=}} to transliterate the hard sign<ref name=prime/>

==See also==
* [[Romanization of Belarusian]]
* [[Romanization of Bulgarian]]
* [[Romanization of Greek]]
* [[Romanization of Macedonian]]
* [[Romanization of Russian]]
* [[Romanization of Serbian]]
* [[Romanization of Ukrainian]]
* {{lang|de|[[Preußische Instruktionen]]}} (PI)
* [[ALA-LC romanization for Russian]]
* [[GOST 7.79-2000]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* (Winter 2003) "Transliteration", in ''[[Slavic and East European Journal]]'', 47 (4):backmatter—every issue of this journal has a transliteration reference in the back, including a table labelled “ISO Transliteration System”, although it is different from the latest version of ISO 9:1995.
* IDS (Informationsverbund Deutschschweiz, 2001) ''Katalogisierungsregeln IDS (KIDS), Anhänge, “[http://kids.informationsverbund.ch/kids_deutsch/kapg4.pdf IDS G.4: Transliteration der slavischen kyrillischen Alphabete]”'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140522090938/http://kids.informationsverbund.ch/kids_deutsch/kapg4.pdf Archive]). [[Universität Zürich]]. URL accessed on 2009-05-27 (PDF format, in German)—ISO/R 9 1968 standardization of scientific transliteration
* Timberlake, Alan (2004), ''A Reference Grammar of Russian'', [[Cambridge University Press]], {{ISBN|0-521-77292-3}}.

== External links ==
* [http://intranet.library.arizona.edu/users/brewerm/sil/lib/transhist.html Transliteration history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213065157/http://intranet.library.arizona.edu/users/brewerm/sil/lib/transhist.html |date=2007-12-13 }}—history of the transliteration of Slavic languages into Latin alphabets
* {{cite web|title=ONLINE transliteration of the text from Cyrillic to Latin|website=Cyrillic → Latin transliteration (LC)|url=http://www.cesty.in/azb-en#azbuka_anglicka_latinka_cyrillic_latin_transliteration_lc|publisher=Cestovatelské stránky}}
* [http://transliteration.eki.ee/ Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts]
* [https://www.translit.site/en/type/scientific Scientific transliteration from Russian] 
* [http://podolak.net/en/transliteration CyrAcademisator] Bi-directional online transliteration of Russian for ALA-LC (diacritics), scientific, ISO/R 9, ISO 9, GOST 7.79B and others. Supports Old Slavonic characters
* [http://translit.kh.ua/?ling Ukrainian Transliteration] — online service of scientific transliteration to and from Ukrainian. Also supports ISO 9, BGN/PCGN, ALA-LC and other standards of Ukrainian transliteration. (in Ukrainian)

{{Cyrillic navbox}}
{{Romanization}}

[[Category:Romanization of Cyrillic|*]]
[[Category:Slavic languages]]