View source for Scandoromani language

{{Short description|Para-Romani dialect spoken by the Romanisael}}
{{use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Expand Norwegian|Norsk romani}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Scandoromani
| altname          = 
| nativename       = 
| states           = [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]]
| speakers         = c. 100–150
| date             = 2014
| ref              = <ref name=Carling>{{Harvcoltxt|Carling|Lindell|Ambrazaitis|2014|p=5}}</ref>
| speakers2        = Speakers mostly elderly.  More people speak Swedish with some Roma vocabulary.<ref name=Carling/>
| familycolor      = mixed
| family           = [[Para-Romani]], [[mixed language|mixed]] [[Romani language|Romani]]–[[Scandinavian languages|Scandinavian]]
| nation           = recognised minority language in<br>{{NOR}} (1993)<br>{{SWE}} (1999)
| lc1              = rmg
| ld1              = Traveller Norwegian
| lc2              = rmu
| ld2              = Tavringer Romani (Sweden)
| lc3              = rmd
| ld3              = Traveller Danish
| glotto           = trav1236
| glottoname       = Norwegian
| glottorefname    = Traveller Norwegian
| glotto2          = tavr1235
| glottoname2      = Swedish
| glottorefname2   = Tavringer Romani
| glotto3          = trav1237
| glottoname3      = Danish
| glottorefname3   = Traveller Danish
| notice           = IPA
}}

'''Scandoromani''' is a [[Para-Romani]] dialect spoken by the [[Norwegian and Swedish Travellers|Romanisæl]], a subgroup of the [[Romani people]] in Norway (c. 100–150 elderly Scandoromani speakers),<ref name=Carling/> and Sweden.

Subforms are referred to as:
* The '''Norwegian Romani language''' or '''Traveller Norwegian''' ({{lang|rmg|tavringens rakripa}}, [[Literal translation|lit.]] 'Traveller's language'),<ref name="TRRO">{{cite web|url=http://www.lor.no/lor/spraak.htm|title=Tavringens Rakripa: Romanifolkets Ordbok|last=Karlsen|first=Ludvig|website=Landsorganisasjonen for Romanifolket|language=no, rmg|access-date=November 18, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517183211/http://www.lor.no/lor/spraak.htm|archive-date=May 17, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/cloud/rmg|title=Traveller Norwegian in the Language Cloud|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref> Norwegian: ''{{lang|no|romani}}'' or ''{{lang|no|norsk romani}}'' (Norwegian Romani), in Norway (the [[Romani language|Romani]] language of the Norwegian Roma is referred to as ''{{lang|no|romanes}}'' in Norwegian);
* The '''Swedish Romani language''' or '''Tavringer Romani''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/cloud/rmu|title=Tavringer Romani in the Language Cloud|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref> '''Traveller Swedish''' or '''Tattare''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/lang?id=4511|title=Tavringer Romani|website=LLOW Language Server|access-date=January 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615065020/http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/lang?id=4511|archive-date=June 15, 2011}}</ref> Swedish: ''{{lang|sv|svensk romani}}'' (Swedish Romani), in Sweden;
* '''Traveller Danish <abbr>†</abbr>''' in [[Denmark]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Traveller Danish|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rmd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606091801/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rmd|url-status=dead|publisher=[[Ethnologue]]|archive-date=6 June 2019 |access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref>

Like [[Angloromani language|Angloromani]] in Britain and [[Caló language|Caló]] in Spain, Scandoromani draws upon a vocabulary of inflected Romani. Much of the original Romani grammar, however, has been lost to the users, and they now communicate in [[Swedish language|Swedish]] or [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] grammar.

There is no standardised form of Scandoromani, so variations exist in vocabulary, pronunciation, and usage, depending on the speaker. In print, Scandoromani words are often written with Swedish (S) or Norwegian (N) letters (''ä'', ''æ'', ''ø'', ''å'') and letter combinations to represent Romani sounds, e.g., ''tj-'' ({{IPAslink|ɕ}}) or ''kj-'' ({{IPAslink|ç}} alt. {{IPAslink|tʃ}}) to represent the Romani ''č'' {{IPAslink|tʃ}} and ''čh'' {{IPAslink|tʃʰ}}. Some examples of Scandoromani variant spellings are: {{Lang|rmu|tjuro}}<ref name="ORR">{{Harvcoltxt|Resande Folkets Riksorganisation|2006}}</ref> (S) / {{Lang|rmu|kjuro}}<ref name="TRRO" /> (N) 'knife'; {{Lang|rmu|gräj}}<ref name="ORR" /> (S) / {{Lang|rmu|grei}}<ref name="TRRO" /> (N) 'horse'.

== See also ==
* [[Finnish Kalo language]]
* [[Para-Romani]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{citation
|last1=Carling
|first1=Gerd
|last2=Lindell
|first2=Lenny
|last3=Ambrazaitis
|first3=Gilbert
|title=Scandoromani: Remnants of a Mixed Language
|location=Leiden
|publisher=Brill
|year=2014
|isbn=9789004266445}}
* {{citation
|title=Ordlista i resandespråket romani
|author=Resande Folkets Riksorganisation
|year=2006
|publisher=Föreningen Resande Folkets Riksorganisation
|location=Malmö
|edition=2nd
|language=sv, rmg
|isbn=91-631-9668-9}}
{{refend}}

== Suggested further reading ==
* {{cite book|last1=Baardsen|first1=Gjest|author-link1=Gjest Baardsen|title=Vandrings- eller skøiersprog; med tillegg av F. L. Hartman og N. Olsen.|series=Ord og sed|number=132|location=Oslo|publisher=Noregs boklag Helge Refsum|language=no|year=1948}}
* {{cite web|url=http://digitalarkivet.no/sab/taterspraaket.htm|title=Samling af de mest forrekommende Ord i det saakaldte Vandrings eller Skøiersprog|last=Baardsen|first=Gjest|access-date=January 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330212231/http://digitalarkivet.no/sab/taterspraaket.htm|archive-date=March 30, 2016|website=[[Digital Archives]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Hancock|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Hancock|editor-last=Håkon Jahr|editor-first=Ernst|chapter=The social and linguistic development of Scandoromani|title=Language Contact: Theoretical and Empirical Studies|series=Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs|number=60|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfQ4iFhXx4YC|location=Berlin, New York|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|year=1992|pages=37–52|isbn=3-11-012802-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Iversen|first=Ragnvald|author-link=Ragnvald Iversen|title=The Rodi (Rotwelsch) in Norway|series=Secret languages in Norway|number=2|location=Oslo|publisher=I Kommisjon Hos Jacob Dybwad|year=1945}}
* {{cite book|last=Karlsen|first=Ludvig|title=Romani-folkets ordbok : [tavringens rakripa : de reisendes språk : romani-norsk-engelsk]|location=Oslo|year=1993|language=rmg, no, en|isbn=8299236312}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lindell|first1=Lenny|author-link=:sv:Lenny Lindell|last2=Thorbjörnsson-Djerf|first2=Kenth|editor1-first=Gerd|editor1-last=Carling|title=Ordbok över svensk romani: Resandefolkets språk och sånger|year=2008|publisher=Podium|location=Stockholm|language=sv|isbn=978-91-89196-43-8 }} (A lexicon and grammatical overview of Tavringer Romani; includes several Traveller song texts ''in extenso'')
* {{Cite journal|title=Sigøjnersprog i Danmark|journal=Danske Studier|url=https://danskestudier.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/1923.pdf|last1=Miskow|first1=Johan|pages=97–145|last2=Brøndal|first2=Viggo|year=1923|language=da}}
* {{Cite journal|title=The Gypsy Language of Denmark|journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/593478.pdf|last=Dyneley Prince|first=J.|volume=45|pages=97–105|year=1925|doi=10.2307/593478 |jstor=593478 }}

== External links ==
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517183211/http://www.lor.no/lor/spraak.htm|date=May 17, 2008|title=Tavringens Rakripa: Romanifolkets Ordbok}} {{in lang|no}}
* [https://app.uio.no/hf/nro/ Norwegian Romani Dictionary] {{in lang|nb|en}}
* Examples of Tavringer Romani text from the websites of the [https://www.riksdagen.se/sv-ROM-SR/sprak/other-languages/svensk-romani-romani-chib/ Swedish Parliament] and the [https://www.isof.se/sidor-pa-nationella-minoritetssprak/romani-chib/tavringer Swedish Language Council] {{in lang|sv}}

{{Languages of Norway}}
{{Languages of Sweden}}
{{Languages of Denmark}}
{{Romani languages}}

[[Category:Romani in Norway]]
[[Category:Romani in Sweden]]
[[Category:Romani in Denmark]]
[[Category:Para-Romani]]
[[Category:Languages of Norway]]
[[Category:Languages of Sweden]]
[[Category:Languages of Denmark]]
[[Category:Mixed languages]]