View source for Saulteaux

{{Short description|Westernmost branch of the Anishinaabe people}}
{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = March 2019}}
{{Contains special characters|Canadian}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
| group            = Anishinaabe, Nakawē<br />ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯ, ᓇᐦᑲᐍ
| image            = [[File:Anishinaabe-Anishinini Distribution Map.svg|300px]]
| caption          = Homelands of Anishinaabe and Anishinini, c. 1800
| poptime          = 
| popplace         = [[Canada]] ([[Ontario]], [[Manitoba]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Alberta]], [[British Columbia]])<br>[[United States]] ([[Michigan]])
| rels             = [[Midewiwin]], [[Catholicism]], [[Methodism]], and others
| langs            = [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Western Ojibwa language|Western Ojibwa]]
| related          = [[Odawa people|Odawa]], [[Ojibwe people|Ojibwe]], [[Potawatomi]], [[Oji-Cree]], [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquin]]
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym
|person= [[Saulteaux|Nakawē ᓇᐦᑲᐍ]]<br/>[[Ojibwe|Ojibwe ᐅᒋᐺ]]<br/>{{in5}}[[Anishinaabe|Anihšināpē]]<br/>{{in5}}ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯ
|people= [[Saulteaux|Nakawēk ᓇᐦᑲᐍ]]<br/>[[Ojibwe|Ojibweg ᐅᒋᐺᒃ / ᐅᒋᐺᐠ]]<br/>{{in5}}[[Anishinaabe|Anihšināpēk]]<br/>{{in5}}ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᐠ
|language= [[Western Ojibwa language|Nakawēmowin ᓇᐦᑲᐌᒧᐎᓐ]]<br/>[[Ojibwe language|Ojibwemowin ᐅᒋᐺᒧᐎᓐ]]<br/>{{in5}}[[Anishinaabemowin|Anihšināpēmowin]]<br/>{{in5}}ᐊᓂᐦᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ<br/>[[Plains Indian Sign Language|Hand Talk]]
|country= Nakawēwaki ᓇᐦᑲᐍᐘᑭ<br/>Ojibwewaki<ref name=country>{{cite thesis |last=Jelsing |first=Kaden Mark |date=2023 |title=Sovereign Futures: Indigenous and Settler Prophecies in Two Nineteenth-Century American "Northwests" |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/24/1.0432745/4 |degree=Doctor of Philosophy |chapter= |publisher=[[University of British Columbia]] |docket= |oclc= |access-date= |page=57}}</ref> ᐅᒋᐻᐘᑭ<br>{{in5}}[[List of traditional territories of the Indigenous peoples of North America|Anihšināpēwaki]]<br/>{{in5}}ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᐘᑭ
}}

The '''Saulteaux''' (pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɔː|l|t|oʊ}}, {{Respell|SAWL|toh}} or in imitation of the French pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|oː|t|oʊ}}, {{respell|SOH|toh;}} also written '''Salteaux, Saulteau''' and [[Ojibwa ethnonyms|other variants]]), otherwise known as the '''Plains Ojibwe''', are a [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] [[band government]] in [[Ontario]], [[Manitoba]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Alberta]] and [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]]. They are a branch of the [[Ojibwe]] who pushed west. They formed a mixed culture of [[Woodland Indians|woodlands]] and [[Plains Indian|plains Indigenous]] customs and traditions.

==Ethnic classification==
The Saulteaux are a branch of the [[Ojibwe]] [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Nations within Canada]].  They are sometimes called the '''Anihšināpē''' ([[Anishinaabe]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bishop|first=Charles A.|date=September 26, 2019|title=Ojibwe {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ojibwa|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-30|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref> ''Saulteaux'' is a [[French language|French]] term meaning 'waters ({{Lang|fr|eaux}}) - fall ({{Lang|fr|sault}})', and by extension "People of the rapids/water falls", referring to their former location in the area of [[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario]], on the [[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)]], which connects [[Lake Superior]] with [[Lake Huron]]. They are primarily hunters and fishers, and when still the primary dwellers of their sovereign land, they had extensive trading relations with the French, British and later Americans at that post.

==Location==
The Saulteaux historically were settled around [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Winnipeg]], principally in the areas of present-day Sault Ste. Marie and [[northern Michigan]]. Pressure from European Canadians and Americans gradually pushed the tribe westward to [[Manitoba]], [[Saskatchewan]] and [[Alberta]], with one community in [[British Columbia]]. Today most of the Saulteaux live in the [[Interlake]] District; Swan River, Duck Bay, Camperville, the southern part of Manitoba, and in Saskatchewan (Kamsack and surrounding areas).  Because they were forced to move to land ill-suited for European crops, they were lucky to escape European-Canadian competition for their lands and have kept much of that assigned territory in reserves.  Generally, the Saulteaux have three major divisions.

===Ontario Saulteaux===
The Eastern Saulteaux, better known as the Ontario Saulteaux, are located around [[Rainy Lake]] and [[Lake of the Woods]] in [[Northwestern Ontario]] and southeastern [[Manitoba]].  Many of the Ontario Saulteaux First Nations are signatories to [[Treaty 3]]. Their form of ''Anishinaabemowin'' (Anishinaabe language) is sometimes called [[Northwestern Ojibwa language]] (ISO 639-3: OJB), or simply ''Ojibwemowin'' (Ojibwe).  Today English is the first language of many members.  The Ontario Saulteaux culture is descended from the [[Eastern Woodland]]s culture.

===Manitoba Saulteaux===
The Central Saulteaux, better known as Manitoba Saulteaux, are found primarily in eastern and southern [[Manitoba]], extending west into southern [[Saskatchewan]]. During the late 18th century and early 19th century, as partners with the [[Cree]] in the [[fur trade]], the Saulteaux migrated northwest into the Swan River and Cumberland districts of west-central Manitoba, and into Saskatchewan along the [[Assiniboine River]], as far its confluence with the Souris (Mouse) River. Once established in the area, the Saulteaux adapted some of the cultural traits of their allies, the Plains Cree and [[Assiniboine people|Assiniboine]].

Consequently, together with the Western Saulteaux, the Manitoba Saulteaux are sometimes called '''Plains Ojibwe'''.  Many of the Manitoba Saulteaux First Nations are signatories to [[Treaty 1]] and [[Treaty 2]]. The Manitoba Saulteaux culture is a transitional one from the Eastern Woodlands culture of their Ontario Saulteaux neighbours and Plains culture of the Western Saulteaux neighbours. Often, the term ''[[Bungi people|Bungi]]'' or ''Bungee'' (from ''bangii,'' meaning "a little bit") has been used to refer to either the Manitoba Saulteaux (who resemble the Cree in culture) or their [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] population (who are a little bit Anishinaabe). The language of their Métis population is described as the [[Bungi language]].

===Western Saulteaux===
The Western Saulteaux are found primarily in central [[Saskatchewan]], but extend east into southwestern [[Manitoba]] and west into central [[Alberta]] and eastern [[British Columbia]].  They call themselves {{lang|ojw-Latn|Nakawē}} ({{lang|ojw-Cans|ᓇᐦᑲᐍ}})—an [[Endonym|autonym]] that is a general term for the Saulteaux.  The neighbouring [[Plains Cree language|Plains Cree]] call them the {{lang|cr-Latn|Nahkawiyiniw}} ({{lang|cr-Cans|ᓇᐦᑲᐏᔨᓂᐤ}}), a word of related etymology.  Their form of {{lang|ojw-Latn|Anishinaabemowin}} (Anishinaabe language), known as {{lang|ojw-Latn|Nakawēmowin}} ({{lang|ojw-Cans|ᓇᐦᑲᐍᒧᐏᐣ}}) or [[Western Ojibwa language]] (ISO 639-3: OJW), is also an [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian language]].  Like most First Nations, most members use English as the first language.  Many of the Western Saulteaux First Nations are signatories to [[Treaty 4]] and [[Treaty 6]]; Saulteau First Nations in North Eastern British Columbia are a signatory to [[Treaty 8]].  The Western Saulteaux culture is that of the [[Plains Indians|Plains culture]].

==Communities==
[[File:George Catlin - Sha-có-pay, The Six, Chief of the Plains Ojibwa - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Sha-có-pay]], The Six, Chief of the Plains Ojibwa]]
: Population figures are as of May 2013, unless noted otherwise.
* [[Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation]] (formerly: Grassy Narrows First Nation (Ontario))(population 1,326)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grassy Narrows {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/grassy-narrows|access-date=2021-01-30|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref>
* [[Berens River First Nation]], Berens River, MB (population 1851 on-reserve)
* [[Buffalo Point First Nation]], Buffalo Point, MB (population 110)
* [[Cote First Nation]], Kamsack, SK (population 3,059)
* [[Cowessess First Nation]], Cowessess, SK (population 3,570) (part Cree)
* [[Eagle Lake First Nation]], Migisi Sahgaigan, ON (population 458 in 2006)
* [[Ebb and Flow First Nation]], Ebb and Flow, MB (population 2,467)
* [[Gordon First Nation]], [[Punnichy, Saskatchewan|Punnichy, SK]] (population 3,065)
* [[Iskatewizaagegan 39 Independent First Nation]], Kejick, ON (population 568)
* [[Keeseekoose First Nation]], Kamsack, SK (population 2,145)
* [[The Key First Nation]], Norquay, SK (population 1,114)
* Lac des Bois Band of Saulteaux (Historical)
** [[Big Grassy First Nation]], Morson, ON (population 660)
** [[Anishnaabeg of Naongashiing First Nation]] (Big Island), Morson, ON (population 360)
** [[Northwest Angle 33 First Nation]] (population 454)
** [[Northwest Angle 37 First Nation]] (population 338)
** [[Niisaachewan Anishinaabe Nation]], Kenora, ON
** [[Ojibways of Onigaming First Nation]] (population 706)
** [[Anishinabe of Wauzhushk Onigum First Nation]], Kenora, ON (population 622)
* [[Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation]] (population 522)
* [[Muscowpetung First Nation]], [[Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan|Fort Qu'Appelle SK]] (population 1,183)
* [[Muskowekwan First Nation]] Lestock, SK (population 1,524)
* [[Naotkamegwanning First Nation]] (formerly: Whitefish Bay First Nation), Pawitik, ON (population 1,109)
* [[Obashkaandagaang Bay First Nation]] (population 280)
* [[O-Chi-Chak-Ko-Sipi First Nation]]  (population 600)
* [[O'Chiese First Nation]], Rocky Mountain House, AB (population 963)
* [[Pasqua First Nation]], [[Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan|Fort Qu'Appelle, SK]] (population 1,775) (part Cree)
* [[Pauingassi First Nation]], Pauingass, MB (population 575)
* [[Pinaymootang First Nation]], Fairford, MB (population 2500+)
* [[Pine Creek First Nation]], Pine Creek MB (population 2,730)
* Poorman's Band of Cree (historical)—primarily Cree but historically part Saulteaux
** [[Kawacatoose First Nation]], Raymore, SK (population 2,748)
** [[Muskowekwan First Nation]]
* [[Poplar River First Nation]], Poplar River, MB (population 1,439)
* Portage Band of Saulteaux (Historical)
** [[Long Plain First Nation]], Portage la Prairie, MB (population 3,388 in 2006)
** [[Sandy Bay First Nation]] (formerly: White Mud Band of Saulteaux), Marius, MB (population 5,521)
** [[Swan Lake First Nation]], Swan Lake, MB (population 1,206)
* [[Rainy Lake and River Bands of Saulteaux|Rainy Lake Band of Saulteaux]] (Historical)[[Image:A-na-cam-e-gish-ca.jpg|thumb|right|225px|'''A-na-cam-e-gish-ca''' (''Aanakamigishkaang'' / "[Traces of] Foot Prints [upon the Ground]"), Rainy Lake Ojibwe chief, painted by [[Charles Bird King]] during the 1826 [[Treaty of Fond du Lac]] and published in [[History of the Indian Tribes of North America]]]]
** [[Couchiching First Nation]], [[Fort Frances, Ontario|Fort Frances, ON]] (population 1,989)
** [[Naicatchewenin First Nation]], Devlin, ON (population 370)
** [[Nigigoonsiminikaaning First Nation|Nigigoonsiminikaaning (Nicickousemenecaning) First Nation]], [[Fort Frances, Ontario|Fort Frances, ON]] (population 293)
** [[Stanjikoming First Nation]], Fort Frances, ON (population 142)
* [[Rainy Lake and River Bands of Saulteaux|Rainy River Bands of Saulteaux]] (Historical)
** [[Lac La Croix First Nation]], Fort Frances, ON (population 397)
*** Lac La Croix Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)—on Lac La Croix Indian Reserve 25D (now known as Neguagon Lake Indian Reserve 25D)
*** Sturgeon Lake Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)— as on Sturgeon Lake Indian Reserve 24C until the Reserve was delisted by the [[Ontario Provincial Park Act]] in 1950, took this [[Indian reserve]] and made it part of [[Quetico Provincial Park]].
** [[Rainy River First Nations]], Manitou Rapids, ON (population 767 in 2006)
*** Hungry Hall 1 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)
*** Hungry Hall 2 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)
*** Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux  (Historical)[Canada]— Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)[United States], the southern half of the former, became part of [[Bois Forte Band of Chippewa]].
*** Long Sault 1 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)
*** Long Sault 2 Band of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)
*** Manitou Rapids 1 of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)
*** Manitou Rapids 2 of Rainy River Saulteaux (Historical)
** [[Seine River First Nation]], Mine Centre, ON (population 697)
* [[Sagkeeng First Nation]] (formerly Fort Alexander First Nation), Fort Alexander, MB (population 6,844)
* St. Peter's Band of Cree and Saulteaux (Historical)—primarily Cree but historically part Saulteaux
** [[Muskoday First Nation]] (formerly: John Smith First Nation), Muskoday, SK (population 1,579)
** [[Peguis First Nation]], Peguis, MB (population 8,410)
* [[Saulteau First Nations]], Moberly Lake, BC (population 792 in 2006)
* [[Saulteaux First Nation]], Cochin, SK (population 1,157) 
* [[Shoal Lake 40 First Nation]], Shoal Lake, ON (population 542)
* [[Skownan First Nation]] (formerly: Waterhen River Band of Saulteaux), Skownan, MB (population 1,246)
* [[Tootinaowaziibeeng Treaty Reserve]], Shortdale, Manitoba (population 1,667<ref name=population>{{FNINAC|FNRegPopulation|292|Tootinaowaziibeeng Treaty Reserve|2025-04-01}}</ref>)
* [[Wabaseemoong Independent Nations]] (formerly: Islington Band of Saulteaux), Whitedog, ON (1,716)
** One Man Lake Band of Saulteaux (Historical)
** Swan Lake Band of Saulteaux (Historical)
** Whitedog Band of Saulteaux (Historical)
* [[Wabauskang First Nation]] (population 257)
* [[Wabigoon Lake Ojibway Nation]] (population 541)
* [[White Bear First Nations]], Carlyle, SK—Multitribal band of Plains Cree, Saulteaux, Nakota and Dakota First Nations (population 2805)
* Yellow-quill Band of Saulteaux (Historical)
** [[Fishing Lake First Nation]]
** [[Kinistin Saulteaux Nation]]
** [[Yellow Quill First Nation]] (formerly: Nut Lake Band of Saulteaux)
* [[Zagime Anishinabek]], Grenfell, SK (population 1,404) (formerly Sakimay First Nation, part Cree)

==Notable Saulteaux==
* [[Adam Beach]], actor known for his work in ''[[Flags of Our Fathers (film)|Flags of Our Fathers]]'', ''[[Windtalkers]]'' and ''[[Arctic Air]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adam Beach biography and filmography {{!}} Adam Beach movies|url=https://www.tribute.ca/people/biography/adam-beach/5726/|access-date=2021-01-30|website=Tribute|language=en-US}}</ref>
<!-- NEEDS ARTICLE TO SHOW NOTABILITY * [[Ryan Rajendra Black]], actor and educator -->
* [[Phil Fontaine]], former National Chief, [[Assembly of First Nations]]
* [[Robert Houle]], artist, critic, and curator<ref>{{Cite book|last=Madill|first=Shirley|url=https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/robert-houle|title=Robert Houle : life & work|publisher=Art Canada Institute|year=2018|isbn=978-1-4871-0170-1|location=Toronto|pages=|chapter=Biography}}</ref>
* [[Al Hunter (writer)|Al Hunter]], Anishinaabe writer and poet
* [[Wilma Pelly]], actor<ref>{{Cite news|title=Wilma Pelly, actor most beloved for playing Elsie Tsa Che on North of 60, dies at 83 {{!}} CBC News|language=en-US|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/wilma-pelly-north-of-60-actor-1.5858968|access-date=2021-01-30}}</ref>
* [[Jennifer Podemski]], actor<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schneller|first=Johanna|date=February 22, 2018|title=Jennifer Podemski on the challenges Indigenous actors face in the film industry|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/jennifer-podemski-on-the-challenges-indigenous-actors-face-in-the-industry/article38027843/|access-date=2021-01-30}}</ref>
* [[Tamara Podemski]], actor. Known for playing Bharadwaj in [[Murderbot_(TV_series)]]. Sister of Jennifer Podemski.
* [[Tommy Prince]], one of Canada's most decorated First Nations soldiers<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lackenbauer|first=P. Whitney|date=Spring 2007|title=A Hell of a Warrior": Remembering Sergeant Thomas George Prince|url=https://www.ufv.ca/jhb/Volume_1/Volume_1_Lackenbauer.pdf|journal=Journal of Historical Biography|volume=1|pages=27–78|via=}}</ref>
* [[Henry Boucha]], former NHL player and Olympian
<!-- NEEDS ARTICLE TO SHOW NOTABILITY * [[Darryl Nepinak]], filmmaker -->

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030926103724/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/northamerica/saulteaux.html information, via Minnesota State University]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051230141427/http://www.sicc.sk.ca/heritage/sils/ourlanguages/saulteaux/saulteaux.html Our Languages: Nakawē] (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)

{{Anishinaabe}}
{{Numbertreaty|treaty=4}}
{{First Nations in Alberta}}

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[[Category:Saulteaux| ]]
[[Category:First Nations in Ontario]]
[[Category:First Nations in Manitoba]]
[[Category:First Nations in Saskatchewan]]
[[Category:First Nations in Alberta]]
[[Category:First Nations in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Exonyms]]