View source for Saudade

{{Short description|Emotional state}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}{{Italic title}}
[[File:Almeida Júnior - Saudade (Longing) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Saudade'' (1899), by [[Almeida Júnior]]]]
{{Emotion}}
{{Love sidebar|cultural}}

'''''Saudade'''''{{efn|{{IPA|pt-PT|sɐwˈðaðɨ|lang}}; {{IPA|pt-BR|sawˈdadʒi|lang|Saudade-pronunciation-ptbr.ogg}}; {{IPA|gl|sawˈðaðɪ|lang}}; <small>Northeast Brazil:</small> {{IPA|pt|sawˈdadi|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.priberam.pt/DLPO/default.aspx?pal=saudade|title=Significado / definição de saudade no Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa|author=Priberam Informática, S.A.|access-date=14 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108122851/http://www.priberam.pt/DLPO/default.aspx?pal=saudade|archive-date=8 November 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>}} ({{IPAc-en|lang|s|aʊ|ˈ|d|ɑː|d|ə}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Saudade |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509085758/https://www.lexico.com/definition/saudade |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2020 |title=Saudade |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> plural '''''saudades''''') is a word in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Galician language|Galician]] denoting an emotional state of [[melancholic]] or profoundly [[nostalgic]] longing for a beloved yet absent someone or something. It derives from the [[Latin]] word for solitude.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pap |first=Leo |date=1992-04-01 |title=On the etymology of Portuguese SAUDADE: an instance of multiple causation? |journal=WORD |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=97–102 |doi=10.1080/00437956.1992.12098282 |issn=0043-7956 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It is often associated with a repressed understanding that one might never encounter the object of longing ever again. It is a recollection of feelings, experiences, places, or events, often elusive, that cause a sense of separation from the exciting, pleasant, or joyous sensations they once caused. Duarte Nunes Leão defines ''saudade'' as, "[[Memory]] of something with a [[desire]] for it".<ref>{{cite web |last=<!--Nascimento and Meandro (2005) cite --> |title=MEMORANDUM 08 - NASCIMENTO A.R.A e MENANDRO P.R.M. |url=http://www.fafich.ufmg.br/~memorandum/artigos08/nascimenan01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422075116/http://www.fafich.ufmg.br/~memorandum/artigos08/nascimenan01.htm |archive-date=22 April 2018 |access-date=30 January 2016 |website=www.fafich.ufmg.br}}</ref>
In Brazil, the day of ''saudade'' is officially celebrated on 30 January.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.portoalegre.rs.gov.br/pwdtcomemorativas/default.php?reg=11&p_secao=57|title=Portoweb - Datas Comemorativas|access-date=30 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724225338/http://www2.portoalegre.rs.gov.br/pwdtcomemorativas/default.php?reg=11&p_secao=57|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brasilescola.com/datacomemorativas/dia-da-saudade.htm|title=Dia da Saudade. Origem e curiosidades sobre o Dia da Saudade - Brasil Escola|work=Brasil Escola|access-date=30 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213205126/http://www.brasilescola.com/datacomemorativas/dia-da-saudade.htm|archive-date=13 February 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> It is not a widely acknowledged day in Portugal.

==History==
[[File:The Portuguese Empire.png|alt=|thumb|The distant lands of the [[Portuguese Empire]] made a special longing for the loved ones of explorers and sailors]]
''Saudade'' ultimately derives from the Latin ''solitās, solitātis'', meaning "solitude".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Portuguese Studies Review |title=Saudade: A Quintessential Portuguese Feeling |first=Wilson A. |last=Paiva |year=2022 |number=1 |volume=30 |editor-first=Ivana |editor-last=Elbl |url=https://files.cercomp.ufg.br/weby/up/43/o/ISSN_1057_1515_PSR_30_1_DIGIOFFPRINTS_Paiva.pdf |page=15}}</ref> The word ''saudade'' was used in the [[Cancioneiro da Ajuda]] (13th century), in the [[Cancioneiro da Vaticana]] and by poets of the time of King [[Denis of Portugal]] (reigned 1279–1325).<ref>{{cite book |last=Basto |first= Cláudio |title= Saudade em português e galego |series=Revista Lusitana |volume=XVII |publisher=Livraria Clássica Editora |location= Lisboa |year= 1914}}</ref>{{sfn|Paiva|2022|p=29}}
Some specialists argue that the word may have originated during the [[Portugal in the period of discoveries|Great Portuguese Discoveries]], expressing and giving meaning to the sadness felt about those who departed on journeys to unknown seas and often disappeared in [[shipwreck]]s, died in battle, or simply never returned. Those who stayed behind—mostly women and children—suffered deeply in their absence. However, Portuguese discoveries started in 1415 and the word has been found in earlier texts. The [[Reconquista]] may also offer a plausible genesis.{{cn|date=June 2021}}

The state of mind has subsequently become a "Portuguese way of life": a constant feeling of absence, the sadness of something that's missing, wistful longing for completeness or wholeness and the yearning for the return of what is now gone, a desire for presence as opposed to absence—as it is said in Portuguese, a strong desire to ''matar as saudades'' ({{lit|to kill the saudades}}).

In the latter half of the 20th century, ''saudade'' became associated with the longing for one's homeland, as hundreds of thousands of Portuguese-speaking people left in search of better futures in South America, North America, and Western Europe. Besides the implications derived from a wave of emigration trend from the motherland, historically speaking ''saudade'' is the term associated with the decline of Portugal's role in world politics and trade. During the so-called "Golden Age", synonymous with the era of discovery, Portugal rose to the status of a [[world power]], and its monarchy became the richest in Europe and one of the richest global empires in history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desmarques |first=Dan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aR3kDwAAQBAJ&dq=This+new+strategy+made+Portugal+the+first+and+one+of+the+richest+global+empires+in+history&pg=PT9 |title=The Secret Empire: The Hidden Truth Behind the Power Elite and the Knights of the New World Order |date=2020-05-14 |publisher=22 Lions |language=en}}</ref> But with the competition from other European nations, the country went both colonially and economically into a prolonged period of decay. This period of decline and resignation from the world's cultural coincides with the cultural rising of ''saudade'' in Portuguese society.{{sfn|Paiva|2022|p=24}}

==Definition==
The ''[[Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa]]'' defines ''saudade'' (or ''saudades'') as "A somewhat melancholic feeling of incompleteness. It is related to thinking back on situations of privation due to the absence of someone or something, to move away from a place or thing, or to the absence of a set of particular and desirable experiences and pleasures once lived."<ref>''Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguese'' (Brazilian Portuguese Dictionary).</ref>

The dictionary from the Royal Galician Academy, on the other hand, defines ''saudade'' as an "intimate feeling and mood caused by the longing for something absent that is being missed. This can take different aspects, from concrete realities (a loved one, a friend, the motherland, the homeland...) to the mysterious and transcendent. It is quite prevalent and characteristic of the Galician-Portuguese world, but it can also be found in other cultures."

===Related words===
Saudade is a word in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Galician language|Galician]] that claims [[Untranslatability|no direct translation]] in English. However, a close translation in English would be "desiderium." Desiderium is defined as an ardent desire or longing, especially a feeling of loss or grief for something lost. Desiderium comes from the word desiderare, meaning to long for. Connections between desiderium and nostalgia have also been drawn; the former can be seen as expressing the latter for things that can’t be experienced any more, or things that someone may have never experienced themselves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/heres-that-thing-youre-feeling|title=Desiderium, and More Obscure Feeling Words|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref>

In Portuguese, "''Tenho saudades tuas''" or "''Estou com saudades de ti/você''" translates as "I have (feel) ''saudade'' of you" meaning "I miss you", but carries a much stronger tone. In fact, one can have ''saudade'' of someone whom one is with, but have some feeling of loss towards the past or the future. For example, one can  have "saudade" towards part of the relationship or emotions once experienced for/with someone, though the person in question is still part of one's life, as in "Tenho saudade do que fomos" (I feel "saudade" of the way we were). Another example can illustrate this use of the word saudade: "Que saudade!" indicating a general feeling of longing, whereby the object of longing can be a general and undefined entity/occasion/person/group/period etc. This feeling of longing can be accompanied or better described by an abstract will to be where the object of longing is.

Despite being hard to translate in full, ''saudade'' has equivalent words in other cultures, and is often related to music styles expressing this feeling such as the ''[[blues]]'' for African-Americans, ''[[wikt:añoranza #Spanish|añoranza]]'' in Spain, ''[[Sehnsucht]]'' in German, ''[[wikt:dor#Romanian|dor]]'' in Romania, ''[[Tizita]]'' in Ethiopia, ''[[Hiraeth]]'' in Welsh, or ''Assouf'' for the [[Tuareg people]], appocundria in Neapolitan, or [[mall (Albanian term)|mall]] in Albanian. In Slovak, the word is ''clivota'' or ''cnenie'', and in Czech, the word is ''stesk''. In Turkish, the word ''[[Hasret]]'' meaning longing, yearning or nostalgia has similar connotations, as does the Polish “tęsknota”.

The similar melancholic music style is known in [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]] as ''[[sevdalinka]]'' (from Turkish ''sevda''': infatuation, ultimately from Arabic سَوْدَاء sawdā': 'black [bile]', translation of the Greek μέλαινα χολή, ''mélaina cholē'', from which the term melancholy is derived).

==Elements==
[[File:Bertha Worms - Saudades de Nápoles, 1895.JPG|thumb|''Saudades de Nápoles'' (Missing Naples), 1895 by [[Bertha Worms]].]]

''Saudade'' is similar but not equal to [[nostalgia]], a word that also exists in Portuguese.

In the book ''In Portugal'' of 1912, A. F. G. Bell writes: {{quotation|The famous saudade of the Portuguese is a vague and constant desire for something that does not and probably cannot exist, for something other than the present, a turning towards the past or towards the future; not an active discontent or poignant sadness but an indolent dreaming wistfulness.<ref name="Bell, A.F. 1912 p. 402">Bell, A. F. (1912) ''In Portugal''. London and New York: The Bodley Head. Quoted in [[Shirlee Emmons|Emmons, Shirlee]] and Wilbur Watkins Lewis (2006) ''Researching the Song: A Lexicon.'' Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, p. 402.</ref>}}

A stronger form of ''saudade'' may be felt towards people and things whose whereabouts are unknown, such as old ways and sayings; a lost lover who is sadly missed; a faraway place where one was raised; loved ones who have died; feelings and stimuli one used to have; and the faded, yet golden memories of youth. Although it relates to feelings of melancholy and fond memories of things/people/days gone by, it can be a rush of sadness coupled with a paradoxical joy derived from acceptance of fate and the hope of recovering or substituting what is lost by something that will either fill in the void or provide [[consolation]].

To F. D. Santos, ''Saudade'' as a noun has become a longing for longing itself: {{quotation|There was an evolution from saudades (plural) to Saudade (singular, preferably written with a capital S), which became a philosophical concept. ... Saudade has an object; however, its object has become itself, for it means 'nostalgia for nostalgia', a meta-nostalgia, a longing oriented toward the longing itself. It is no more the Loved One or the 'Return' that is desired, based on a sense of loss and absence. Now, Desire desires Desire itself, as in the poetry of ''love for love's sake'' in Arabic, or as in Lope de Vega's famous epigram about the Portuguese who was crying for his love for Love itself. Or, rather, as poetess Florbela Espanca put it, ''I long for the longings I don't have'' ('Anoitecer', Espanca 1923).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Santos|first1=Filipe D.|title=Education and the Boarding School Novel, The Work of José Régio|date=2017|publisher=Sense Publishers|location=Rotterdam|isbn=978-94-6300-739-9|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqENDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102|access-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904194239/https://books.google.pt/books?id=KqENDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

==In the arts==
===Music===
As with all emotions, ''saudade'' has been an inspiration for many songs and compositions. "[[Sodade]]" (''saudade'' in [[Cape Verdean Creole]]) is the title of the [[Cape Verde]] singer [[Cesária Évora]]'s most famous song. [[Étienne Daho]], a French singer, also produced a song of the same name. ''[[The Good Son (album)|The Good Son]]'', a 1990 album by [[Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds]], was heavily informed by Cave's mental state at the time, which he has described as ''saudade''. He told journalist Chris Bohn: "When I explained to someone that what I wanted to write about was the memory of things that I thought were lost for me, I was told that the Portuguese word for this feeling was ''saudade''. It's not nostalgia but something sadder."

[[File:Cesária Évora 2008.jpg|alt=|thumb|left|upright=.79|Cape Verdean pop singer [[Cesária Évora]] had her biggest hit singing about ''saudade'']]
The usage of ''saudade'' as a theme in Portuguese music goes back to the 16th century, [[Portugal in the period of discoveries|the golden age of Portugal]]. ''Saudade'', as well as love suffering, is a common theme in many [[villancico]]s and [[cantiga]]s composed by Portuguese authors; for example: "Lágrimas de Saudade" (''tears of saudade''), which is an anonymous work from the ''[[Cancioneiro de Paris]]''. [[Fado]] is a Portuguese music style, generally sung by a single person (the ''fadista'') along with a [[Portuguese guitar]]. The most popular themes of fado are ''saudade'', nostalgia, jealousy, and short stories of the typical city quarters. [[Fado]] and ''saudade'' are intertwined key ideas in Portuguese culture. The word fado comes from Latin ''fatum'' meaning "fate" or "[[destiny]]". Fado is a musical cultural expression and recognition of this unassailable determinism which compels the resigned yearning of ''saudade'', a bitter-sweet, [[Existentialism|existential]] yearning and hopefulness towards something over which one has no control.

Spanish singer [[Julio Iglesias]], whose father is a [[Galician people|Galician]], speaks of ''saudade'' in his song "Un Canto a Galicia" (which roughly translates as "a song/chant for Galicia"). In the song, he passionately uses the phrase to describe a deep and sad longing for his motherland, Galicia. He also performs a song called "Morriñas", which describes the Galicians as having a deeply strong ''saudade''.

The Paraguayan guitarist [[Agustin Barrios]] wrote several pieces invoking the feeling of ''saudade'', including ''Choro de Saudade'' and ''Preludio Saudade''. The term is prominent in Brazilian popular music, including the first [[bossa nova]] song, "[[Chega de Saudade]]" ("No more ''saudade''", usually translated as "No More Blues"), written by [[Tom Jobim]].
Jazz pianist [[Bill Evans]] recorded the tune "Saudade de Brasil" numerous times. In 1919, on returning from two years in Brazil, the French composer [[Darius Milhaud]] composed a suite, ''[[Saudades do Brasil]]'', which exemplified the concept of ''saudade''. "Saudade (Part II)" is also the title of a flute solo by the band [[Shpongle]]. The fado singer [[Amália Rodrigues]] typified themes of ''saudade'' in some of her songs. J-Rock band [[Porno Graffitti]] has a song entitled "サウダージ", "Saudaaji" transliterated ("Saudade"). The city pop guitarist [[Masayoshi Takanaka]] has an album titled Saudade. The alternative rock band [[Love and Rockets (band)|Love And Rockets]] has a song named "Saudade" on their album ''[[Seventh Dream of Teenage Heaven]]''. June 2012 brought Bearcat's release of their self-titled indie album that included a song called "Saudade".

The [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[jazz]]/Rock guitarist [[Jan Akkerman]] recorded a composition called "Saudade", the centerpiece of his 1996 album ''Focus in Time''. The Belgian electronic music band [[Arsenal (Belgian band)|Arsenal]] recorded a song called "Saudade" on their album ''Outsides'' (2005). The jazz fusion group [[Trio Beyond]], consisting of [[John Scofield]], [[Jack DeJohnette]], and [[Larry Goldings]] released in 2006 an album dedicated to drummer [[Tony Williams (drummer)|Tony Williams]] (1945–1997), called ''[[Saudades (Trio Beyond album)|Saudades]]''. Dance music artist Peter Corvaia released a progressive house track entitled "Saudade" on HeadRush Music, a sub-label of [[Toes in the Sand Recordings]]. New York City post-rock band [[Mice Parade]] released an album entitled ''[[Obrigado Saudade]]'' in 2004. [[Chris Rea]] also recorded a song entitled "Saudade Part 1 & 2 (Tribute To Ayrton Senna)" as a tribute to [[Ayrton Senna]], the Brazilian three-times Formula One world champion killed on the track in May 1994. There is an ambient/noise/shoegazing band from Portland, Oregon, named Saudade. The rock band [[Extreme (band)|Extreme]] has a Portuguese guitarist [[Nuno Bettencourt]]; the influence of his heritage can be seen in the band's album ''[[Saudades de Rock]]''. During recording, the mission statement was to bring back musicality to the medium. "Nancy Spain", a song by Barney Rush, made famous by an adaptation by [[Christy Moore]], is another example of the use of ''saudade'' in contemporary Irish music, the chorus of which is:
<blockquote>
"No matter where I wander I'm still haunted by your name<br />
The portrait of your beauty stays the same<br />
Standing by the ocean wondering where you've gone<br />
If you'll return again<br />
Where is the ring I gave to Nancy Spain?" 
</blockquote>

American singer/songwriter [[Grayson Hugh]] wrote a song called "Saudade" that he performed with jazz guitarist Norman Johnson on Johnson's 2013 album "Get It While You Can".

The British musician [[Steve Cobby]] released an album called ''Saudade'' in March 2014 on DÉCLASSÉ Recordings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stevecobby.co.uk/album/saudade|title=Saudade, by Steve Cobby|website=Déclassé Recordings|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415201128/http://stevecobby.co.uk/album/saudade|archive-date=15 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 

Washington DC electronica duo [[Thievery Corporation]] released the studio album ''[[Saudade (Thievery Corporation album)|Saudade]]'' in 2014 via their Eighteenth Street Lounge Music label.

Brazilian singer [[Ana Frango Elétrico]] released a song called "Saudade" as the opening track on their 2019 album "Little Electric Chicken Heart". 

Composer Cody Matthew Johnson alongside former [[Sick Puppies]] frontman and singer-songwriter [[Shimon Moore|Shim]] were hired by [[Capcom]] to compose the end credits song "Saudade" for the 2019 video game ''[[Resident Evil 2 (2019 video game)|Resident Evil 2]]''. <ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Cody Matthew Johnson |user=codymatthewj |number=1089944043407036421 |title=Eager to announce I wrote the song "Saudade (feat. Shim)" credits of Resident Evil 2 — exclusively available in game and digitally at a later date.}}</ref>

[[A. R. Rahman]]'s soundtrack for the 2020 Hindi film ''[[Dil Bechara (soundtrack)|Dil Bechara]]'' features an instrumental track called "The Horizon of Saudade".

Icelandic music producer [[Ólafur Arnalds]] released the single "Saudade (When We Are Born)" in 2021.

In 2022, Portuguese singer [[Maro (Portuguese singer)|Maro]] released a song called "[[Saudade, saudade]]" and represented Portugal with it in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2022]] in Turin, Italy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Land |first1=Teddy |title=MARO will represent Portugal at Eurovision 2022 with 'saudade, saudade' |url=https://www.aussievision.net/post/maro-will-represent-portugal-at-eurovision-2022-with-saudade-saudade |website=aussievision.net|date=13 March 2022 }}</ref> The song placed 9th in the grand final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MARO - Portugal - Turin 2022 |url=https://eurovision.tv/participant/maro-22 |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=Eurovision.tv |language=en-gb}}</ref>

===Literature===

The [[Portugal|Portuguese]] author [[Fernando Pessoa]]'s posthumous collection of writings ''[[The Book of Disquiet]]'' is written almost entirely in a tone of saudade, and deals with themes of nostalgia and alienation.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} Australian author [[Suneeta Peres Da Costa]]'s novella ''Saudade'' follows Maria, a young girl from a Goan immigrant family, growing up in a political hierarchy of racism and colonialism.<ref>Saudade, Peres Da Costa, Giramondo Publishing, March 2018 https://giramondopublishing.com/product/saudade/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318183650/https://giramondopublishing.com/product/saudade/ |date=18 March 2018 }}</ref>

===Film and television===
In an episode of the Colombian telenovela ''[[Yo soy Betty, la fea]]'', Brazilian actress [[Taís Araújo]] (guest-starring as herself) discussed the concept of saudade with the heartbroken titular character.

==Variations==
[[File:Localización de Galicia.svg|alt=|thumb|The Spanish region of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] (red) lies north of Portugal and shares a cultural history of ''saudade''.]]
''Saudade'' is also associated with [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], where it is used similarly to the word ''morriña'' (longingness).{{sfn|Paiva|2022|p=16}} Yet, morriña often implies a deeper stage of ''saudade'', a "''saudade'' so strong it can even kill," as the Galician saying goes. Morriña was a term often used by emigrant Galicians when talking about the Galician motherland they left behind. Although ''saudade'' is also a Galician word, the meaning of ''longing for something that might return'' is generally associated with ''morriña''. A literary example showing the understanding of the difference and the use of both words is the song ''Un canto a Galicia'' by [[Julio Iglesias]]. The word used by Galicians speaking Spanish has spread and become common in all Spain and even accepted by the [[Real Academia Española|Royal Spanish Academy]].<ref name="DRAE">''[http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=morri%C3%B1a morriña] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130213054546/http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=morri%C3%B1a |date=13 February 2013 }}'' in the Spanish-language ''[[Diccionario de la Real Academia]]''.</ref>

In Portugal, ''morrinha'' is a word to describe sprinkles, while ''morrinhar'' means "to sprinkle." (The most common Portuguese equivalents are ''chuvisco'' and ''chuviscar'', respectively.) ''Morrinha'' is also used in northern Portugal for referring to sick animals, for example of sheep [[dropsy]],<ref name="DRAE"/> and occasionally to sick or sad people, often with irony. It is also used in some Brazilian regional dialects for the smell of wet or sick animals.

In [[Goa]], [[India]], which was a Portuguese colony until 1961, some Portuguese influences still remain. A suburb of [[Margão]], Goa's largest city, has a street named Rua de Saudades. It was aptly named because that very street has the Christian cemetery, the Hindu ''[[shmashana]]'' (cremation ground) and the Muslim ''qabrastan'' (cemetery). Most people living in the city of Margão who pass by this street would agree that the name of the street could not be any other, as they often think fond memories of a friend, loved one, or relative whose remains went past that road. 

In [[Cape Verdean Creole]] there is the word ''sodadi'' (also spelled ''sodade''), originated in the Portuguese ''saudade'' and with the same meaning.

==See also==
{{Portal|Portugal}}
<!-- New links in alphabetical order please -->
* [[Attachment theory]]
* [[Desiring-production]]
* [[Good old days]]
* [[Grief]]
*[[Han (Korean culture)|Han]]
* [[Hiraeth]]
* [[Mono no aware]]
* [[Nostalgia]]
* [[Sehnsucht]]
* [[Sevdalinka]]


==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Lourcenço, Eduardo (1999). ''Mitologia da saudade (Seguido de Portugal como destino)'' {{in lang|pt}}. [[São Paulo]]: Companhia das Letras. {{ISBN|85-7164-922-7}}.
* Rappa, Antonio L. ''Saudade: The Culture and Security of Eurasians in Southeast Asia''. Ethos Books and [[Singapore Management University]]'s Wee Kim Wee Centre, 2013.
* Ribeiro, Bernardim (Torrao, ~1482 – Lisboa, ~1552). ''Livro das Saudades'' {{in lang|pt}}.

==External links==
* [https://www.academia.edu/45169211/Emotion_as_Collective_Identity_the_case_of_Portuguese_Saudade Emotion as Collective Identity: the case of Portuguese Saudade, Marcia Esteves Agostinho, Academia Letters, February 2021]
* [https://www.proz.com/translation-articles/articles/4300/ Aesthetics of Saudade – Essay comprising the major theories and explaining the doubts surrounding the translation of saudade]
* [http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/bbc/ult272u32676.shtml "BBC Brasil": ''Saudade'' is the 7th most difficult word to translate] (in Portuguese), London: BBC, 23 June 2004.
* [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/saudade saudade, dictionary.com]

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