View source for Satyajit Ray

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker and writer (1921–1992)}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image              = Satyajit Ray in New York (cropped).jpg
| caption            = Ray in New York, 1981
| other_names        = Manik
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|df=yes|1921|5|2}}
| birth_place        = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British&nbsp;India]]
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1992|4|23|1921|5|2}}
| death_place        = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| alma_mater         = {{plainlist |
* [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
* [[Visva-Bharati University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
}}
| occupation         = {{hlist|[[Film director]]|writer|illustrator|[[music composer]]|[[lyricist]]|author|essayist|[[calligrapher]]}}
| years_active       = 1950–1992
| works              = {{hlist|[[Satyajit Ray filmography|Filmography]]|[[Literary works of Satyajit Ray|bibliography]]|[[#Calligraphy and design|calligraphy]]}}
| spouse             = {{marriage|[[Bijoya Ray]]|1949}}
| children           = [[Sandip Ray]]
| father             = [[Sukumar Ray]]
| mother             = 
| relatives          = {{plainlist |
* [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]] (grandfather)
* [[Shukhalata Rao]] (aunt)
}}
| awards             = [[List of awards and nominations received by Satyajit Ray|Full list]]
| honors             = {{plainlist |
* [[Padma Shri]] (1958)
* [[Padma Bhushan]] (1965)
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1976)
* [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (1984)
* [[Academy Honorary Award]] (1992)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/link/064-24/ | title=Academy Awards Acceptance Speeches – Search Results &#124; Margaret Herrick Library &#124; Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/when-satyajit-ray-accepted-his-oscar-award-from-a-hospital-bed-in-kolkata-7832844/ | title=When Satyajit Ray accepted his Oscar award from a hospital bed in Kolkata: 'Best achievement of my moviemaking career' | date=26 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/originals/ar-rahman-satyajit-ray-and-more-indians-who-won-academy-award-591233.html | title=Oscar 2023: From AR Rahman to Satyajit Ray, Here's a List of Indians Who Won the Academy Awards | date=25 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ray-esque-throwback-to-thirty-years-ago-when-satyajit-ray-became-the-first-indian-to-receive-the-oscar-award-10698941.html | title=Ray-esque &#124; Throwback to thirty years ago when Satyajit Ray became the first Indian to receive the Oscar award | date=21 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/satyajit-ray-centenary-legacy-india-pather-panchali-1234964406/ | title=Satyajit Ray: India Marks Centenary of Cinema Giant, but Legacy Has Multiple Interpretations | date=2 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm0006249/awards/?ref_=nm_awd | title=Satyajit Ray | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
* [[Commander of the Legion of Honour]] (1987)
* [[Bharat Ratna]] (1992)
}}
| signature          = Satyajit Ray Signature.svg
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

'''Satyajit Ray''' ({{IPA|bn|ˈʃotːodʒit ˈrae̯|lang|SatyajitRay2.ogg}}; 2 May 1921 – 23 April 1992) was an Indian [[film director]], screenwriter, author, lyricist, [[magazine editor]], [[illustrator]], [[calligraphy|calligrapher]], and composer. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest and most influential film directors in the [[history of cinema]].<ref name="Introduction">{{Cite journal |date=2009 |title=Introduction |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781838710460.0004 |journal=Screen Epiphanies |doi=10.5040/9781838710460.0004|isbn=9781838710460 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Malcolm |first=Derek |date=2 May 2002 |title=The universe in his back yard |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/may/02/artsfeatures1 |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 October 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Bernard Weinraub">{{Cite news | author = Bernard Weinraub |date=3 August 1973 |title=Satyajit Ray Finds A Freedom in Film |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/08/03/archives/satyajit-ray-finds-a-freedom-in-film.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Gargan">{{Cite news |last=Gargan |first=Edward A. |date=16 February 1992 |title=FILM; Satyajit Ray Honored, Without Profit in His Land |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/16/movies/film-satyajit-ray-honored-without-profit-in-his-land.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Critics on Ray, Satyajit Ray Org">{{Cite web |title=Critics on Ray, Satyajit Ray Org |url=https://satyajitray.org/critics-on-ray/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=Satyajit Ray Org |language=en-US}}</ref> He is celebrated for works including ''[[The Apu Trilogy]]'' (1955–1959),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Howe |first=Desson |date=1 September 1995 |title=INDIAN SUMMER: THE FILMS OF SATYAJIT RAY |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1995/09/01/indian-summer-the-films-of-satyajit-ray/92fbd6e4-6fe1-4158-8e44-01654cd7a2be/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> [[Jalsaghar|''The Music Room'']] (1958), [[Mahanagar|''The Big City'']] (1963)'', [[Charulata]]'' (1964), and the ''[[Goopy–Bagha]]'' trilogy (1969–1992).{{Ref|a|[a]}}

Ray was born in [[Calcutta]] to author [[Sukumar Ray]] and Suprabha Ray. Starting his career as a commercial artist, Ray was drawn into [[independent film|independent film-making]] after meeting French filmmaker [[Jean Renoir]] and viewing [[Vittorio De Sica]]'s [[Italian neorealism|Italian neorealist]] film ''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'' (1948) during a visit to London.

Ray directed 36 films, including feature films, documentaries, and [[short subject|shorts]]. Ray's first film, {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Pather Panchali]]}} (1955), won eleven international prizes, including the inaugural Best Human Document award at the [[1956 Cannes Film Festival]]. This film, along with ''[[Aparajito]]'' (1956) and {{Lang|bn-latn|[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]}} (''The World of Apu'') (1959), form ''The Apu Trilogy''. Ray did the [[screenplay|scripting]], [[Casting (performing arts)|casting]], [[Film score|scoring]], and [[editing]] for the movie and designed his own credit titles and publicity material. He also authored several short stories and novels, primarily for young children and teenagers. Popular characters created by Ray include [[Feluda]] the sleuth, [[Professor Shonku]] the scientist, [[Tarini Khuro]] the storyteller, and [[Lalmohan Ganguly]] the novelist.

Ray received [[List of awards and nominations received by Satyajit Ray|many major awards]] in his career, including a record thirty-seven Indian [[National Film Awards]] which includes [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], a [[Golden Lion]], a [[Golden Bear]], two [[Silver Bear for Best Director|Silver Bears]], many additional awards at international film festivals and ceremonies, and an [[Academy Honorary Award]] in 1992. In 1978, he was awarded an honorary degree by [[Oxford University]]. The [[Government of India]] honoured him with the [[Bharat Ratna]], its highest civilian award, in 1992. On the occasion of the birth centenary of Ray, the [[International Film Festival of India]], in recognition of the [[auteur]]'s legacy, rechristened in 2021 its annual Lifetime Achievement Award to the "[[IFFI Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award|Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award]]". In 2024, ''[[Forbes]]'' ranked Ray as the 8th greatest film director of all time in its list of "The 30 Greatest Film Directors of All Time."<ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine |last=Escandon |first=Rosa |date=6 April 2024 |title=The 30 Greatest Film Directors Of All Time |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/entertainment/article/greatest-directors-of-all-time/ |url-status=live |magazine=Forbes |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>

== Background, early life and career ==
=== Lineage ===
Satyajit Ray's ancestry can be traced back to at least ten generations.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Seton |first=Marie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVILvhgqN6QC&pg=PA13 |title=Portrait of a Director: Satyajit Ray |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-302972-4 |pages=13–14 |language=en}}</ref> His family had acquired the name "[[Ray (surname)|Ray]]". Although they were [[Bengali Kayastha]]s, the Rays were "[[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavas]]" (worshippers of [[Vishnu]]),<ref name=":6" /> as opposed to the majority of Bengali Kayasthas, who were "[[Shaktism|Shaktos]]" (worshippers of the [[Shakti]] or [[Shiva]]).<ref name="ames1998">{{cite book|author=Ames, Roger and Kasulis, Thomas|title=Self as Image in Asian Theory and Practice|publisher=State University of New York press|year=1998|page=308|quote=Satyajit Ray was born into a well known family of littérateurs and social reformers in 1921. Since the sixteenth century, the Rays had a connection with eastern [[Bengal]] through their landed estates in [[Kishorganj]], now in Bangladesh. Unlike a majority of Bengali Kayastha who are Shaktos, the Rays were Vaisnvas.}}</ref>

The earliest-recorded ancestor of the Ray family was Ramsunder Deo (Deb), born in the middle of the sixteenth century.<ref name=":6" />{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 | p=13}} He was a native of [[Chakdaha|Chakdah]] village in the [[Nadia district]] of present-day [[West Bengal]], India, and migrated to [[Sherpur district|Sherpur]] in [[East Bengal]]. He became son-in-law of the ruler of Jashodal (in the present day [[Kishoreganj District]] of [[Bangladesh]]) and was granted a ''[[jagir]]'' (a feudal land grant).{{Sfn|Seton|1971|p=38}} His descendants migrated to the village Masua in [[Katiadi Upazila]] of [[Kishoreganj]] in the first half of the eighteenth century.{{Sfn|Seton|1971|p=38}}<ref name = "sukumar1">''Sukumar Samagra Rachanabali'' 1, 1960, Asia Publishing Company, p 1</ref> Satyajit Ray's grandfather [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]] was born in Masua village, Kishorganj, in 1863.{{sfn|Robinson| 2004|p=13}} Upendrakishore's elder brother [[Saradaranjan Ray]] was one of the pioneers of [[Cricket in India|Indian cricket]] and was called the [[W. G. Grace|W.G. Grace]] of India.

Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury was a writer, illustrator, [[Philosophy|philosopher]], publisher, [[amateur astronomer]], and leader of the [[Brahmo Samaj]], a religious and social movement in 19th-century [[Bengal]]. He set up a [[printing press]] named [[U. Ray and Sons]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Barnouw|first=Erik|date=1981|title=Lives of a Bengal Filmmaker: Satyajit Ray of Calcutta|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29781890|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress|volume=38|issue=2|pages=60–77|jstor=29781890|issn=0041-7939}}</ref>

Satyajit's father and Upendrakishore's son, [[Sukumar Ray]], who was also born in [[Kishorganj]], was an illustrator, critic, and a pioneering [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer of [[nonsense verse|nonsense rhyme]] (''[[Abol Tabol]]'') and children's literature.<ref name=":1" /> [[Social work]]er and children's book author [[Shukhalata Rao]] was his aunt.<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrating 100 years of Satyajit Ray: Satyajit Ray's best-kept secret: by Gulzar -Part 3 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/celebrating-100-years-of-satyajit-ray-satyajit-ray-s-best-kept-secret-by-gulzar-part-3/story-reald58fVE8KeOXlGaeLML.html |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

===Early life and education===
[[File:Sukumar Ray and his wife.jpg|thumb|Sukumar Ray and Suprabha Ray, parents of Satyajit Ray (1914)]]
Satyajit Ray was born to [[Sukumar Ray]] and Suprabha Ray ({{Nee|Das Gupta}}) in [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata). Sukumar Ray died when Satyajit was two years old.{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=28}} Ray grew up in the house of his grandfather, [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]], and of his [[printing press]]. He was attracted by the machines and process of printing from an early age and took particular interest in the production process of ''[[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]]'', a children's magazine started by Upendrakishore.{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=29}}

Ray studied at [[Ballygunge Government High School]] in Calcutta, and completed his [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in economics at [[Presidency College, Calcutta]] (then affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]). During his school days, he saw a number of [[Hollywood cinema|Hollywood productions]] in cinema.{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=37}} The works of [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Buster Keaton]], [[Harold Lloyd]], and [[Ernst Lubitsch]] and movies such as ''[[The Thief of Bagdad (1924 film)|The Thief of Baghdad]]'' (1924) and ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin (1927 film)|Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' (1927) made lasting impression on his mind.{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=37}} He developed a keen interest in [[Western classical music]].{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=42}}
[[File:Satyajit-Ray-Young.jpg|thumb|Ray in 1940]]
In 1940, his mother insisted that he study at [[Visva-Bharati University]] in [[Santiniketan]], founded by writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Ray was reluctant to go, due to his fondness for Calcutta and low regard for the intellectual life at Santiniketan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=46}}</ref> His mother's persuasiveness and his respect for Tagore, however, finally convinced him to get admitted there for higher studies in [[Fine art|Fine Art]]. In Santiniketan, Ray came to appreciate [[Oriental art]]. He later admitted that he learned much from the Indian painters [[Nandalal Bose]] and [[Benode Behari Mukherjee]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Seton|1971|p=70}}</ref> He later produced a documentary, ''[[The Inner Eye]]'', about Mukherjee. His visits to the cave temples of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]], and [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta]] stimulated his admiration for [[Indian art]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Seton|1971|pp=71–72}}</ref> Three books that he read at the university influenced him to become a serious student of film-making: [[Paul Rotha]]'s ''The Film Till Now'' and two books on theory by [[Rudolf Arnheim]] and [[Raymond Spottiswoode]].{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=54}} Ray dropped out of the art course in 1942, as he could not feel inspired to become a painter.{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=54}}

===Visual artist===
In 1943, Ray started working at D.J. Keymer, a British advertising agency, as a junior visualiser. Here he was trained in Indian [[commercial art]] under artist [[Annada Munsi|Annada Munshi]], the then-Art Director of D.J. Keymer.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/west-bengal/annada-munshis-character-sparks-debate-in-anik-duttas-aparajito/na20220525090909619619394 | title=Annada Munshi's character sparks debate in Anik Dutta's Aparajito | date=25 May 2022 }}</ref> Although he liked [[visual design]] (graphic design) and he was mostly treated well, there was tension between the British and Indian employees of the firm. The British were better paid, and Ray felt that "the clients were generally stupid".{{Sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=56–58}} In 1943, Ray started a second job for the [[Signet Press]], a new publishing house started by D.K. Gupta.{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=58}} Gupta asked Ray to create book cover designs for the company and gave him complete artistic freedom. Ray established himself as a commercial illustrator, becoming a leading Indian [[Typography|typographer]] and book-jacket designer.{{Sfn|Robinson|2004|pp=57–58}}

Ray designed covers for many books, including [[Jibanananda Das]]'s ''[[Banalata Sen (book)|Banalata Sen]]'' and ''[[Rupasi Bangla]]'', [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]'s ''[[Chander Pahar]]'', [[Jim Corbett]]'s ''[[Man-Eaters of Kumaon|Maneaters of Kumaon]]'', and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s ''[[Discovery of India]]''.{{sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=58}} He worked on a children's version of {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Pather Panchali (novel)|Pather Panchali]]}}, a classic Bengali novel by Bandyopadhyay, renamed ''Aam Antir Bhepu'' (''The Mango-Seed Whistle''). Ray designed the cover and illustrated the book and was deeply influenced by the work. He used it as the subject of [[Pather Panchali|his first film]] and featured his illustrations as shots in it.{{Sfn|Robinson|2005|p=38}}

Ray befriended the American [[G.I. (military)|soldiers]] stationed in Calcutta during World War II, who kept him informed about the latest American films showing in the city. He came to know an [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] employee, Norman Clare, who shared Ray's passion for films, [[chess]], and Western classical music.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2005|pp=40–43}}</ref> Ray was a regular in the ''[[Adda (South Asian)|addas]]'' (freestyle casual conversations) at [[College Street Coffee House|Coffee House]], where several intellectuals frequented. He formed lasting associations with some of his compatriots there, such as [[Bansi Chandragupta]] (celebrated [[art director]]), [[Kamal Kumar Majumdar]] ([[polymath]] and author of stylish prose), [[:bn:রাধাপ্রসাদ গুপ্ত|Radha Prasad Gupta]], and [[Chidananda Das Gupta]] ([[Film criticism|film critic]]).{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=62}} Along with Chidananda Dasgupta and others, Ray founded the [[Calcutta Film Society]] in 1947.{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=63}} They screened many foreign films, many of which Ray watched and seriously studied, including several American and Russian films.{{Sfn|Robinson|2004|pp=63–64}} The use of Indian music and dancing in the 1948 Indian film ''[[Kalpana (1948 film)|Kalpana]]'' ({{translation|''Imagination''}}), directed by the celebrated dancer [[Uday Shankar]], had an impact on Ray.{{Sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=64}} In 1949, Ray married [[Bijoya Ray|Bijoya Das]], his first cousin and long-time sweetheart.<ref>Arup Kr De, "Ties that Bind" by ''The Statesman'', Calcutta, 27 April 2008. Quote: "Satyajit Ray had an unconventional marriage. He married Bijoya (born 1917), the youngest daughter of his eldest maternal uncle, Charuchandra Das, in 1948 in a secret ceremony in Bombay after a long romantic relationship that had begun around the time he left college in 1940. The marriage was reconfirmed in Calcutta the next year at a traditional religious ceremony."</ref> The couple had a son, [[Sandip Ray]], who also became a film director.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 April 1994|title=Filmmaker Satyajit Ray Dies|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1992/04/24/filmmaker-satyajit-ray-dies/42fce72b-05f0-4d91-aead-c0922994e31a/|access-date=9 November 2020|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In the same year, French director [[Jean Renoir]] came to Calcutta to shoot his film ''[[The River (1951 film)|The River]]''. Ray helped him to find locations in the countryside. Ray told Renoir about his idea of filming {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}, which had long been on his mind, and Renoir encouraged him in the project.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2005|pp=42–44}}</ref>

In 1950, D.J. Keymer sent Ray to London to work at their headquarters. During his six months there, Ray watched 99 films, including [[Alexander Dovzhenko]]'s ''[[Earth (1930 film)|Earth]]'' (1930) and Jean Renoir's ''[[The Rules of the Game]]'' (1939).{{Sfn|Robinson| 2004 |pp=71–72}} However, the film that had the most profound effect on him was the [[Italian Neorealism|neorealist]] film ''Ladri di biciclette'' (''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'') (1948) by [[Vittorio De Sica]].{{Sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=72}} Ray later said that he walked out of the theatre determined to become a filmmaker.{{Sfn|Robinson| 2004 |p=72}}

== Film career ==
===The Apu years (1950–1959)===
{{see also|The Apu Trilogy|Satyajit Ray filmography}}
After being "deeply moved" by {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Pather Panchali (novel)|Pather Panchali]]}},<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gupta|first1=Udayan|last2=Ray|first2=Satyajit|date=1982|title=The Politics of Humanism: An interview with Satyajit Ray|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41686766|journal=Cinéaste|volume=12|issue=1|pages=24–29|jstor=41686766|issn=0009-7004}}</ref> the 1928 classic ''[[Bildungsroman]]'' of [[Bengali literature]], Ray decided to adapt it for his first film. {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} is a semi-autobiographical novel describing the maturation of Apu, a small boy in a Bengal village.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jeffries|first=Stuart|date=20 October 2010|title=Pather Panchali: No 12 best arthouse film of all time|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/20/pather-panchali-ray-arthouse|access-date=9 November 2020|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} did not have a script; it was made from Ray's drawings and notes.{{sfn|Ray|2010|p=44}} Before [[principal photography]] began, he created a [[storyboard]] dealing with details and continuity.{{sfn|Ray|2010|pp=45–46}} Years later, he donated those drawings and notes to [[Cinémathèque Française]].{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=76}}
[[File:Satyajit Ray with Ravi Sankar recording for Pather Panchali.jpg|thumb|Ray with [[Ravi Shankar]], recording for ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' (1955)]]
Ray gathered an inexperienced crew, although both his cameraman [[Subrata Mitra]] and art director [[Bansi Chandragupta]] would go on to achieve great acclaim. The cast consisted of mostly amateur actors. After unsuccessful attempts to persuade many producers to finance the project, Ray started shooting in late 1952 with his personal savings and hoped to raise more money once he had some footage shot, but did not succeed on his terms.<ref name=makepanchali>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=74–90}}</ref> As a result, Ray shot {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Pather Panchali]]}} over two and a half years, an unusually long period.<ref name=makepanchali/> He refused funding from sources who wanted to change the script or exercise supervision over production. He also ignored advice from the Indian government to incorporate a happy ending, but he did receive funding that allowed him to complete the film.<ref>{{Harvnb|Seton|1971|p=95}}</ref>

[[Monroe Wheeler]], head of the department of exhibitions and publications at New York's [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DC143DF935A2575BC0A96E948260 |title=Monroe Wheeler, Board Member of Modern Museum, Is Dead at 89 |last=McGill |first=Douglas c. |date=16 August 1988 |access-date=13 June 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208051113/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/16/obituaries/monroe-wheeler-board-member-of-modern-museum-is-dead-at-89.html | archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> heard about the project when he visited Calcutta in 1954. He considered the incomplete footage to be of high quality and encouraged Ray to finish the film so that it could be shown at a MoMA exhibition the following year.{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=83}} Six months later, American director [[John Huston]], on a visit to India for some early [[location scouting]] for ''[[The Man Who Would Be King (film)|The Man Who Would Be King]]'', saw excerpts of the unfinished film and recognised "the work of a great film-maker".{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=87}}

With a loan from the [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government]], Ray finally completed the film; it was released in 1955 to critical acclaim. It earned numerous awards and had long theatrical runs in India and abroad. ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "It is absurd to compare it with any other Indian cinema [...] {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} is pure cinema".<ref name="set1">{{Harvnb|Seton|1971|pp=112–15}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, [[Lindsay Anderson]] wrote a positive review of the film.<ref name="set1" /> However, the film also gained negative reactions; [[François Truffaut]] was reported to have said, "I don't want to see a movie of peasants eating with their hands",<ref name=filmifunda>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050420/asp/calcutta/story_4634530.asp |title=Filmi Funda Pather Panchali (1955) |work=The Telegraph |date=20 April 2005 |access-date=29 April 2006 |location=Calcutta, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012826/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050420/asp/calcutta/story_4634530.asp |archive-date= 3 December 2013 }}</ref> a reaction he later rescinded.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rusell |first=Calum |date=19 September 2023 |title=The shocking reason why François Truffaut walked out of Satyajit Ray film ‘Pather Panchali’ |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-reason-francois-truffaut-walked-out-pather-panchali/ |website=[[Far Out (website)|Far Out]] |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref> [[Bosley Crowther]], then the most influential critic of ''[[The New York Times]]'', criticised the film's loose structure and conceded that it "takes patience to be enjoyed".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Crowther|first=Bosley|date=23 September 1958|title=Screen: Exotic Import; Pather Panchali' From India Opens Here (Published 1958)|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/09/23/archives/screen-exotic-import-pather-panchali-from-india-opens-here.html|access-date=11 November 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Edward Harrison, an American distributor, was worried that Crowther's review would dissuade audiences, but the film enjoyed an eight months theatrical run in the United States.{{Sfn|Robinson|2003|p=105}}

Ray's international career started in earnest after the success of his next film, the second in ''The Apu Trilogy'', ''[[Aparajito]]'' (1956) (''The Unvanquished'').<ref name="robintrilogy" /> This film depicts the eternal struggle between the ambitions of a young man, Apu, and the mother who loves him.<ref name="robintrilogy">{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=91–106}}</ref> Upon release, ''Aparajito'' won the [[Golden Lion]] at the [[Venice Film Festival]], bringing Ray considerable acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014|title=The awards of the Venice Film Festival|url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/history|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016035043/http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/history/awards1.html|archive-date=16 October 2014|access-date=11 November 2020|website=La Biennale di Venezia|language=en}}</ref> In a retrospective review, Edward Guthmann of the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' praised Ray for his ability to capture emotions and blend music with storytelling to create a "flawless" picture.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guthmann|first=Edward|date=18 August 1995|title=Film Review – Apu Moves Toward Manhood / 'Aparajito' explores mother-son bond|url=https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/FILM-REVIEW-Apu-Moves-Toward-Manhood-3026607.php|access-date=11 November 2020|website=San Francisco Chronicle|language=en-US}}</ref> Critics such as [[Mrinal Sen]] and [[Ritwik Ghatak]] rank it higher than Ray's first film.<ref name="robintrilogy" />

Ray directed and released two other films in 1958: the comic ''[[Parash Pathar]]'' (''The Philosopher's Stone''), and ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' (''The Music Room''), a film about the decadence of the [[Zamindar]]s, considered one of his most important works.<ref name="malcolm1">{{cite news|author=Malcolm D |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/jan/14/derekmalcolmscenturyoffilm.derekmalcolm |title=Satyajit Ray: The Music Room |access-date=19 June 2006 |location=London |date=19 March 1999 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235408/http://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/jan/14/derekmalcolmscenturyoffilm.derekmalcolm |archive-date=26 April 2014 }}</ref> ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' magazine gave ''Jalsaghar'' a positive review, describing it as "slow, rapt and hypnotic".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andrew|first=Geoff|date=9 February 2006|title=Jalsaghar|url=https://www.timeout.com/movies/jalsaghar|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Time Out Worldwide|language=en}}</ref>

While making ''Aparajito'', Ray had not planned a trilogy, but after he was asked about the idea in Venice, it appealed to him.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wood|1972|p=61}}</ref> He finished the last of the trilogy, {{Lang|bn-latn|[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]}} (''The World of Apu'') in 1959. Ray introduced two of his favourite actors, [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] and [[Sharmila Tagore]], in this film. It opens with Apu living in a Calcutta house in near-poverty; he becomes involved in an unusual marriage with Aparna. The scenes of their life together form "one of the cinema's classic affirmative depictions of married life".<ref name="harvnb">{{Harvnb|Wood|1972}}</ref> Critics [[Robin Wood (critic)|Robin Wood]] and [[Aparna Sen]] thought it was a major achievement to mark the end of the trilogy.

After {{Lang|bn-latn|Apur Sansar}} was harshly criticised by a Bengali critic, Ray wrote an article defending it. He rarely responded to critics during his filmmaking career, but also later defended his film ''Charulata'', his personal favourite.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ray|1993|p=13}}</ref> American critic [[Roger Ebert]] summarised the trilogy as, "It is about a time, place and culture far removed from our own, and yet it connects directly and deeply with our human feelings. It is like a prayer, affirming that this is what the cinema can be, no matter how far in our cynicism we may stray".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|date=4 March 2001|title=The Apu Trilogy movie review & film summary (1959) {{!}} Roger Ebert|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-apu-trilogy-1959|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Roger Ebert|language=en}}</ref>

Despite Ray's success, it had little influence on his personal life in the years to come. He continued to live with his wife and children in a rented house on Lake Avenue in South Calcutta,<ref>{{cite news |last1=DasguptaD |first1=Priyanka |title=Ray's other home |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/priyanka-dasgupta-blog/rays-other-home/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=2 May 2018}}</ref> with his mother, uncle, and other members of his extended family.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=5}}</ref> The home is currently owned by [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]].

===From ''Devi'' to ''Charulata'' (1959–1964)===
During this period, Ray made films about the [[British Raj]] period, a documentary on [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]], a comic film (''[[Mahapurush]]''), and his first film from an original screenplay (''[[Kanchenjungha (1962 film)|Kanchenjungha]]''). He also made a series of films that, taken together, are considered by critics among the most deeply felt portrayals of Indian women on screen.<ref name="kael1">{{cite web|author=Palopoli S |publisher=metroactive.com |url=http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/10.08.03/apu-0341.html |title=Ghost 'World' |access-date=19 June 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518064750/http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/10.08.03/apu-0341.html |archive-date=18 May 2006 }}</ref>

Ray followed {{Lang|bn-latn|Apur Sansar}} with 1960's ''[[Devi (1960 film)|Devi]]'' (''The Goddess''), a film in which he examined the superstitions in society. Sharmila Tagore starred as Doyamoyee, a young wife who is [[Kali|deified]] by her father-in-law. Ray was worried that the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] might block his film, or at least make him re-cut it, but ''Devi'' was spared. Upon international distribution, the critic from ''[[Chicago Reader]]'' described the film as, "full of sensuality and ironic undertones".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosenbaum|first=Jonathan|date=1 January 2000|title=Devi|url=http://onfilm.chicagoreader.com/movies/capsules/2659_DEVI.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031053329/http://onfilm.chicagoreader.com/movies/capsules/2659_DEVI.html|archive-date=31 October 2007|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Chicago Reader}}</ref>

In 1961, on the insistence of Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], Ray was commissioned to make [[Rabindranath Tagore (film)|''Rabindranath Tagore'']], based on the poet of the [[Rabindranath Tagore|same name]], on the occasion of his birth centennial, a tribute to the person who likely most influenced Ray. Due to limited footage of Tagore, Ray was challenged by the necessity of making the film mainly with static material. He said that it took as much work as three feature films.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=277}}</ref>

In the same year, together with [[Subhas Mukhopadhyay (poet)|Subhas Mukhopadhyay]] and others, Ray was able to revive ''[[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]]'', the children's magazine which his grandfather had founded.<ref name=":1" /> Ray had been saving money for some years to make this possible. A duality in the name (''Sandesh'' means both "news" in Bengali and also a sweet popular dessert) set the tone of the magazine (both educational and entertaining). Ray began to make illustrations for it, as well as to write stories and essays for children, including his detective stories about [[Feluda]] and the humorous poetry collection, ''[[Toray Bandha Ghorar Dim]]''. Writing eventually became a steady source of income.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|date=20 May 2020|title=Satyajit Ray: a moral attitude {{!}} Sight & Sound|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/satyajit-ray-moral-attitude|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905143609/http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/satyajit-ray-moral-attitude|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2013|access-date=9 November 2020|website=British Film Institute|language=en}}</ref>

In 1962, Ray directed ''[[Kanchenjungha]].'' Based on his first original screenplay, it was also his first colour film. It tells the story of an upper-class family spending an afternoon in [[Darjeeling]], a picturesque hill town in [[West Bengal]]. They try to arrange the engagement of their youngest daughter to a highly paid engineer educated in London.

Ray had first conceived shooting the film in a large mansion, but later decided to film it in the town. He used many shades of light and mist to reflect the tension in the drama. Ray noted that while his script allowed shooting to be possible under any lighting conditions, a commercial film crew in Darjeeling failed to shoot a single scene, as they only wanted to do so in sunshine.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=142}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]''' [[Bosley Crowther]] gave the film a mixed review; he praised Ray's "soft and relaxed" filmmaking but thought the characters were clichés.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Crowther|first=Bosley|date=26 July 1966|title=Screen: Satyajit Ray's 'Kanchenjungha':Film Given Premiere at Lincoln Center (Published 1966)|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/26/archives/screen-satyajit-rays-kanchenjunghafilm-given-premiere-at-lincoln.html|access-date=11 November 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
[[File:Poster Mahanagar by Satyajit Ray.jpg|thumb|Poster for ''[[Mahanagar]]'' (1963)]]
In 1964, Ray directed ''[[Charulata]]'' (''The Lonely Wife''). One of Ray's favourite films, it was regarded by many critics as his most accomplished.<ref name="robinson">{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=157}}</ref> Based on Tagore's short story, ''[[Nastanirh]]'' (''Broken Nest''), the film tells of a lonely wife, Charu, in 19th-century Bengal, and her growing feelings for her brother-in-law Amal. In retrospective reviews, ''[[The Guardian]]'' called it "extraordinarily vivid and fresh",<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bradshaw|first=Peter|date=21 August 2014|title=Charulata review – a vitamin boost for the mind and heart|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/aug/21/charulata-review|access-date=11 November 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> while ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' praised [[Madhabi Mukherjee]]'s casting, the film's visual style, and its camera movements.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wilson|first=Jake|date=2 January 2014|title=Satyajit Ray's classic Charulata is a tale of yearning that retains its poignancy|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/satyajit-rays-classic-charulata-is-a-tale-of-yearning-that-retains-its-poignancy-20140102-307nd.html|access-date=11 November 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref> Ray said the film contained the fewest flaws among his work and it was his only work which, given a chance, he would make exactly the same way.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goritsas|first=Helen|date=May 2002|title=Ray, Satyajit – Senses of Cinema|url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2002/great-directors/ray/|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Senses of Cinema|language=en-US}}</ref> At the [[15th Berlin International Film Festival]], ''Charulata'' earned him a [[Silver Bear for Best Director]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prizes and Honours 1965|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1965/03_preistr_ger_1965/03_Preistraeger_1965.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319033406/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1965/03_preistr_ger_1965/03_Preistraeger_1965.html|archive-date=19 March 2015|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin}}</ref> Other films in this period include ''[[Mahanagar]]'' (''The Big City''), ''[[Teen Kanya]]'' (''Three Daughters''), ''[[Abhijan (1962 film)|Abhijan]]'' (''The Expedition''), ''[[Kapurush]]'' (''The Coward'') and ''[[Mahapurush]]'' (''Holy Man''). The first of these, ''Mahanagar'', drew praise from British critics; [[Philip French]] opined that it was one of Ray's best.<ref>{{Cite web|last=French|first=Philip|date=18 August 2013|title=The Big City – review|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/aug/18/satyajit-ray-big-city-review|access-date=11 November 2020|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2013|title=The Big City|url=https://www.timeout.com/movies/the-big-city|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Time Out Worldwide|language=en}}</ref>

Also in the 1960s, Ray visited Japan and took pleasure in meeting filmmaker [[Akira Kurosawa]], whom he highly regarded.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 March 2010|title=When Ray Met Kurosawa|url=https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/when-ray-met-kurosawa/|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Open The Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref>

===New directions (1965–1982)===
In the post-''Charulata'' period, Ray took on various projects, from [[fantasy]], [[science fiction]], and [[Detective fiction|detective stories]] to [[Historical drama film|historical dramas]]. Ray also experimented during this period, exploring contemporary issues of Indian life in response to the perceived lack of these issues in his films.

The first major film in this period is 1966's ''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]'' (''The Hero''), the story of a screen hero travelling in a train and meeting a young, sympathetic female journalist. Starring [[Uttam Kumar]] and [[Sharmila Tagore]], in the twenty-four hours of the journey, the film explores the inner conflict of the apparently highly successful [[matinée idol]]. Although the film received a "Critics Prize" at the [[Berlin International Film Festival]], it had a generally muted reception.<ref name="dasgupta">{{Harvnb|Dasgupta|1996|p=91}}</ref>

In 1967, Ray wrote a script for a film to be called ''[[The Alien (1960s film)|The Alien]]'', based on his short story "Bankubabur Bandhu" ("Banku Babu's Friend"), which he wrote in 1962 for ''Sandesh'' magazine. It was planned to be a U.S. and India co-production with [[Columbia Pictures]], with [[Marlon Brando]] and [[Peter Sellers]] cast in the leading roles. Ray found that his script had been copyrighted and the fee appropriated by Mike Wilson. Wilson had initially approached Ray through their mutual friend, author [[Arthur C. Clarke]], to represent him in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]. Wilson copyrighted the script, credited to ''Mike Wilson & Satyajit Ray'', although he contributed only one word. Ray later said that he never received compensation for the script.<ref name="unmaderay">{{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/raysfilmography/unmaderay.aspx|title=Ordeals of the Alien|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|work=The Unmade Ray|publisher=Satyajit Ray Society|access-date=21 April 2008|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427215538/http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/raysfilmography/unmaderay.aspx|archive-date=27 April 2008}}</ref> After Brando dropped out of the project, the producers tried to replace him with [[James Coburn]], but Ray became disillusioned and returned to Calcutta.<ref name="unmaderay" /> Columbia attempted to revive the project, without success, in the 1970s and 1980s.

In 1969, Ray directed one of his most commercially successful films, a musical fantasy based on a children's story written by his grandfather, ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' (''The Adventures of Goopy and Bagha'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Rabi|date=24 June 2018|title=Reimagining Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne, a Satyajit Ray cult classic|url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2018/06/24/reimagining-goopy-gyne-bagha-byne-satyajit-ray-cult-classic.html|access-date=11 November 2020|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> It is about the journey of Goopy the singer and Bagha the drummer, endowed with three gifts by the King of Ghosts to stop an impending war between two neighbouring kingdoms. One of his most expensive projects, the film was also difficult to finance. Ray abandoned his desire to shoot it in colour, as he turned down an offer that would have forced him to cast a certain [[Hindi film]] actor as the lead.<ref>{{Harvnb|Seton|1971|pp=291–297}}</ref> He also composed the songs and music for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 October 2013|title=The World of Goopi and Bagha: Mumbai Review {{!}} Hollywood Reporter|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/world-goopi-bagha-mumbai-review-649699|access-date=11 November 2020|website=www.hollywoodreporter.com}}</ref>

Next, Ray directed the film adaptation of a novel by the poet and writer, [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]. Featuring a musical motif structure acclaimed as more complex than ''Charulata'',<ref name="Wood 1972 13">{{Harvnb|Wood|1972|p=13}}</ref> ''[[Aranyer Din Ratri]]'' (1970) (''Days and Nights in the Forest'') follows four urban young men going to the forests for a vacation. They try to leave their daily lives behind, but one of them encounters women, and it becomes a deep study of the Indian middle class.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Ray, Satyajit, 1921–1992.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70176953|title=Satyajit Ray : interviews|date=2007|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|others=Cardullo, Bert.|isbn=978-1-57806-936-1|edition=1st|location=Jackson|pages=53, 180|oclc=70176953}}</ref> First shown at the [[New York Film Festival]] in 1970, critic [[Pauline Kael]] wrote, "Satyajit Ray's films can give rise to a more complex feeling of happiness in me than the work of any other director [...] No artist has done more than Ray to make us reevaluate the commonplace".<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Kael|first=Pauline|date=17 March 1973|title=Lost and Found|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1973/03/17/lost-and-found-7|access-date=11 November 2020|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-us}}</ref> Writing for the [[BBC]] in 2002, Jamie Russell complimented the script, pacing, and mixture of emotions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Russell|first=Jamie|date=23 July 2002|title=BBC – Films – review – Days and Nights in the Forest (Aranyer Din Ratri)|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2002/07/23/days_and_nights_in_the_forest_1969_review.shtml|access-date=11 November 2020|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> According to one critic, [[Robin Wood (critic)|Robin Wood]], "a single sequence [of the film] ... would offer material for a short essay".<ref name="Wood 1972 13" />

After ''Aranyer Din Ratri'', Ray addressed contemporary Bengali life. He completed what became known as the ''Calcutta'' trilogy: ''[[Pratidwandi]]'' (1970), ''[[Seemabaddha]]'' (1971), and ''[[Jana Aranya]]'' (1975), three films that were conceived separately but had similar themes.<ref name="caltri">{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=200–220}}</ref> The trilogy focuses on repression, with male protagonists encountering the forbidden.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ganguly|first=Suranjan|date=1 January 2020|title=Encounters with the Forbidden: Satyajit Ray's Pratidwandi and Jana Aranya|journal=Film Criticism|volume=44|issue=1|doi=10.3998/fc.13761232.0044.103|hdl=2027/spo.13761232.0044.103|issn=2471-4364|doi-access=free|hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''Pratidwandi'' (''The Adversary'') is about an idealist young graduate; while disillusioned by the end of film, he is still uncorrupted. ''Seemabaddha'' (''Company Limited'') portrays a successful man giving up his morality for further gains. ''Jana Aranya'' (''The Middleman'') depicts a young man giving in to the culture of corruption to earn a living. In the first film, ''Pratidwandi'', Ray introduces new [[List of narrative techniques|narrative techniques]], such as scenes in negative, [[dream sequence]]s, and abrupt flashbacks.<ref name="caltri" />

Also in the 1970s, Ray adapted two of his popular stories as detective films. Although mainly aimed at children and young adults, both ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (''The Golden Fortress'') and ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]'' (''The Elephant God'') became cult favourites.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rushdie|1992}}</ref> In a 2019 review of ''Sonar Kella'', critic Rouven Linnarz was impressed with its use of Indian classical instruments to generate "mysterious progression".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Linnarz|first=Rouven|date=28 April 2019|title=Film Review: Sonar Kella (The Golden Fortress) (1974) by Satyajit Ray|url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2019/04/film-review-sonar-kella-the-golden-fortress-1974-by-satyajit-ray/|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Asian Movie Pulse|language=en-US}}</ref>

Ray considered making a film on the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] but later abandoned the idea, saying that, as a filmmaker, he was more interested in the travails of the refugees and not the politics.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=206}}</ref> In 1977, Ray completed ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari (film)|Shatranj Ke Khilari]]'' (''The Chess Players''), a [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] film based on a short story by [[Munshi Premchand]]. It was set in [[Lucknow]] in the state of [[Oudh]], a year before the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. A commentary on issues related to the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|colonisation of India by the British]], it was Ray's first feature film in a language other than [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. It starred a high-profile cast including [[Sanjeev Kumar (actor)|Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Saeed Jaffrey]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Victor Bannerjee]], and [[Richard Attenborough]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Antani|first=Jay|date=7 April 2007|title=DVD Review: The Chess Players|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/the-chess-players/|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Slant Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Despite the film's limited budget, a ''[[The Washington Post]]'' critic gave it a positive review, writing, "He [Ray] possesses what many overindulged Hollywood filmmakers often lack: a view of history".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Arnold|first=Gary|date=6 April 1978|title=The Chess Players|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/04/06/the-chess-players/f6cddf62-1567-4a21-8ff0-6ecd9f923aa2/|access-date=11 November 2020|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

In 1980, Ray made a sequel to ''Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne'', a somewhat political ''[[Hirak Rajar Deshe]]'' (''Kingdom of Diamonds''). The kingdom of the evil Diamond King, or ''Hirok Raj'', is an allusion to India during [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=188–189}}</ref> Along with his acclaimed short film ''[[Pikoo (film)|Pikoo]]'' (''Pikoo's Diary'') and the hour-long [[Hindi]] film, ''[[Sadgati]]'', this was the culmination of his work in this period.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Brilliance of Satyajit Ray {{!}} BAMPFA|url=https://bampfa.org/program/brilliance-satyajit-ray|access-date=9 November 2020|website=bampfa.org|date=21 December 2014 }}</ref>

When ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|E.T.]]'' was released in 1982, Clarke and Ray saw similarities in the film to his earlier ''The'' ''Alien'' script; Ray claimed that ''E.T.'' plagiarised his script. Ray said that [[Steven Spielberg]]'s film "would not have been possible without my script of '''The Alien''<nowiki/>' being available throughout America in mimeographed copies". Spielberg denied any plagiarism by saying, "I was a kid in high school when this script was circulating in Hollywood". (Spielberg actually graduated high school in 1965 and released his first film in 1968).<ref>
{{cite news|author=Newman J|date=17 September 2001|title=Satyajit Ray Collection receives Packard grant and lecture endowment|publisher=UC Santa Cruz Currents online|url=http://www.ucsc.edu/currents/01-02/09-17/ray.html|url-status=dead|access-date=29 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104203511/http://www.ucsc.edu/currents/01-02/09-17/ray.html|archive-date=4 November 2005}}</ref> Besides ''The Alien'', two other unrealised projects that Ray had intended to direct were adaptations of the ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epic]], the ''[[Mahābhārata]]'', and [[E. M. Forster]]'s 1924 novel ''[[A Passage to India]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Wallia, C. J.|year=1996|title=Book review: ''Satyajit Ray'' by Surabhi Banerjee|url=http://www.indiastar.com/satyajitray.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514050120/http://www.indiastar.com/satyajitray.html|archive-date=14 May 2008|access-date=31 May 2009|publisher=India Star}}</ref>

===Final years (1983–1992)===
[[File:Satyajit-ray-oscar-180.jpg|thumb|Ray became the first Indian to receive an [[Academy Honorary Award|Honorary Academy Award]] in [[64th Academy Awards|1992]].]]
In 1983, while working on ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]'' (''Home and the World''), Ray suffered a [[heart attack]]; it would severely limit his productivity in the remaining nine years of his life. ''Ghare Baire'', an adaptation of the novel of the [[The Home and the World|same name]], was completed in 1984 with the help of [[Sandip Ray|Ray's son]], who served as a camera operator from then onward. It is about the dangers of fervent [[nationalism]]; he wrote the first draft of a script for it in the 1940s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=66–67}}</ref> Despite rough patches due to Ray's illness, the film did receive some acclaim; critic [[Vincent Canby]] gave the film a maximum rating of five stars and praised the performances of the three lead actors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |date=21 June 1985 |title=Film: By Satyajit Ray |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/21/movies/film-by-satyajit-ray.html |access-date=11 November 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It also featured the first kiss scene portrayed in Ray's films.

In 1987, Ray recovered to an extent to direct the 1990 film ''[[Shakha Proshakha]]'' (''Branches of the Tree'').<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=353}}</ref> It depicts an old man, who has lived a life of honesty, and learns of the corruption of three of his sons. The final scene shows the father finding solace only in the companionship of his fourth son, who is uncorrupted but [[mentally ill]] due to a head injury sustained while he was studying in England.

Ray's last film, ''[[Agantuk]]'' (''The Stranger''), is lighter in mood but not in theme; when a long-lost uncle arrives to visit his niece in Calcutta, he arouses suspicion as to his motive. It provokes far-ranging questions in the film about [[civilisation]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=353–364}}</ref> Critic [[Hal Hinson]] was impressed, and thought ''Agantuk'' shows "all the virtues of a master artist in full maturity".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hinson |first=Hal |date=6 October 1995 |title=The Stranger |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/thestrangernrhinson_c03113.htm |access-date=11 November 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

A heavy smoker but non-drinker, Ray valued work more than anything else. He would work 12 hours a day, and go to bed at two o'clock in the morning. He also enjoyed collecting antiques, manuscripts, rare [[gramophone]] records, paintings, and rare books.<ref>{{Cite web |last=T.S. |first=Satyan |date=8 June 2002 |title=A FILM-MAKER FILMED |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30245124.ece |access-date=10 November 2020 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> He was an [[atheist]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Sumit Mitra |title=In India it is not possible to make a Costa-Gavras type of film: Satyajit Ray |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19830215-in-india-it-is-not-possible-to-make-a-costa-gavras-type-of-film-satyajit-ray-770455-2013-07-26 |website=India Today |access-date=1 April 2023 |date=15 February 1983 |quote=Interviewer: "Do you believe in God?" Ray: "No. I don't believe in religion either. At least not in organised religion. Nor have I felt the necessity for any personal religion."}}</ref>

In 1992, Ray's health deteriorated due to heart complications. He was admitted to a hospital but never recovered. Twenty-four days before his death, Ray was presented with an [[Academy Honorary Award|Honorary Academy Award]] by [[Audrey Hepburn]] via video-link; he was in gravely ill condition, but gave an acceptance speech, calling it the "best achievement of [my] movie-making career".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acceptance Speeches: Satyajit Ray |url=http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/link/064-24/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020193036/http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/link/064-24/ |archive-date=20 October 2014 |access-date=22 April 2013 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref> He died on 23 April 1992, at age 70.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 1992 |title=Satyajit Ray dead |page=1 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920424&printsec=frontpage&hl=en}}</ref>

==Literary works==
{{main|Literary works of Satyajit Ray}}

Ray created two popular fictional characters in Bengali children's literature—Pradosh Chandra Mitter (Mitra), alias [[Feluda]], a sleuth, and [[Professor Shonku]], a scientist. The Feluda stories are narrated by Tapesh Ranjan Mitra, aka Topshe, his teenage cousin, something of a [[Doctor Watson|Watson]] to Feluda's [[Sherlock Holmes|Holmes]]. The [[science fiction]] stories of Shonku are presented as a diary discovered after the scientist mysteriously disappeared.

Ray also wrote a collection of [[nonsense verse]] named ''[[Today Bandha Ghorar Dim]]'', which includes a translation of [[Lewis Carroll]]'s "[[Jabberwocky]]". He wrote a collection of humorous stories of [[Nasreddin|Mullah Nasiruddin]] in [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Unicorn Expedition and Other Fantastic Tales of India by Ray, Satyajit: hardcover (1987) 1st edition. {{!}} zenosbooks|url=https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Unicorn-Expedition-Fantastic-Tales-India-Ray/22630850370/bd|access-date=9 November 2020|website=www.abebooks.com|language=en}}</ref>

His short stories were published as collections of 12 stories, in which the overall title played with the word twelve (for example, ''Aker pitthe dui'', literally "Two on top of one"). Ray's interest in puzzles and puns is reflected in his stories. Ray's short stories give full rein to his interest in the macabre, suspense, and other aspects that he avoided in film, making for an interesting psychological study.<ref name="nandy">{{Harvnb|Nandy|1995}}</ref> Most of his writings have been translated into English. Most of his screenplays have been published in Bengali in the literary journal ''Eksan''. Ray wrote an autobiography about his childhood years, ''[[Jakhan Choto Chilam]]'' (1982), translated to English as ''Childhood Days: A Memoir'' by his wife [[Bijoya Ray]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ray, Satyajit, 1921–1992.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41532327|title=Childhood days : a memoir|date=1998|publisher=Penguin Books|others=Rāẏa, Bijaẏā.|isbn=0-14-025079-4|location=New Delhi|oclc=41532327}}</ref> In 1994, Ray published his memoir, ''[[My Years with Apu]]'', about his experiences of making ''[[The Apu Trilogy]].''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dhillon|first=Amrit|date=30 November 1994|title=Book review: Satyajit Ray's My years with Apu: A memoir|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19941130-book-review-satyajit-rays-my-years-with-apu-a-memoir-810309-1994-11-30|access-date=9 November 2020|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

He also wrote essays on film, published as the collections ''[[Our Films, Their Films]]'' (1976), ''[[Bishoy Chalachchitra]]'' (1976), and ''[[Ekei Bole Shooting]]'' (1979). During the mid-1990s, Ray's film essays and an anthology of short stories were also published in English in the West. ''Our Films, Their Films'' is an anthology of [[film criticism]] by Ray. The book contains articles and personal journal excerpts. The book is presented in two sections, first discussing [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] before turning its attention toward [[Hollywood cinema|Hollywood]], specific filmmakers (e.g., [[Charlie Chaplin]] and [[Akira Kurosawa]]), and movements such as [[Italian neorealism]]. His book ''[[Bishoy Chalachchitra]]'' was published in English translation in 2006 as ''Speaking of Films''. It contains a compact description of his philosophy of different aspects of the cinemas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saran|first=Renu|title=History of Indian Cinema|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books|year=2014|isbn=9789350836514}}</ref>

==Calligraphy and design==
Ray designed four typefaces for [[roman script]] named Ray Roman, Ray Bizarre, Daphnis, and Holiday script, apart from numerous [[Bengali Script|Bengali]] ones for ''[[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]]'' magazine.<ref name=show>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/The-Ray-show-goes-on/263406/ |title=The Ray show goes on |last=Datta |first=Sudipta |date=19 January 2008 |access-date=10 April 2008 |work=The Financial Express |publisher=Indian Express Newspapers (Mumbai) Ltd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121103144/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/The-Ray-show-goes-on/263406/ |archive-date=21 January 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/versatility_typography.php |title=Ray Typography |access-date=24 July 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809064842/http://www.satyajitrayworld.com/versatility_typography.php |archive-date= 9 August 2014 }}</ref> Ray Roman and Ray Bizarre won an international competition in 1971.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=57}}</ref>

In certain circles of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], Ray continued to be known as an eminent [[graphic designer]], well into his film career. Ray illustrated all his books and designed covers for them, as well as creating all publicity material for his films. For example, Ray's artistic experimentation with Bengali [[grapheme]]s is highlighted in his [[Film poster|cine posters]] and cine promo-brochures' covers. He also designed covers of several books by other authors.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=57–59}}</ref> His [[Calligraphy|calligraphic]] technique reflects the deep impact of (a) the artistic pattern of European [[Musical staff|musical staff notation]] in the graphemic [[syntagms]] and (b) [[alpana]], "ritual painting" mainly practised by Bengali women at the time of religious festivals (the term means "to coat with").{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Thus, the verisimilar division between [[High art|classical]] and [[folk art]] is blurred in Ray's representation of Bengali graphemes. The three-tier X-height of Bengali graphemes was presented in a manner of musical map, and the contours, curves in between horizontal and vertical meeting-point, follow the patterns of alpana. Some have noted Ray's metamorphosis of graphemes (possibly a form of "[[Arche-writing|Archewriting]]") as a living object/subject in his positive manipulation of Bengali graphemes.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/411331|title=Chobi Lekhen Sottojit (Satyajit Ray Writes Paintings)|journal=Dhrubapad. Yearbook-Vi. (Pp.392–417). Kolkata|last1=Bandyopadhyay|first1=Debaprasad}}</ref>

As a graphic designer, Ray designed most of his film posters, combining folk art and calligraphy to create themes ranging from mysterious and surreal to comical; an exhibition for his posters was held at the [[British Film Institute]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|author=Stevens, Isabel|date=13 August 2013|title=Satyajit Ray's film posters: in pictures|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/gallery/2013/aug/13/satyajit-ray-film-posters-in-pictures#/?picture=414861262&index=0|url-status=live|access-date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606210407/http://www.theguardian.com/film/gallery/2013/aug/13/satyajit-ray-film-posters-in-pictures|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> He would master every style of visual art, and could mimic any painter, as evidenced in his book and magazine covers, posters, literary illustrations, and advertisement campaigns.<ref name=":0" />

==Filmmaking style and influences==

Ray subconsciously paid tribute throughout his career to French director [[Jean Renoir]], who influenced him greatly. He also acknowledged Italian director [[Vittorio De Sica]] as an important influence, whom he thought represented [[Italian Neorealism]] best, and who taught him how to cram cinematic details into a single shot and how to use amateur actors and actresses.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=Darius|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40948522|title=The cinema of Satyajit Ray : between tradition and modernity|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-62026-0|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=73|oclc=40948522}}</ref> Ray professed to have learned the craft of cinema from [[Classical Hollywood cinema|Old Hollywood]] directors such as [[John Ford]], [[Billy Wilder]], and [[Ernst Lubitsch]]. He had deep respect and admiration for his contemporaries [[Akira Kurosawa]] and [[Ingmar Bergman]], whom he considered giants.<ref name=":4" /> Among others, he learned the use of [[Freeze-frame shot|freeze frame shots]] from [[François Truffaut]], and [[jump cuts]], [[Fade (filmmaking)|fades]], and [[Dissolve (filmmaking)|dissolves]] from [[Jean-Luc Godard]]. Although he admired Godard's "revolutionary" early phase, he thought his later phase was "alien".<ref name=":3" /> Ray adored his peer [[Michelangelo Antonioni]] but hated ''[[Blowup]]'', which he considered as having "very little inner movement". He was also impressed with [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s work.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roisin|first=Fariha|date=18 August 2014|title=Why the Best American Filmmakers Owe a Debt to Satyajit Ray|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2014/08/why-the-best-american-filmmakers-owe-a-debt-to-satyajit-ray-23072/|access-date=9 November 2020|website=IndieWire|language=en}}</ref> Although Ray claimed to have had very little influence from [[Sergei Eisenstein]], films such as {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}, ''Aparajito'', ''Charulata'', and ''Sadgati'' contain scenes which show striking uses of [[montage (filmmaking)|montage]], a technique Eisenstein helped pioneer. Ray also owned sketches of Eisenstein.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/836848820|title=Satyajit Ray on cinema|date=2011|publisher=Columbia University Press|others=Ray, Sandip, 1954–|isbn=978-0-231-53547-2|location=New York|oclc=836848820}}</ref>

Ray considered [[Scriptwriting|script-writing]] to be an integral part of direction. Initially, he refused to make a film in any language other than [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. In his two non-Bengali feature films, he wrote the script in English; translators adapted it into [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] under Ray's supervision.

Ray's eye for detail was matched by that of his [[art director]] [[Bansi Chandragupta]]. His influence on the early films was so important that Ray would always write scripts in English before creating a Bengali version, so that the non-Bengali Chandragupta would be able to read it. [[Subrata Mitra]]'s [[cinematography]] garnered praise in Ray's films, although some critics thought that Mitra's eventual departure from Ray lowered its quality. Mitra stopped working for him after [[Nayak (1966 film)|''Nayak'']] (1966). Mitra developed "[[Reflector (photography)#Bounce lighting|bounce lighting]]", a technique to reflect light from cloth to create a diffused, realistic light, even on a set.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Baxter|first=Brian|date=28 December 2001|title=Obituary: Subrata Mitra|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/dec/28/guardianobituaries.filmnews|access-date=9 November 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Subrata Mitra|url=http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/mitra.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602164022/http://www.cinematographers.nl/GreatDoPh/mitra.htm|archive-date=2 June 2009|access-date=22 May 2009|publisher=Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers}}</ref>

Ray's regular [[film editor]] was [[Dulal Datta]], but the director usually dictated the editing while Datta did the actual work. Due to finances and Ray's meticulous planning, his films (apart from {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}) were mostly cut [[In-camera editing|in-camera]].

At the beginning of his career, Ray worked with [[Indian classical music]]ians, including [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Vilayat Khan]], and [[Ali Akbar Khan]]. He found that their first loyalty was to musical traditions, and not to his film. He obtained a greater understanding of [[Western classical music|Western classical forms]], which he wanted to use for his films set in an urban milieu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=315–318}}</ref> Starting with ''Teen Kanya'', Ray began to compose his own scores.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music of Satyajit Ray|url=https://satyajitray.org/music-of-satyajit-ray/|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Satyajit Ray Org|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] was Ray's favourite composer; Ray also went on to become a distinguished connoisseur of Western classical music in India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=18 June 2019|title=The Great Integrator|url=https://serenademagazine.com/series/music-education/the-great-integrator/|access-date=10 November 2020|website=Serenade|language=en-GB|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110230327/https://serenademagazine.com/series/music-education/the-great-integrator/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[narrative structure]] of Ray's films are represented by [[musical forms]] such as [[sonata]], [[fugue]], and [[rondo]]. ''Kanchenjunga'', ''Nayak'', and ''Aranyer Din Ratri'' are examples of this structure.<ref name=":5" />

Ray cast actors from diverse backgrounds, from well-known stars to people who had never seen a film (as in ''Aparajito'').<ref>{{Harvnb|Ray|1994|p=100}}</ref> Critics such as [[Robin Wood (critic)|Robin Wood]] have lauded him as the best director of children, recalling memorable performances in the roles of Apu and Durga ({{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}), Ratan (''Postmaster''), and Mukul (''Sonar Kella''). Depending on the actor's skill and experience, Ray varied the intensity of his direction, from virtually nothing with actors such as [[Utpal Dutt]], to using the actor as a puppet (e.g., with [[Subir Banerjee]] as young Apu or [[Sharmila Tagore]] as Aparna).<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=78}}</ref>

Actors who worked for Ray trusted him but said that he could also treat incompetence with total contempt.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=307}}</ref> With admiration of his cinematic style and craft, director [[Roger Manvell]] said, "In the restrained style he has adopted, Ray has become a master of technique. He takes his timing from the nature of the people and their environment; his camera is the intent, unobtrusive observer of reactions; his editing the discreet, economical transition from one value to the next".<ref name="m.dailyhunt.in">[https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/yourstory-epaper-yourstory/remembering+the+godfather+of+indian+cinema+how+satyajit+ray+changed+the+course+of+filmmaking-newsid-67145607 Remembering the Godfather of Indian cinema: how Satyajit Ray changed the course of filmmaking – YourStory]. ''DailyHunt'' (2 May 2015). Retrieved on 30 November 2018.</ref> Ray credited life to be the best kind of inspiration for cinema; he said, "For a popular medium, the best kind of inspiration should derive from life and have its roots in it. No amount of technical polish can make up for artificiality of the theme and the dishonesty of treatment".<ref name="m.dailyhunt.in" />

==Critical and popular responses==
Ray's work has been described as full of [[humanism]] and universality, and of a deceptive simplicity with deep underlying complexity.<ref name="malcolm2">{{cite news|author=Malcolm D |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cultures/2002/may/02/artsfeatures1 |title=The universe in his backyard |access-date=15 February 2007 |location=London |date=2 May 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235816/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/may/02/artsfeatures1 |archive-date=26 April 2014 }}</ref><ref name="sragrow">{{cite web|author=[[Michael Sragow|Swagrow M]] |work=The Atlantic Monthly |url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html |title=An Art Wedded to Truth |access-date=15 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412212046/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html |archive-date=12 April 2009 }}</ref> The Japanese director [[Akira Kurosawa]] said, "Not to have seen the cinema of Ray means existing in the world without seeing the sun or the moon".<ref name=Robinson-96>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=96}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 September 2013|title=In praise of … Satyajit Ray {{!}} Editorial|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/11/in-praise-of-satyajit-ray-editorial|access-date=7 January 2022|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> His detractors often find his films glacially slow, moving like a "majestic snail".<ref name="robinson"/> Some critics find his work anti-modern, criticising him for lacking the new modes of expression or experimentation found in works of Ray's contemporaries, such as [[Jean-Luc Godard]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=306–318}}</ref> As [[Stanley Kauffmann]] wrote, some critics believe that Ray assumes that viewers "can be interested in a film that simply dwells in its characters, rather than one that imposes dramatic patterns on their lives".<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=352–353}}</ref> Ray said he could do nothing about the slow pace. Kurosawa defended him by saying that Ray's films were not slow; rather, "His work can be described as flowing composedly, like a big river".<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=314–315}}</ref>

Critics have often compared Ray to [[Anton Chekhov]], [[Jean Renoir]], [[Vittorio De Sica]], [[Howard Hawks]], and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]. The writer [[V. S. Naipaul]] compared a scene in ''[[The Chess Players (film)|Shatranj Ki Khiladi]]'' (''The Chess Players'') to a Shakespearean play, writing, "Only three hundred words are spoken but goodness!&nbsp;– terrific things happen".<ref name="harvnb"/><ref>{{cite news|author=Ebert|first=Roger|title=The Music Room (1958)|work=Chicago Sun-Times|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19990117/REVIEWS08/401010342/1023|url-status=live|access-date=29 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051226145349/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19990117%2FREVIEWS08%2F401010342%2F1023|archive-date=26 December 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=246}}</ref> Even critics who did not like the [[aesthetics]] of Ray's films generally acknowledged his ability to encompass a whole culture with all its nuances. Ray's obituary in ''[[The Independent]]'' included the question, "Who else can compete?"<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2005|pp=13–14}}</ref>

His work was promoted in France by the ''[[Studio des Ursulines|Studio des Ursuline]]'' cinema. French photographer [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]] described Ray as, "undoubtedly a giant in the film world".<ref>{{cite web|title=Why the Best American Film Makers Owe a Dept to Satyajit Ray|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2014/08/why-the-best-american-filmmakers-owe-a-debt-to-satyajit-ray-23072/|website=indiewire|date=18 August 2014}}</ref> With positive admiration for most of Ray's films, American critic [[Roger Ebert]] cited ''The Apu Trilogy'' among the greatest films.<ref>[https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-apu-trilogy-1959 The Apu Trilogy Movie Review & Film Summary (1959)]. Roger Ebert. Retrieved on 30 November 2018.</ref> American critic [[Vincent Canby]] once wrote about Ray's films, "no matter what the particular story, no matter what the social-political circumstances of the characters, the cinema of Satyajit Ray (the ''Apu'' trilogy, ''The Music Room'', ''Distant Thunder'' and ''The Chess Players'', among others) is so exquisitely realized that an entire world is evoked from comparatively limited details".<ref>{{cite web|title=FILM: BY SATYAJIT RAY|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/21/movies/film-by-satyajit-ray.html|website=New York Times|date=21 June 1985}}</ref>

Praising his contribution to the world of cinema, American filmmaker [[Martin Scorsese]] said, "His work is in the company of that of living contemporaries like [[Ingmar Bergman]], Akira Kurosawa and [[Federico Fellini]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Critics on Ray|url=http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/critics_on_ray.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526185124/http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/critics_on_ray.htm|archive-date=26 May 2015|access-date=4 April 2021|website=SatyajitRay.org}}</ref> American filmmaker [[Francis Ford Coppola]] cited Ray as a major influence.<ref name="independent.co.uk">Dulworthy, Jacob. [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/dunkirk-christopher-nolan-pather-panchali-india-best-film-director-satyajit-ray-a8288096.html Dunkirk director Christopher Nolan hails India's Pather Panchali as 'one of the best films ever made']. The Independent (4 April 2018). Retrieved on 30 November 2018.</ref> He praised 1960's ''Devi'', which Coppola considers as Ray's best work and a "cinematic milestone"; Coppola admitted to learning Indian cinema through Ray's works.<ref>Gupta, Ranjan Das (27 November 2010) [http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Back-behind-the-camera/article15718304.ece Back behind the camera]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved on 30 November 2018.</ref> On a trip to India, filmmaker [[Christopher Nolan]] expressed his admiration for Ray's {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}}, saying, "I have had the pleasure of watching {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} recently, which I hadn't seen before. I think it is one of the best films ever made. It is an extraordinary piece of work".<ref name="independent.co.uk"/>

Politics and ego have also influenced debate regarding Ray's work. Certain advocates of [[socialism]] claim that Ray was not "committed" to the cause of the nation's downtrodden classes, while some critics accused him of glorifying poverty in {{Lang|bn-latn|Pather Panchali}} and ''[[Ashani Sanket]]'' (''Distant Thunder'') through lyricism and aesthetics. They claim he provided no solution to conflicts in the stories and was unable to overcome his [[bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] background. During the [[Maoism|Maoist]] [[Naxalite]] movements in the 1970s, agitators once came close to causing physical harm to his son, [[Sandip Ray|Sandip]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=205}}</ref>

In early 1980, Ray was criticised by Indian [[Member of Parliament|M.P.]] and former actress [[Nargis Dutt]], who accused Ray of "exporting poverty". She wanted him to make films that represented "Modern India".<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|pp=327–328}}</ref> In a highly public exchange of letters during the 1960s, Ray harshly criticised the film ''[[Akash Kusum]]'' by colleague [[Mrinal Sen]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=177}}</ref> Ray said that Sen only attacked "easy targets", for example the Bengali middle classes. That ''Akash Kusum'' bore some resemblance to ''[[Parash Pathar]]'', a film Sen had admitted to not liking, may have played a role in fracturing their previously cordial relationship. Ray would continue to make films on this "easy target" demographic, including ''[[Pratidwandi]]'' and ''[[Jana Aranya]]'' (set during the Naxalite movement in Bengal), and the two filmmakers would continue to trade praise and criticism the rest of their careers.

==Legacy==
[[File:Satyajit Ray 1994 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Ray on a 1994 stamp of India]]
[[File:SatyajitRay.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of Satyajit Ray by Rishiraj Sahoo in 1997]]
Ray is considered one of the greatest film directors of all time.<ref name="Introduction"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Malcolm |first=Derek |date=2 May 2002 |title=The universe in his back yard |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/may/02/artsfeatures1 |access-date=28 October 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="Bernard Weinraub"/><ref name="Gargan"/><ref name="Critics on Ray, Satyajit Ray Org"/> He is a cultural icon in India and in [[Bengali diaspora|Bengali communities]] worldwide.<ref name=HinduIcon>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/01/stories/2007120151070200.htm |title=Returning to the classics of Ray |last=Tankha |first=Madhur |date=1 December 2007 |access-date=1 May 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426201006/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/01/stories/2007120151070200.htm |archive-date=26 April 2014 }}</ref> Following his death, the city of Calcutta came to a virtual standstill, as hundreds of thousands of people gathered around his house to pay their last respects.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ghosh, Amitav |publisher=Doom Online |url=http://www.dosco.org/pages/info_features/features_spotlights/spotlights/aghosh/ray.htm |title=Satyajit Ray |access-date=19 June 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030165352/http://www.dosco.org/pages/info_features/features_spotlights/spotlights/aghosh/ray.htm |archive-date=30 October 2007 }}</ref> Ray's influence has been widespread and deep in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]]. Many directors, including [[Aparna Sen]], [[Rituparno Ghosh]], and [[Gautam Ghose]] from Bengali cinema; [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], [[Dibakar Banerjee]], [[Shyam Benegal]], and [[Sujoy Ghosh]] from [[Hindi cinema]]; [[Tareq Masud]] and [[Tanvir Mokammel]] from [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]; and [[Aneel Ahmad]] in England, have been influenced by his craft. Across the spectrum, filmmakers such as [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]], [[Mrinal Sen]], and [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] have acknowledged his seminal contribution to [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Sen, Mrinal |work=Little Magazine |url=http://www.littlemag.com/2000/mrinal.htm |title=Our lives, their lives |access-date=29 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621094424/http://www.littlemag.com/2000/mrinal.htm |archive-date=21 June 2006 }}</ref> Beyond India, filmmakers [[Martin Scorsese]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Ingui, Chris |publisher=Hatchet |url=http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2002/03/04/Arts/Martin.Scorsese.Hits.Dc.Hangs.With.The.Hachet-195598.shtml |title=Martin Scorsese hits DC, hangs with the Hachet |access-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826214118/http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2002/03/04/Arts/Martin.Scorsese.Hits.Dc.Hangs.With.The.Hachet-195598.shtml |archive-date=26 August 2009 }}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Raging Bull Review 1980 |author=Antani, Jay |year=2004 |publisher=contactmusic.com |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/film/review/ragingbull |access-date=4 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208051757/http://www.contactmusic.com/film/review/ragingbull |archive-date= 8 December 2015 }}</ref> [[Francis Ford Coppola]], [[George Lucas]],<ref>Qureshi, Huma (31 August 2013) [https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/art/exhibition-reveals-another-side-to-satyajit-ray-genius-of-indian-cinema-1.299627]. thenational.ae</ref> [[James Ivory (director)|James Ivory]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Hall, Sheldon |publisher=Screen Online |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/532213/index.html |title=Ivory, James (1928–) |access-date=12 February 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230165100/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/532213/index.html |archive-date=30 December 2006 }}
</ref> [[Abbas Kiarostami]], [[Elia Kazan]], [[William Wyler]],<ref>[http://www.indiewire.com/2014/08/why-the-best-american-filmmakers-owe-a-debt-to-satyajit-ray-23072/ Why the Best American Filmmakers Owe a Debt to Satyajit Ray]. IndieWire (18 August 2014). Retrieved on 30 November 2018.</ref> [[François Truffaut]],<ref>{{cite news|title=The 'World' of Satyajit Ray: Legacy of India's Premier Film Maker on Display |author=Kehr, Dave  |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=5 May 1995 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/world-satyajit-ray-legacy-india-premier-film-maker-display-article-1.678937 |access-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221143856/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/world-satyajit-ray-legacy-india-premier-film-maker-display-article-1.678937 |archive-date=21 February 2015 }}</ref> [[John Huston]],<ref name="huston">{{cite web|title=Restored Apu Trilogy Returns Satyajit Ray's Humane Work to Theaters|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/10/movies/restored-apu-trilogy-returns-satyajit-rays-humane-work-to-theaters.html|website=New York Times|date=10 May 2015}}</ref> [[Carlos Saura]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Satyajit Ray is this Spanish director's inspiration |author=Ray, Suchetana |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=11 March 2008 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyajit-ray-is-this-spanish-directors-inspiration/60900-8.html |access-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707181226/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyajit-ray-is-this-spanish-directors-inspiration/60900-8.html |archive-date= 7 July 2014 }}</ref> [[Isao Takahata]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Thomas, Daniel |title=Film Reviews: Grave of the Fireflies (Hotaru no Haka)|date=20 January 2003|url=http://www.danielthomas.org/pop/film_reviews/fireflies.htm|access-date=30 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030085422/http://www.danielthomas.org/pop/film_reviews/fireflies.htm|archive-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> [[Oliver Stone]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Oliver Stone 'loves' Indian cinema|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-11635754|website=bbc|date=27 October 2010}}</ref> [[Quentin Tarantino]], [[Wes Anderson]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://floortwo.wordpress.com/2007/10/28/a-review-of-wes-andersons-the-darjeeling-limited/ |title=A Review of Wes Anderson's ''The Darjeeling Limited'' |work=second floor |date=28 October 2007 |access-date=24 December 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104031616/http://floortwo.wordpress.com/2007/10/28/a-review-of-wes-andersons-the-darjeeling-limited/ |archive-date= 4 January 2008 }}</ref> [[Danny Boyle]],<ref name=Jivani>{{cite web|author=Jivani, Alkarim |title=Mumbai rising |work=[[Sight & Sound]] |date=February 2009 |url=http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/49511 |access-date=1 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221145109/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/49511 |archive-date=21 February 2015 }}</ref> [[Christopher Nolan]],<ref name="independent.co.uk"/> and many others have been influenced by Ray's cinematic style.<ref name=Robinson-96/>

[[Gregory Nava]]'s 1995 film ''[[My Family (1995 film)|My Family]]'' had a final scene that was reminiscent of {{Lang|bn-latn|Apur Sansar}}. [[Ira Sachs]]'s 2005 work ''[[Forty Shades of Blue]]'' was a loose remake of ''Charulata.'' Other references to Ray's films are found, for example, in 2006's ''[[Sacred Evil – A True Story|Sacred Evil]]'',<ref>{{cite news|author=Jha SK |publisher=Telegraph India |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060609/asp/etc/story_6319302.asp |title=Sacred Ray |access-date=29 June 2006 |location=Calcutta, India |date=9 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618042430/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060609/asp/etc/story_6319302.asp |archive-date=18 June 2006 }}</ref> and the ''[[Elements trilogy|Elements]]'' [[Elements trilogy|trilogy]] by [[Deepa Mehta]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Habib, André |work=Senses of Cinema|url=http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/01/16/godard_habib.html|title=Before and After: Origins and Death in the Work of Jean-Luc Godard|access-date=29 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614150838/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/01/16/godard_habib.html|archive-date=14 June 2006}}</ref> According to [[Michael Sragow]] of ''[[The Atlantic|The Atlantic Monthly]]'', the "youthful [[Coming of age|coming-of-age]] [[Drama film|dramas]] that have flooded art houses since the mid-fifties owe a tremendous debt to ''[[The Apu Trilogy]]''".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=An Art Wedded to Truth |first=Michael |last=Sragow |year=1994 |journal=[[The Atlantic|The Atlantic Monthly]] |url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html |access-date=11 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412212046/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html |archive-date=12 April 2009 }}</ref> ''[[Kanchenjungha]]'' introduced a narrative structure that resembles later [[hyperlink cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|title=An Interview with Satyajit Ray |year=1982 |url=http://raylifeandwork.blogspot.com/2009/02/interview-with-satyajit-ray.html |access-date=24 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708061608/http://raylifeandwork.blogspot.com/2009/02/interview-with-satyajit-ray.html |archive-date= 8 July 2011 }}</ref> ''Pratidwandi'' helped pioneer [[Negative (photography)|photo-negative]] [[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]] and X-ray digression techniques.<ref>{{cite web|title=First Light: Satyajit Ray From the Apu Trilogy to the Calcutta Trilogy |author=Pinkerton, Nick |date=14 April 2009 |publisher=[[The Village Voice]] |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-04-15/film/first-light-satyajit-ray-from-the-apu-trilogy-to-the-calcutta-trilogy |access-date=9 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625154630/http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-04-15/film/first-light-satyajit-ray-from-the-apu-trilogy-to-the-calcutta-trilogy |archive-date=25 June 2009 }}</ref> Together with [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], Ray was the first Indian film figure to be featured on a foreign stamp ([[Dominica]]).

Iranian filmmaker [[Majid Majidi]] has expressed deep admiration for Ray. While discussing the inspiration for his first feature film on India, [[Beyond the Clouds (2017 film)|''Beyond the Clouds'']] (2017), Majidi said, "I have learned a lot about India based on the works of remarkable Indian director Satyajit Ray so it was my dream to make a film in his land. His view point is very valuable to me and I love whatever he has done, so one of the main reasons behind making this film is my admiration for Satyajit Ray and his work".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.glamsham.com/en/majid-majidi-satyajit-rays-remarkable-work-inspired-me-to-make-beyond-the-clouds|last=Sharma|first=Puja |title=Majid Majidi: Satyajit Ray's remarkable work inspired me to make BEYOND THE CLOUDS |website=Glamsham|date= 30 January 2018 |access-date=10 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174603/http://in.glamsham.com/en/majid-majidi-satyajit-rays-remarkable-work-inspired-me-to-make-beyond-the-clouds |archive-date=11 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wes Anderson said that his 2007 film, ''[[The Darjeeling Limited]]'', is dedicated to Ray.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Romney|first=Jonathan|date=11 November 2007|title=Wes Anderson: Isn't it time the writer and director showed a little|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/wes-anderson-isnt-it-time-the-writer-and-director-showed-a-little-heart-399522.html|access-date=10 November 2020|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref>

Many literary works include references to Ray or his work, including [[Saul Bellow]]'s ''[[Herzog (novel)|Herzog]]'' and [[J. M. Coetzee]]'s ''[[Youth: Scenes from Provincial Life II|Youth]]''. [[Salman Rushdie]]'s ''[[Haroun and the Sea of Stories]]'' contains fish characters named ''Goopy'' and ''Bagha'', a tribute to [[Goopy–Bagha|Ray's fantasy film]]. In 1993, the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], established the Satyajit Ray Film and Study collection, and in 1995, the [[Government of India]] set up the [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]] for studies related to film. In 2007, the [[BBC]] declared that two [[Feluda]] stories would be made into radio programs.<ref>{{cite web|author=Datta S |work=The Financial Express |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_archive_full_story.php?content_id=152924 |title=Feluda goes global, via radio |access-date=12 February 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026144359/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_archive_full_story.php?content_id=152924 |archive-date=26 October 2007 }}</ref> During the [[London Film Festival]], a regular "Satyajit Ray Award" is given to a first-time feature director whose film best captures "the artistry, compassion and humanity of Ray's vision".

A number of documentary films have been produced about Ray in India. Prominent ones include: ''Creative Artists of India – Satyajit Ray'' (1964) by [[Bhagwan Das Garga]] and ''Satyajit Ray'' (1982) by [[Shyam Benegal]] (both backed by the Government of India's [[Films Division]]), ''The Music of Satyajit Ray'' (1984) by [[Utpalendu Chakrabarty]] with funding from the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]],  and ''Ray: Life and Work of Satyajit Ray'' (1999) by [[Goutam Ghose]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Bidyut Sarkar|title=The World of Satyajit Ray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COAmAQAAIAAJ|year=1993|publisher=UBS Publisher Distributors|isbn=978-81-85944-05-0|page=138}}</ref> In 2016, during the shooting of the film ''[[Double Feluda]]'', Satyajit's son, [[Sandip Ray|Sandip]], filmed his father's library.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asiatimes.com/inside-rays-famous-study/ |title=Inside Satyajit Ray's famous study |last=Mukherjee |first=Amrita |date=22 November 2016 |website=www.atimes.com |access-date=2 December 2016 }}</ref>

On 23 February 2021 on the year of Satyajit Ray's birth centenary, the Union [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Information and Broadcasting Minister]] [[Prakash Javadekar]] announced that the central government would institute an award in the name of Satyajit Ray. The award is to be on par with the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Centre to institute award in the name of Satyajit Ray: Javadekar|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/centre-to-institute-an-award-in-the-name-of-satyajit-ray-javadekar/cid/1807557|access-date=23 February 2021|work=The Telegraph|date=23 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 February 2021|first=Priyanka |last=Dasgupta |title=Satyajit Ray award instituted by Centre |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/satyajit-ray-award-instituted-by-centre/articleshow/81164244.cms|access-date=23 February 2021|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=23 February 2021|title=Centre announces 'Satyajit Ray Award' ahead of West Bengal assembly polls|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/centre-announces-satyajit-ray-award-ahead-of-west-bengal-assembly-polls/article33907936.ece|access-date=23 February 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Preservation===
The [[Academy Film Archive]] has preserved many of Ray's films, including ''[[Abhijan (1962 film)|Abhijan]]'' in 2001, ''[[Aparajito]]'' in 1996, ''[[Apur Sansar]]'' in 1996, ''[[Charulata]]'' in 1996, ''[[Devi (1960 film)|Devi]]'' in 1996, ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' in 2003, ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' in 1996, ''[[Jana Aranya]]'' in 1996, ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]'' in 2007, ''[[Kapurush]]'' in 2005, ''[[Mahanagar]]'' in 1996, ''[[Mahapurush]]'' in 2005, ''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]'' in 2004, ''[[Parash Pathar]]'' in 2007, {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Pather Panchali]]}} in 1996, ''[[Seemabaddha]]'' in 2001, ''[[Shatranj ke Khilari]]'' in 2010, ''[[Sikkim (film)|Sikkim]]'' in 2007, ''[[Teen Kanya]]'' in 1996, and the short film ''[[Two (1964 film)|Two]]'' in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Preserved Projects|url=http://www.oscars.org/academy-film-archive/preserved-projects?title=&filmmaker=Satyajit+Ray&category=All&collection=All|website=Academy Film Archive}}</ref> The Academy Film Archive additionally holds prints of other Ray films as part of its Satyajit Ray Collection.<ref>{{cite web|title=Satyajit Ray Collection|url=https://www.oscars.org/film-archive/collections/satyajit-ray-collection|website=Academy Film Archive|date=5 September 2014}}</ref>

===International Film Festival of India===
;Birth centenary celebrations
In the [[52nd International Film Festival of India]] (IIFI), on the occasion of his birth centenary, the [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] paid tribute to him through a "Special Retrospective". 
; Award in recognition of legacy
In recognition of the [[auteur]]'s legacy, the IIFI Lifetime Achievement Award was renamed the Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/52nd-iffi-to-be-held-from-20th-28th-nov-2021-in-goa-prakash-javadekar-releases-poster-717186|title=52nd IFFI to be held from 20th −28th Nov 2021 in Goa, Prakash Javadekar releases poster|date=6 July 2021|access-date=12 September 2021|website=India TV News}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{main|Satyajit Ray filmography}}

==Awards, honours, and recognition==
{{further|List of awards and nominations received by Satyajit Ray}}

Ray received many awards, including 36 [[National Film Awards]] by the [[Government of India]] and awards at international film festivals. At the [[11th Moscow International Film Festival]] in 1979, he was awarded with the Honorable Prize for contributions to cinema.<ref name="Moscow1979">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1979 |title=11th Moscow International Film Festival (1979) |access-date=20 January 2013 |publisher=Moscow International Film Festival |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403102012/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1979 |archive-date= 3 April 2014 }}</ref> At the [[Berlin International Film Festival]], he was one of only four filmmakers to win the [[Silver Bear for Best Director]] more than once and holds the record for the most [[Golden Bear]] nominations, with seven.<ref>{{cite web|title=Silver Bear winners (directors) |publisher=listal |date=24 November 2008 |url=http://www.listal.com/list/silver-bear-winners |access-date=19 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519152331/http://www.listal.com/list/silver-bear-winners |archive-date=19 May 2009 }}</ref> At the [[Venice Film Festival]], where he had previously won a [[Golden Lion]] for ''[[Aparajito]]'' (1956), he was awarded the [[Golden Lion Honorary Award]] in 1982. That same year, he received an honorary "Hommage à Satyajit Ray" award at the [[1982 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Personal Awards |publisher=Satyajit Ray official site |url=http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/awards_personal.htm |access-date=19 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501145230/http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/awards_personal.htm |archive-date= 1 May 2009 }}</ref> Ray is the second film personality after [[Charlie Chaplin]] to have been awarded an [[honorary doctor]]ate by [[Oxford University]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=1}}</ref>

Ray was awarded the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] in 1985 and the [[Legion of Honor]] by the [[President of France]] in 1987.<ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/awards_personal.htm |title=Personal Awards |work=Awards |publisher=satyajitray.org |access-date=9 April 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404095030/http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/awards_personal.htm |archive-date= 4 April 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=France's highest award: 30 years after Satyajit Ray, French honour for his Apu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/30-years-after-ray-french-honour-for-his-apu/articleshow/59090903.cms |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=11 June 2017 }}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1965 and the highest civilian honour,<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> the [[Bharat Ratna]], shortly before his death.<ref name="awards" /> The [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] awarded Ray an [[Academy Honorary Award|Honorary Award]] in [[64th Academy Awards|1992]] for Lifetime Achievement. In 1992, he was posthumously awarded the ''[[Akira Kurosawa]] Award for Lifetime Achievement in Directing'' at the [[San Francisco International Film Festival]]; it was accepted on his behalf by actress [[Sharmila Tagore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.sffs.org/awards_tributes/search.php?search_by=6&searchfield=Satyajit+Ray|title=Awards and Tributes: Satyajit Ray|work=San Francisco International Film Festival: The First to Fifty|publisher=San Francisco Film Society|access-date=8 April 2008}}</ref>

Participants in a 2004 [[BBC]] poll placed Ray No. 13 on the ''[[Greatest Bengali of all time]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm| title=Listeners name 'greatest Bengali' |publisher=BBC News |date=14 April 2004 |access-date=14 December 2017 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 1992, the ''[[Sight & Sound]]'' Critics' Top Ten Poll ranked Ray at No. 7 in its list of "Top 10 Directors" of all time, making him the highest-ranking [[Asian cinema|Asian filmmaker]] in the poll.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sight and Sound Poll 1992: Critics |publisher=[[California Institute of Technology]] |url=http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/sight/1992_1.html |access-date=29 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618053015/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~ejohnson/sight/1992_1.html |archive-date=18 June 2015 }}</ref> In 2002, the ''Sight & Sound'' critics' and directors' poll ranked Ray at No. 22 in its list of all-time greatest directors,<ref name="Lee" /> making him the fourth highest-ranking Asian filmmaker in the poll.<ref name="Lee">{{cite web|title=A Slanted Canon|author=Lee, Kevin |publisher=Asian American Film Commentary|date=5 September 2002|url=http://www.asianamericanfilm.com/archives/000026.html|access-date=24 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224432/http://www.asianamericanfilm.com/archives/000026.html|archive-date=18 February 2012}}</ref> In 1996, ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' ranked Ray at No. 25 in its "50 Greatest Directors" list.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greatest Film Directors and Their Best Films |publisher=[[Filmsite.org]] |url=http://www.filmsite.org/directors5.html |access-date=19 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419012235/http://www.filmsite.org/directors5.html |archive-date=19 April 2015 }}</ref> In 2007, ''[[Total Film]]'' magazine included Ray in its "100 Greatest Film Directors Ever" list.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Greatest Directors Ever by ''Total Film'' Magazine |publisher=[[Filmsite.org]] |url=http://www.filmsite.org/greatdirectors-totalfilm2.html |access-date=19 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215114/http://www.filmsite.org/greatdirectors-totalfilm2.html |archive-date=26 April 2014 }}</ref> In 2022, the [[Sydney Film Festival]] showcased 10 films by Ray as an homage,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Priyanka |title=Homage To Satyajit Ray With 10 Classics At Sydney Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/homage-to-satyajit-ray-with-10-classics-at-sydney-film-festival/articleshow/92071053.cms |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=8 June 2022}}</ref> and the [[BFI Southbank]] screened a complete retrospective in July.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/news/july-2022-bfi-southbank-satyajit-ray-glenda-jackson-black-fantastic|title=Announcing July 2022 at BFI Southbank: Satyajit Ray, Glenda Jackson, In the Black Fantastic and more|date=18 May 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

In 2024, ''Forbes'' included Ray in its list of ''The 30 Greatest Film Directors Of All Time'', ranking him 8th—placing him ahead of legendary filmmakers such as [[Federico Fellini]] and [[Orson Welles]]. The article praised Ray’s unique cinematic voice and noted his influence on directors including [[Akira Kurosawa]], [[Francis Ford Coppola]], and [[Christopher Nolan]]<ref name=":2" />

==Residence==
He lived his entire life mainly  in between these apartments in Kolkata: 31 Lake Avenue (till 1959); 3 Lake Temple Road (1959-1970); 1/1 Bishop Lefroy Road (1970-1992).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/priyanka-dasgupta-blog/rays-other-home/ | title=Ray's other home | website=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Dasgupta | first1=Priyanka }}</ref>

==Ray family==
{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart | | UPE |y| BID | | | | | | | | UPE=[[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]] |BID=Bidhumukhi Devi }}
{{Tree chart | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart | | |SUK|y|SUP| | |SKH| |SUB| |SBM| |PC| |SH| | | SUK=[[Sukumar Ray]] | SUP=Suprabha Ray | SKH = Sukhalata Ray | SUB=Subinoy Ray | SBM = Subimal Ray | PC = Punyalata Chakrabarti | SH = Shantilata}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | |SAT|y| BIJ| | | | | | |SAT='''Satyajit Ray''' | BIJ=[[Bijoya Ray]] }}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |SAT|y| BIJ| | | | | | |SAT=[[Sandip Ray]] | BIJ=Lalita Ray}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | |SAN| | | | | | | SAN= Souradip Ray}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Bengali-language authors (chronological)]]
* [[Parallel cinema]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[Bengali Science Fiction]]

== Notes ==
{{Note|a|a|Satyajit Ray only directed the first two films of the trilogy (''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'', 1969, and ''[[Hirak Rajar Deshe]]'', 1980), with his son, [[Sandip Ray]], directing the last (''[[Goopy Bagha Phire Elo]]'', 1992).}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
<!-- alphabetical order please -->
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Biswas, M|year=2006|title=Apu and after: Revisiting Ray's cinema|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-1-905422-25-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cherian |first=V. K. |year=2017 |title=India's Film Society Movement: The Journey and Its Impact |location=New Delhi |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=9789385985638 |oclc=959922484}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Cooper|given1=D|year=2000|title=The Cinema of Satyajit Ray: Between Tradition and Modernity|url=https://archive.org/details/cinemaofsatyajit00coop|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-62980-5}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Dasgupta|given1=C|year=1996|title=The cinema of Satyajit Ray|publisher=Penguin India|isbn=978-0-14-024780-0}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Ganguly|given1=S|year=2001|title=Satyajit Ray: In search of the modern|publisher=Indialog|isbn=978-81-87981-04-6}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Y|given1=Ishaghpour|year=2002|title=Satyajit Ray, l'Orient et l'Occident|volume=24 of Les essais|publisher=Différence|isbn=978-2-7291-1401-5}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Mitra|first1=S|year=1983|title=The Genius of Satyajit Ray|journal=India Today}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Nandy|given1=A|year=1995|chapter=Satyajit Ray's Secret Guide to Exquisite Murders|title=The Savage Freud and Other Essays on Possible and Retrievable Selves|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-04410-1|url=https://archive.org/details/savagefreudother00nand}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Nyce|given1=B|year=1988|title=Satyajit Ray: A Study of His Films|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=978-0-275-92666-3}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Ray|given1=S|year=1993|edition=3|title=Our films, their films|publisher=Asia Book Corp of Amer|isbn=978-0-86311-317-8}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Ray|given1=S|year=1994|title=My Years with Apu|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-86215-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|title=Apur Panchali|year=2010|publisher=[[Ananda Publishers]]|isbn=978-81-7215-367-0|language=bn}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Ray|given1=S|year=2005|title=Speaking of films|publisher=Penguin India|isbn=978-0-14-400026-5}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Robinson|given1=A|year=2003|title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye: The Biography of a Master Film-Maker|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-965-3}}
* {{cite book | last=Robinson | first=Andrew | title=Satyajit Ray : The Inner Eye : The Biography of a Master Film-maker | publisher=Oxford University Press | publication-place=New Delhi | date=2004 | isbn=0-19-566812-X | oclc=57075910}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Robinson|year=2005|title=Satyajit Ray: A Vision of Cinema|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-074-1}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Rushdie|given1=S|year=1992|title=Imaginary Homelands|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-014036-1|url=https://archive.org/details/imaginaryhomelan00rush_0}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Santas|given1=Constantin|year=2002|title=Responding to film: A Text Guide for Students of Cinema Art|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8304-1580-9}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Seton|given1=Marie|author-link=Marie Seton|year=1971|title=Satyajit Ray: Portrait of a director|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-16815-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofdirect0000seto}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Wood|given1=R|year=1972|title=The Apu trilogy|publisher=November Books Ltd|isbn=978-0-85631-003-4}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Britannica|492404}} 
* {{Internet Archive author}} 
* [http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/ Satyajit Ray Film and Study Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313215233/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/ |date=13 March 2007 }} – [[University of California Santa Cruz]]
* {{IMDb name|6249|Satyajit Ray}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/india-connecting-august2005-westindia-satyajit-ray.htm |title= Satyajit Ray: A Vision of Cinema |author=[[W. Andrew Robinson]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104143026/http://www.britishcouncil.org/india-connecting-august2005-westindia-satyajit-ray.htm |archive-date=4 January 2006}}

{{Navboxes
|list1 =
{{Satyajit Ray}}
{{Feluda}}
{{Professor Shonku}}
{{Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne}}
{{Ray family}}
{{Dwarkanath Ganguly family}}
{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{Bengal famine of 1943}}
{{Navboxes
| title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Satyajit Ray|Awards for Satyajit Ray]]
| list =
{{Silver Bear for Best Director}}
{{Academy Honorary Award}}
{{British Film Institute Fellowship}}
{{Bharat Ratna}}
{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement}}
{{National Film Award for Best Direction}}
{{National Film Award for Best Screenplay}}
{{National Film Award Best Music Direction}}
{{National Film Award Special Jury Award Feature Film}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Director}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 1960–1969}}
{{RMA winners of India}}
{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
}}
{{West Bengal}}
}}
{{Subject bar|auto=1|d=y|India|Film|Bollywood|Biography|Children's literature|Filmmaking|Literature|Music|Art|Society}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Satyajit}}
[[Category:Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Academy Honorary Award recipients]]
[[Category:Akira Kurosawa Award winners]]
[[Category:Bengali detective fiction writers]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Bengali-language science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Best Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Music Direction National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:Indian Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian mystery writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's book illustrators]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian experimental filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian illustrators]]
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Silver Bear for Best Director recipients]]
[[Category:Directors of Golden Bear winners]]
[[Category:Directors of Golden Lion winners]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Visva-Bharati University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian humorous poets]]
[[Category:Writers who illustrated their own writing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Children's Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement recipients]]