View source for Satsuma ware

{{Short description|Type of Japanese pottery}}
[[File:Tea Storage Jar with Paulownia and Thunder Pattern LACMA M.2007.130a-b.jpg|thumb|Satsuma earthenware tea storage jar (''chatsubo'') with paulownia and thunder pattern, late Edo period, circa 1800–1850]]
{{nihongo|'''Satsuma ware'''|薩摩焼|Satsuma-yaki}} is a type of [[Japanese pottery]] originally from [[Satsuma Province]], southern [[Kyūshū]]. Today, it can be divided into two distinct categories: the original plain dark clay {{nihongo|early Satsuma|古薩摩|Ko-Satsuma}} made in Satsuma from around 1600, and the elaborately decorated {{nihongo|export Satsuma|京薩摩|Kyō-Satsuma}} ivory-bodied pieces which began to be produced in the nineteenth century in various Japanese cities. By adapting their gilded polychromatic [[vitreous enamel|enamel]] [[overglaze]] designs to appeal to the tastes of western consumers, manufacturers of the latter made Satsuma ware one of the most recognized and [[Japanese export porcelain|profitable export products]] of Japan for centuries, and even became one of the key sources of funding for the [[Meiji period]] reforms.

==Early history==
Most scholars date satsuma ware's appearance to the late sixteenth<ref>Pollard 2006, 138</ref> or early seventeenth century.<ref>Jahn 2004, 107</ref> In 1597–1598, at the conclusion of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]'s [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)|incursions into Korea]], Korean potters, which at the time were highly regarded for their contributions to ceramics and the [[Korean pottery and porcelain|Korean ceramics]] industry, were captured and forcefully brought to Japan to kick-start Kyūshū's non-existent ceramic industry.<ref>Lazar & Syec 2013</ref> [[Hagi ware]] and [[Arita ware]] ([[Yi Sam-pyeong]]) share similar peninsular origins. 

The Satsuma region happened to be a great spot for the development of [[kiln]]s due to its access to local [[clay]] and proximity to the [[Korean peninsula]].<ref>Jahn 2004, 86</ref> These potters eventually mainly settled in Naeshirogawa and Tateno, which were to become the hub of the local pottery industry.<ref>Lazar & Syec 2013</ref> Of the Korean potters settled in Japan which revolutionized Japanese pottery, members of the well known [[Shim (surname)|Shim]] (심 沈) clan, who is now headed by the 15th generation Shim Su-gwan (Chin Jukan, 심수관, 沈壽官), have continued to make the Chin Jukan-brand pottery to this day, making sales offline and online, while keeping his ancestral identity by holding Korean ceremonies in traditional Joseon attire, and have attempted to improve [[History of Japan–Korea relations|Korean-Japanese relations]] by speaking in public and holding exhibits.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-11 |title=Descendant of Korean potters in Japan bridges cultures |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2023/02/262_332482.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=koreatimes |language=en}}</ref>
==Early Satsuma ware==
Satsuma ware dating up to the first years of the [[Genroku era]] (1688–1704) is often referred to as Early Satsuma or ''ko-satsuma''.<ref>Sanseido</ref> The oldest remaining examples of Satsuma are stoneware made from iron-rich dark clay covered in dark [[Ceramic glaze|glaze]].<ref>Bonhams</ref> Prior to 1790, pieces were not ornately decorated, but rather humble articles of folk-ware intended for practical everyday use in largely rustic environments or the [[Japanese tea ceremony|tea ceremony]]. Given that they were "largely destined for use in gloomy farmhouse kitchens", potters often relied on tactile techniques such as raised relief, stamp impressions and clay carving to give pieces interest.<ref>Dunn 2006, 612</ref>

The intense popularity of Satsuma ware outside Japan in the late nineteenth century resulted in an increase in production coupled with a decrease in quality. Collectors sought older, more refined pieces of what they erroneously referred to as early Satsuma. These were in fact simply better-quality pre-Meiji nineteenth-century pieces, works from other potteries such as Kyoto's {{nihongo|[[Awata ware]]|粟田焼|Awata-yaki}},<ref>Pollard 2006, 139</ref> or counterfeits.<ref>Jahn 2004, 107</ref>

==1800–1867==
From around 1800, {{nihongo|[[brocade]]|錦手|nishikide}} painted decoration began to flourish, including a palette of "delicate iron-red, a glossy blue, a bluish green, a soft purple black, and a yellow very sparingly used".<ref>Gorhan 1971, 81</ref> A slightly later innovation added {{nihongo|painted [[gilding]] to the brocade|金錦手|kin nishikide}}.<ref>Jahn 2004, 107</ref> The multi-coloured [[enamel paint|enamel]] [[overglaze]] and gold were painted on delicate, ivory-bodied pieces with a finely crackled transparent glaze.<ref>Jahn 2004, 133</ref> The designs—often light, simple floral patterns—were highly influenced by both Kyoto pottery and the [[Kanō school]] of painting, resulting in an emphasis on [[negative space]].<ref>Jahn 2004, 133</ref> Many believe this came from Satsuma potters visiting Kyoto in the late seventeenth century to learn overglaze painting techniques.<ref>Pollard 2006, 138</ref>

==1867–1885==
[[File:Bowl detail, c. 1870, Satsuma porcelain - George Walter Vincent Smith Art Museum - DSC03804.JPG|thumb|Satsuma bowl detail {{Circa|1870}}]]
The first major presentation of Japanese arts and culture to the West was at Paris' [[Exposition Universelle (1867)|Exposition Universelle]] in 1867, and Satsuma ware figured prominently among the items displayed.<ref>Munsterberg 1983, 38</ref> The region's governor, the ''[[daimyō]]'', understood early the economic, prestige and political advantages of a trade relationship with the West.<ref>Jahn 2004, 46</ref> In order to maintain its connection with Satsuma, for example, Britain offered support to the Daimyō in the [[Boshin War|1868 rebellion against the shogunate]].<ref>Jahn 2004, 48</ref> The Paris Exposition showcased Satsuma's ceramics, [[lacquerware]], wood, tea ceremony implements, bamboo [[wicker]] and textiles under Satsuma's regional banner—rather than Japan's—as a sign of the Daimyō's antipathy to the national [[Tokugawa shogunate|shogunate]].<ref>Jahn 2004, 48</ref>

Following the popularity of Satsuma ware at the 1867 exhibition<ref>A London newspaper review of the exhibition praises a Satsuma piece for its "soft ivory glaze, with minute waving lines and admirably realistic flowers." (Pollard 2006, 139)</ref> and its mention in [[George Ashdown Audsley|Audsley]] and [[James Lord Bowes|Bowes]]' ''Keramic Art of Japan'' in 1875, the two major workshops producing these pieces, those headed by Boku Seikan and Chin Jukan, were joined by a number of others across Japan.<ref>Jahn 2004, 107</ref> "Satsuma" ceased to be a geographical marker and began to convey an aesthetic.<ref>Jahn 2004, 134</ref> By 1873, {{nihongo||絵付け|etsuke}} workshops specializing in painting blank-glazed stoneware items from Satsuma had sprung up in [[Kobe]] and [[Yokohama]].<ref>Pollard 2006, 139</ref> In places such as Kutani, [[Kyoto]] and [[Tokyo]], workshops made their own blanks, eliminating any actual connection with Satsuma.<ref>Jahn 2004, 134</ref> From the early 1890s through the early 1920s there were more than twenty ''etsuke'' factories producing Satsuma ware, as well as a number of small, independent studios producing high-quality pieces.<ref>Nilsson</ref>

Eager to tap into the burgeoning foreign market, producers adapted the ''nishikide'' Satsuma model. The resulting export style demonstrated an aesthetic thought to reflect foreign tastes. Items were covered with the [[millefleur]]-like {{nihongo|'flower-packed'|花詰|hanazume}} pattern or {{nihongo|'filled-in painting'|塗りつぶし|nuritsubushi}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Nagatake|first=Takeshi|title=Classic Japanese Porcelain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeFpj-5Szm4C&pg=PA71|year=2003|publisher=Kodansha International|isbn=978-4-7700-2952-2|page=71|quote=in styles such as ''hana-zume'' ("packed flowers") or ''nuri-tsubushi'' ("all-over painting"), which almost conceal the white porcelain}}</ref> 
to the point of ''[[Horror vacui (art)|horror vacui]]''. 
They were typically decorated with "'quaint'&nbsp;... symbols such as [[pagoda]]s, [[folding fan]]s, or [[kimono]]-clad [females]".<ref>Wilson 2005, 173</ref> Pieces continued to feature [[floral and bird designs]], but religious, mythological, landscape and [[genre scene]]s also increased. There was new interest in producing decorative pieces (''[[okimono]]''), such as figurines of beautiful women (''[[bijin]]''), animals, children and religious subjects.<ref>Jahn 2004, 143</ref> The palette darkened, and there was generous application of {{nihongo||盛り上げ|moriage}} raised gold.<ref>Jahn 2004, 134</ref>

==1885–1930s==
The mid-1880s saw the beginning of an export slump for many Japanese goods, including Satsuma ware, linked in part to a depreciation of quality and novelty through mass production. By the 1890s, contemporary Satsuma ware had become generally denigrated by critics and collectors. It was negatively received at Chicago's [[Columbian Exposition]] of 1893, but remained a popular export commodity into the twentieth century, becoming "virtually synonymous with Japanese ceramics" throughout the Meiji period.<ref>Jahn 2004, 132</ref> Satsuma ware continued to be mass-produced through the modern period, though quality declined to the point where it eventually lost interest for consumers.

[[File:Yabu Meizan - Bowl with a Multitude of Women - Walters 492280 - Profile.jpg|thumb|Bowl with a multitude of women, Meiji era, c. 1904, Kinkōzan workshop, by [[Yabu Meizan]]]]

==Criticism==
The response of critics and collectors to mass-produced Satsuma ware was and is overwhelmingly negative. According to art historian Gisela Jahn, "in no other style of ceramics did the Japanese go to such extremes in attempting to appeal to Western tastes, and nowhere else were the detrimental effects of mass production more clearly evident".<ref>Jahn 2004, 144</ref> In an effort to produce inexpensive, popular items, Satsuma ware designs became "over-crowded", "garish", and "glitzy".<ref>Miller 2008</ref> There was never a domestic demand for these pieces, which were generally viewed as the "betrayal of Japanese tradition".<ref>Jahn 2004, 145</ref> Serious foreign collectors also turned their backs on export works as "crude, chalky pâte, covered with coarsely fissured glaze, in which more often than otherwise an excess of [[feldspar]] has produced discoloured deposits that suggest the reverse of technical skill."<ref>Captain Francis Brinkley quoted in Jahn 2004, 144</ref>

==Types==
[[File:Tokyo National Museum Japanese ceramics 2018 (042).jpg|thumb|White glaze Satsuma tea bowl in shape of lotus leaf, Edo period, 17th century]]
In addition to the ''nishikide'' and export ware types, there are various categories of Satsuma ware, each with their own distinct aesthetic.
* ''Shiro Satsuma'': white-glazed; originally only for use within daimyō's household<ref>Lazar & Syec 2013</ref> 
* ''Kuro Satsuma'': black-bodied with dark overglaze
* ''Jakatsu'': blue, yellow and black glazes run together with white overglaze<ref>Gorhan 1971, 83</ref>
* ''Sunkoroku Satsuma'': older pieces modeled on the [[Sawankhalok]] ceramics of thirteenth-century Thailand, decorated with brown geometrical designs<ref>Gorhan 1971, 83</ref>
* ''Mishima Satsuma'': clay with light bluish-grey glaze, with inlaid or impressed geometric patterning filled with white slip overglaze<ref>Old Satsuma 1888, 45</ref>
* [[Blue-and-white]] Satsuma: produced in the first decade of the nineteenth century; large pieces with Chinese-inspired designs, often landscapes<ref>Gorhan 1971, 84</ref>
* ''Gosu'' blue Satsuma: produced in limited quantity in Kyoto in the mid-nineteenth century; pieces with over- or under-glaze containing minerals such as cobalt or [[asbolite]], which gives a bluish hue and a more vivid quality to painted images<ref>Nilsson</ref>

==Artists==
Not all producers of late nineteenth and early twentieth century Satsuma ware sacrificed quality to pander to the export boom. Some prominent artists of the Meiji and [[Taishō period|Taishō]] periods include:
* Taizan Yohei IX [帯山与兵衛 (9代)] (1856–1922)
* Itō Tōzan [伊東陶山] (1846–1920)
* Kinkōzan Sōbei VI [錦光山宗兵衛 (6代)] (1824–1884), Kinkōzan Sōbei VII [錦光山宗兵衛 (7代)] (1867–1927) 
*[[Yabu Meizan]] [藪明山] (1853–1934)
* Chin Jukan XII [沈寿官] (1835–1906)
* [[Miyagawa Kōzan]] (Makuzu) [宮川香山] (1842–1916)
* Seikozan [精巧山]
* Ryozan [亮山]
Most of these artists set up ''etsuke'' workshops around 1880, coinciding with the export slump. Although they did export, stylistically their pieces demonstrated a wish to return to tradition. Their works are recognized for a "restrained style" and "sparing distribution of motifs."<ref>Jahn 2004, 146–147</ref> Painted themes were often taken from literary classics, heroic legends, or represented nostalgic renderings of life in pre-Meiji Kyoto. Early in the twentieth century these artists also began to incorporate western techniques and styles, including [[perspective (graphical)|perspective]] and muted colours,<ref>Jahn 2004, 149</ref> as well as the use of {{nihongo|liquid gold|水金|suikin}}, which was originally developed by Germany's [[Meissen porcelain|Meissen]].<ref>Bonhams</ref>

==Marks==
While older Japanese ceramics often do not feature any stamps or signatures, items made after 1870 in particular, can bear a variety of marks in addition to that of the artist.<ref>Jahn 2004, 108</ref>

===Shimazu crest===
Many pieces of Satsuma ware—regardless of age or authenticity—feature the ''[[Kamon (crest)|kamon]]'' (family crest) of Satsuma's ruling [[Shimazu clan]]: a red cross within a red circle.<ref>Jahn 2004, 108</ref> It is placed above any signatures or stamps. While it was originally an indication of a link to the Satsuma domain and the Shimazu clan's direct involvement in the items' production, in the age of mass production and export, the crest simply became a marketing convention. All genuine examples are hand-painted rather than stamped or machine-printed, though hand-painting is not a guarantee of legitimacy.<ref>Nilsson</ref>

===Satsuma===
"Satsuma" or "satsuma yaki" is sometimes painted or stamped on pieces below the Shimazu crest. It can be written in [[kanji]] characters, [[hiragana]], or with the [[Latin alphabet]].<ref>Nilsson</ref>

===Dai Nippon===
The "[[Dai Nippon]]" (大日本 'Great Japan') mark was applied to items during the Meiji period (1868–1912) as an indication of their place of origin during a period of fomenting nationalism. These characters often appear immediately to the right of the maker's mark.<ref>Nilsson</ref>

===Workshops/studios===
* Chōshūzan: Kyoto workshop active in late Meiji period specializing in dragon ware
* Fuzan: workshop active in Meiji period
* Gyozan: Kyoto studio active in Meiji period 
* Kinkōzan: pottery active 1645–1927, headed by Kinkōzan Sōbei; exported heavily from 1875, especially to America; largest overall producer of Satsuma export ware 
* Koshida: factory active c. 1880–1927; resumed production after 1945
* Maruni: Kobe manufacturer active until 1938
* Taizan/Obi-ya: family-run Kyoto kiln active c. 1673–1922; began exporting in 1872, especially to America
* Yasuda: Kyoto-based company formally known as Yasuda Kyoto Tokiji Goshigaisha, active in Meiji period<ref>Nilsson</ref>

<gallery>
File:Plate, Japan (Kyoto), Choshuzan workshop, decorated by Jissei after a design by Yoshisada, undated, earthenware with overglaze, gold, and white enamel - Chazen Museum of Art - DSC02418.JPG|Plate, Chōshūzan workshop, earthenware with overglaze, gold, and white enamel, decorated by Jissei after a design by Yoshisada, undated
File:Octagonal Covered Jar, Japan (Tokyo), Hotoda workshop, undated - Chazen Museum of Art - DSC02412.JPG|Octagonal covered jar, Hotoda workshop, undated
File:Ribbed Lidded Incense Jar, Japan (Kyoto), Seikozan workshop, undated, earthenware with overglaze and gold - Chazen Museum of Art - DSC02433.JPG|Ribbed lidded incense jar, earthenware with overglaze and gold, Seikozan workshop, undated
File:Teapot, Japan, Shutsuzan workshop, undated, earthenware with overglaze and gold - Chazen Museum of Art - DSC02396.JPG|Teapot, earthenware with overglaze and gold, Shutsuzan workshop, undated
File:Satsuma ware bowl with monkeys.jpg|Bowl with monkeys, Shinozuka Kozan, Meiji era
File:Satsuma rooster f&b.jpg|Modern Satsuma ware pictorial button
</gallery>

==Counterfeits==
The incredible popularity of Satsuma ware and the eagerness of collectors to find pre-Meiji pieces led some manufacturers and dealers to deliberately misrepresent items' age and origins. Some sold other types of ceramics such as Awata or Seto ware as Satsuma.<ref>Jahn 2004, 107</ref> Some falsely used the names of famous artists or studios to mark pieces.<ref>Nilsson</ref> Early Japanese ceramics rarely had stamps or signatures, which can make dating some Satsuma ware difficult.<ref>Jahn 2004, 108</ref> One characteristic of earlier pieces, however, is a high-quality glaze and finish, as later mass production led to dramatically inferior works.<ref>Jahn 2004, 134</ref> Another telling feature of genuine pieces is that their bodies do not ring when tapped, since they are made from stoneware clay and not porcelain.<ref>Nilsson</ref>

==Notes==
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{{reflist}}
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==References==
*{{Citation
 | last = Bonhams
 | title = Gilding the Greenhouses: A Short History of Satsuma Ware
 | publisher = Bonhams
 | url = http://www.bonhams.com/press_release/16420/
 | access-date = October 24, 2014}}

*{{cite encyclopedia
|last=Dunn
|first=Michael
|editor-first=Gabriele
|editor-last=Fahr-Becker
|encyclopedia=The Art of East Asia
|title=Japanese Ceramics: Ceramics of the Edo Period
|year=2006
|publisher=Konemann
|location=New York
|isbn=3833120509
|pages=605–612
}}

*{{cite book | author=Gorhan, Hazel H. | title=Japanese and Oriental Ceramics | location=Tokyo | publisher=Tuttle | year=1971 | isbn=9781462903856}}
*{{cite book | author=Jahn, Gisela | title=Meiji Ceramics: The Art of Japanese export Porcelain and Satsuma Ware 1868-1912 | location=Stuttgart | publisher=Arnoldische | year=2004 | isbn=3-89790-197-8}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lazar |first1=Caron Caswell |last2=Syec | first2=Joshua G. |date=2013 |title=Museographs: Japanese Satsuma Pottery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGifJDqBpBEC&q=japanese+satsuma+pottery |publisher=bBookIt.com |isbn= 978-1456606411|access-date=October 22, 2014 }}
*{{citation
 | last = Miller
 | first = Judith 
 | title = Japanese Satsuma Ceramics 
 | publisher = Miller's Antiques Guide
 | year = 2008
 | url = http://www.millersantiquesguide.com/articles/japanese-satsuma-ceramics/
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141026074323/http://www.millersantiquesguide.com/articles/japanese-satsuma-ceramics/
 | url-status = usurped
 | archive-date = October 26, 2014
 | access-date = October 25, 2014}}

*{{cite book | author=Munsterberg, Hugo | title=The Ceramic Art of Japan: A Handbook for Collectors | location=Tokyo | publisher=Tuttle | year=1983 | isbn=0-8048-0083-9}}
*{{Citation
 | last = Nilsson
 | first = Jan-Erik
 | title = Japanese Porcelain Marks: Satsuma
 | publisher = Gotheborg.com
 | url = http://gotheborg.com/marks/satsuma.shtml
 | access-date = October 17, 2014}}

*{{cite journal
 | title = Old Satsuma
 | journal = The Decorator and Furnisher
 | volume = 13
 | issue = 2
 | pages = 45–6
 | date = November 1888
 | jstor = 25585658
 }}
 
*{{cite encyclopedia
|last=Pollard
|first=Clare
|editor-first=Ellen P.
|editor-last=Conant
|encyclopedia=Challenging Past And Present: The Metamorphosis of Nineteenth-Century Japanese Art
|title=Gorgeous with Glitter and Gold: Miyagawa Kouzan and the Role of Satsuma Export Ware in the Early Meiji Ceramic Industry
|year=2006
|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press
|location=Honolulu
|isbn=0824829379
|pages=134–147
}}

*{{Citation
 | last = Sanseido
 | title = Ko Satsuma [古薩摩]
 | publisher = Kotobank
 | url = https://kotobank.jp/word/古薩摩
 | access-date = October 26, 2014}}

*{{cite book | author=Wilson, Richard L. | title=Inside Japanese Ceramics: A Primer of Materials, Techniques, and Traditions | location=New York | publisher=Weatherhill | year=2005 | isbn=0-8348-0442-5}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Satsuma ware}}
*[http://www.chin-jukan.co.jp/Chin Jukan kiln], official website
*[http://www.e-yakimono.net/Japanese Pottery Information Centre]
*[http://kougeihin.jp.e.oo.hp.transer.com/homeG04.shtml Japan Traditional Craft Association], Ceramics page
*[http://www.japanese-gallery.com/antiques.shtml Japanese Gallery Ceramics], Yabu Meizan Maple Leaves Vase

{{Japanese ceramics}}

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[[Category:Japanese pottery]]
[[Category:Satsuma Province]]
[[Category:Meiji era]]