View source for Sanai

{{Short description|12th-century Sufi poet}}
{{For|the village in Nepal|Sanai, Nepal}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name             = Sana'i Ghaznavi
| native_name      = {{lang|fa|{{nq|سنایی غزنوی}}}}
| image            = "Hakim Sanai addressing the Sultan of Ghazna" Folio from Hadiqat al Haqiqa (The Garden of Truth and The Path to Trek) MS OR. 1651, fol. 1b.png
| imagesize        = 
| caption          = "Hakim Sanai addressing the [[Ghaznavids|Sultan of Ghazna]]" Folio from [[Hadiqat al Haqiqa]], dated 1579, [[Safavid]]-era [[Persian miniature|miniature]], currently in [[Leiden University]]
| pseudonym        = 
| birth_date       = 1080
| birth_place      = [[Ghazni]],  [[Ghaznavid Empire]]
| death_date       = 1131/1141<ref>C.E. Bosworth, ''The Later Ghaznavids'', (Columbia University Press, 1977), 108.</ref>
| death_place      = [[Ghazni]], [[Ghaznavid Empire]]
| occupation       = [[Persian literature]]
| nationality      = 
| period           = 
| genre            = [[Sufi poetry]], [[Wisdom Literature]]
| subject          = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = [[Hadiqat al Haqiqa|The Walled Garden of Truth]]
| website          = 
}}
{{Sanai}}
{{Sufism|Notable early}}
'''Hakim Abul-Majd Majdūd ibn Ādam Sanā'ī Ghaznavi''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|حکیم ابوالمجد مجدود ‌بن آدم سنایی غزنوی}}}}), more commonly known as '''Sanai''', was a poet from [[Ghazni]]. He lived his life in the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] which is now located in [[Afghanistan]] (At that time, Ghazni was considered part of the cultural and political territory of Iran And a region called Afghanistan was separated from Iran in the Treaty of Paris after the Iran-British wars in the 19th century, and before that, there was no territory called Afghanistan in history But now his birthplace and death are in Afghanistan. {{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
) . He was born in 1080 and died between 1131 and 1141.<ref>C.E. Bosworth, ''The Later Ghaznavids'', 108.</ref>

==Life==

Sanai was a [[Sunni Muslim]],<ref name="sn">[[Edward G. Browne]], ''A Literary History of Persia from the Earliest Times Until Firdawsh'', 543 pp., Adamant Media Corporation, 2002, {{ISBN|978-1-4021-6045-5}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4021-6045-5}} (see p.437)</ref> connected with the court of the [[Ghaznavid]] [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahram-shah]] who ruled 1117 – 1157.<ref>Ghulam Abbas Dalal, ''Ethics in Persian Poetry''. (Abhinav Publications, 1995), 95.</ref>

==Works==
He wrote an enormous quantity of mystical verse, of which ''The Walled Garden of Truth'' or ''The [[Hadiqat al Haqiqa]]'' ({{lang|ar|حدیقه الحقیقه و شریعه الطریقه}}) is his master work and the first Persian mystical epic of Sufism. Dedicated to [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahram Shah]], the work expresses the poet's ideas on God, love, philosophy and reason.<ref>"Sanāʾī." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/521711/Sanai>.</ref>

For almost 900 years ''The Walled Garden of Truth'' has been consistently read as a classic and employed as a [[Sufi]] textbook. According to Major T. Stephenson: "Sanai’s fame has always rested on his ''Hadiqa''; it is the best known and in the East by far the most esteemed of his works; it is in virtue of this work that he forms one of the great trio of Sufi teachers — Sanai, [[Attar of Nishapur|Attar]], [[Jalaluddin Rumi]]."  Sanai taught that lust, greed and emotional excitement stood between humankind and divine knowledge, which was the only true reality (''haqq'').  Love (''ishq'') and a social conscience are for him the foundation of religion; mankind is asleep, living in a desolate world. To Sanai common religion was only habit and ritual.

Sanai's poetry had a tremendous influence upon [[Persian literature]].  He is considered the first poet to use the ''[[qasidah]]'' (ode), ''[[ghazal]]'' (lyric), and the ''masnavi'' (rhymed couplet) to express the philosophical, mystical and ethical ideas of [[Sufism]].

== Influence and legacy ==

=== Poetic influence ===
[[Rumi]] acknowledged Sanai and [[Attar Neyshapuri|Attar]] as his two great inspirations, saying, "[[Attar Neyshapuri|Attar]] is the soul and Sanai its two eyes, I came after Sanai and Attar." ''The Walled Garden of Truth'' was also a model for [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami]]'s ''[[Makhzan al-Asrar]]'' (Treasury of Secrets).<ref>{{cite web
 | author      = J.T.P. De Bruijn
 | date        = December 15, 2002
 | url         = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hadiqat-al-haqiqa-wasariat-al-tariqa
 | title       = ḤADIQAT AL-ḤAQIQA WA ŠARIʿAT AL-ṬARIQA
 | publisher   = Iranica
 | access-date  = 2010-09-06
 }}<blockquote>The Ḥadiqat al-ḥaqiqa is not only one of the first of a long line of Persian didactical maṯnawis, it is also one of the most popular works of its kind as the great number of copies made throughout the centuries attest. Its great impact on Persian literature is evidenced by the numerous citations from the poem occurring in mystical as well as profane works. It has been taken as a model by several other poets, including Neẓāmi, ʿAṭṭār, Rumi, Awḥadi, and Jāmi.</blockquote>"</ref>

=== Modern cultural references ===
There is a reference to Hakim Sanai's poetry near the end of the 2017 film ''[[The Shape of Water]]'' by [[Guillermo del Toro]]. In the final scene of the movie, the narrator recites a few verses of poetry without specific attribution, although there is a reference in the film's credit sequence to "Adapted works by Hakim Sanai." Researching for the [[Library of Congress]] blog ''From the Catbird Seat'', Peter Armenti confirmed with the assistance of ''Catbird'' blog readers that the poem spoken at the end of ''The Shape of Water'' is del Toro's adaptation of Priya Hemenway's translation of an original poem by Hakim Sanai. Hemenway's translation appears in ''The Book of Everything: Journey of the Heart’s Desire : Hakim Sanai’s Walled Garden of Truth'' (2002).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/catbird/2018/03/who-wrote-the-poem-at-the-end-of-the-shape-of-water/|title=Who wrote the poem at the end of "The Shape of Water"? {{!}} From the Catbird Seat: Poetry & Literature at the Library of Congress|date=2018-03-09|website=blogs.loc.gov|language=en-US|others=Armenti, Peter|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref>

==Quotations==

* Sanai's poetry stresses the possibility of an "awakening";

''While mankind remains mere baggage in the world''<br>
''It will be swept along, as in a boat, asleep.''<br>
''What can they see in sleep?''<br>
''What real merit or punishment can there be?''

''He who knows not his own soul, how shall he know the soul of another? and he who only knows hand and foot, how shall he know the Godhead? The prophets are unequal to understanding this matter; why dost thou foolishly claim to do so? When thou hast brought forward a demonstration of this subject, then thou wilt know the pure essence of the faith; otherwise what have faith and thou in common? thou hadst best be silent, and speak not folly. The learned talk nonsense all; for true religion is not woven about the feet of everyone.''<ref>Source: From: Enclosed Garden Of Truth, Edited and translated by [[John Stephenson (zoologist)|J. Stephenson]] in 1910</ref>

His means for this awakening is surrender to God, his poetry has been called "the essential fragrance of the path of love". He hits out at human hypocrisy and folly;<ref>Osho, ''Unio Mystica'', Vol 1, Chapter 1, Rajneesh Foundation International</ref>

*Others are heedless,—do thou be wise, and on this path keep thy tongue silent. The condition laid on such a one is that he should receive all food and drink from the Causer, not from the causes. Go, suffer hardship, if thou wouldst be cherished; and if not, be content with the road to Hell. None ever attained his object without enduring hardship.<ref>Source: From: Enclosed Garden Of Truth, Edited and translated by J. Stephenson in 1910</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
*[[List of Persian poets and authors]]
*[[Persian literature]]
*[[Rumi]]
*[[Nizami Ganjavi]]
*[[Attar of Nishapur]]
*Notable Sanai researchers: 
**[[Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani]]
**[[Mohammad Taghi Modarres Razavi]]
**[[Mohammad Jafar Yahaghi]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* "Hadiqat al-Haqiqa wa Shari'at al-Tariqa" In Encyclopædia Iranica by J.T.P. De Bruijn [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hadiqat-al-haqiqa-wasariat-al-tariqa]
* E.G. Browne. ''Literary History of Persia''. (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and twenty-five years in the writing). 1998. {{ISBN|0-7007-0406-X}}
* Jan Rypka, ''History of Iranian Literature''. Reidel Publishing Company. 1968 {{OCLC|460598}}. {{ISBN|90-277-0143-1}}
* Bo Utas, ''A Persian Sufi Poem: Vocabulary and terminology''. Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series, Curzon Press, 1977. {{OCLC|4705360}} <!-- I S B N 0-7007-0016-8 invalid as published-->

==Further reading==
{{EB1911 Poster|Sanā'ī}}
* [http://rira.ir/rira/php/?page=view&mod=classicpoems&obj=poet&id=28 Sanai in original Persian]
* A Thousand Years of Persian Rubaiyat: An Anthology of Quatrains from the Tenth to the Twentieth Century Along With the Original Persian by Reza Saberi (Paperback - Nov 2000)
* Diwan i Hakeem Sanai Ghaznavi - Foreword and research by Rahi Mu'airi. Maktab Kahkashan. Mashad, Iran.
* Sanai, D. L. Pendlebury [Trans] (1974) The Walled Garden of Truth - Abridged (London: Octagon Press)
* [http://www.osholeela.com/poetry/sanai.html English translation of parts of the Hadiqa]
* [https://archive.org/details/firstbookofhadiq00sanauoft The first book of the Hadiqatu'l-Haqiqat] translated into English, at archive.org.

{{Persian literature}}
{{People of Khorasan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sufi poets]]
[[Category:Iranian Sufis]]
[[Category:12th-century Persian-language poets]]
[[Category:11th-century births]]
[[Category:1130s deaths]]
[[Category:Wisdom literature]]
[[Category:11th-century  Persian-language poets]]
[[Category:Poets from the Ghaznavid Empire]]
[[Category:Sanai]]
[[Category:11th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:12th-century Iranian writers]]