View source for Safety valve

{{Short description|Device for releasing excess pressure in a system}}
{{Other uses}}
[[File:Oxygen-Safetyvalve.jpg|thumb|An oxygen safety [[relief valve]]]]
[[File:Valvole di sicurezza di grandi dimensioni.jpg|thumb|DN250-safety valves]]

A '''safety valve''' is a [[valve]] that acts as a [[fail-safe]]. An example of safety valve is a pressure [[relief valve]] (PRV), which automatically releases a substance from a [[boiler]], [[pressure vessel]], or other [[system]], when the pressure or temperature exceeds preset limits. [[Pilot-operated relief valve]]s are a specialized type of pressure safety valve. A leak tight, lower cost, single emergency use option would be a [[rupture disk]].

Safety valves were first developed for use on steam boilers during the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Early boilers operating without them were prone to [[boiler explosion|explosion]] unless carefully operated.

Vacuum safety valves (or combined pressure/vacuum safety valves) are used to prevent a tank from collapsing while it is being emptied, or when cold rinse water is used after hot CIP (clean-in-place) or SIP (sterilization-in-place) procedures. When sizing a vacuum safety valve, the calculation method is not defined in any norm, particularly in the hot CIP / cold water scenario, but some manufacturers<ref>[http://servinox.com/wordpress/index.php/event-autonome-ultra-propre-hsv/?lang=en Safety valve sized regarding hot CIP -> Cold water conditions]</ref> have developed sizing simulations.

The term ''safety valve'' is also used [[metaphor]]ically.

==Function and design==
[[File:Proportional-Safety Valve.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|A [[Multiview orthographic projection#Cross-section|cross-section]] of a proportional-safety valve]]
The earliest and simplest safety valve was used on a 1679 [[steam digester]] and utilized a weight to retain the steam pressure (this design is still commonly used on [[pressure cooker]]s); however, these were easily tampered with or accidentally released. On the [[Stockton and Darlington Railway]], the safety valve tended to go off when the engine hit a bump in the track. A valve less sensitive to sudden accelerations used a spring to contain the steam pressure, but these (based on a [[Richard Salter (inventor)|Salter]] [[spring balance]]) could still be screwed down to increase the pressure beyond design limits. This dangerous practice was sometimes used to marginally increase the performance of a steam engine.

In 1856, [[John Ramsbottom (engineer)|John Ramsbottom]] invented a tamper-proof spring safety valve that became universal on railways. The Ramsbottom valve consisted of two plug-type valves connected to each other by a spring-laden pivoting arm, with one valve element on either side of the pivot. Any adjustment made to one of valves in an attempt to increase its operating pressure would cause the other valve to be lifted off its seat, regardless of how the adjustment was attempted. The pivot point on the arm was not symmetrically located between the valves, so any tightening of the spring would cause one of the valves to lift.

Only by removing and disassembling the entire valve assembly could its operating pressure be adjusted, making impromptu "tying down" of the valve by locomotive crews in search of more power impossible. The pivoting arm was commonly extended into a handle shape and fed back into the locomotive cab, allowing crews to 'rock' both valves off their seats to confirm that they were set and operating correctly.

Safety valves also evolved to protect equipment such as [[pressure vessel]]s (fired or not) and [[heat exchanger]]s. The term '''safety valve''' should be limited to compressible fluid applications (gas, vapour, or steam).

The two general types of protection encountered in industry are ''thermal protection'' and ''flow protection''.

For liquid-packed vessels, thermal relief valves are generally characterized by the relatively small size of the valve necessary to provide protection from excess pressure caused by thermal expansion. In this case a small valve is adequate because most liquids are nearly incompressible, and so a relatively small amount of fluid discharged through the relief valve will produce a substantial reduction in pressure.

Flow protection is characterized by safety valves that are considerably larger than those mounted for thermal protection. They are generally sized for use in situations where significant quantities of gas or high volumes of liquid must be quickly discharged in order to protect the integrity of the vessel or pipeline. This protection can alternatively be achieved by installing a [[high integrity pressure protection system]] (HIPPS).

==Technical terms==
In the [[oil refinery|petroleum refining]], [[petrochemical]], [[chemical plant|chemical manufacturing]], [[natural gas processing]], [[power station|power generation]], food, drinks, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals industries, the term '''safety valve''' is associated with the terms '''pressure relief valve''' (PRV), '''pressure safety valve''' (PSV) and '''relief valve'''.
The generic term is [[Pressure relief valve]] (PRV) or '''pressure safety valve''' (PSV). PRVs and PSVs are not the same thing, despite what many people think; the difference is that PSVs have a manual lever to open the valve in case of emergency.
* [[Relief valve]] (RV): an automatic system that is actuated by the static pressure in a liquid-filled vessel. It specifically opens proportionally with increasing pressure{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}.
* Safety valve (SV): an automatic system that relieves the static pressure on a gas. It usually opens completely, accompanied by a popping sound{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}.
* '''Safety relief valve''' (SRV): an automatic system that relieves by static pressure on both gas and liquid.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RhgYLnyTnOwC&pg=6 The Safety Relief Valve Handbook], Hellemans, M. (2009), Elsevier Science, {{ISBN|9780080961187}}, p. 6</ref>
* '''Pilot-operated safety relief valve''' (POSRV): an automatic system that relieves on remote command from a pilot, to which the static pressure (from equipment to protect) is connected{{Clarify|date=October 2011|reason=pilot monitors?}}.
* '''Low pressure safety valve''' (LPSV): an automatic system that relieves static pressure on a gas. Used when the difference between the vessel pressure and the ambient [[atmospheric pressure]] is small.
* '''Vacuum pressure safety valve''' (VPSV): an automatic system that relieves static pressure on a gas. Used when the pressure difference between the vessel pressure and the ambient pressure is small, negative and near to atmospheric pressure.
* '''Low and vacuum pressure safety valve''' (LVPSV): an automatic system that relieves static pressure on a gas. Used when the pressure difference is small, negative or positive and near to atmospheric pressure.

RV, SV and SRV are spring-operated (even spring-loaded). LPSV and VPSV are spring-operated or weight-loaded.

==Legal and code requirements in industry==
In most countries, industries are legally required to protect pressure vessels and other equipment by using relief valves. Also, in most countries, equipment design codes such as those provided by the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers|ASME]], [[American Petroleum Institute|API]] and other organizations like ISO (ISO 4126) must be complied with. These codes include design standards for relief valves and schedules for periodic inspection and testing after valves have been removed by the company engineer.<ref>[http://www.onetb.com/asme_code_countries.htm List of countries accepting the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code]</ref><ref>[http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?product_id=235758 API 520-1, Sizing and Selection of Pressure-Relieving Devices]</ref>

Today, the food, drinks, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals industries call for hygienic safety valves, fully drainable and Cleanable-In-Place. Most are made of stainless steel; the hygienic norms are mainly 3A in the US and [[EHEDG]] in Europe.

== Development of the safety valve ==

=== Deadweight lever valves ===
[[File:Lever safety valve (Heat Engines, 1913).jpg|thumb|right|[[#Deadweight lever valves|Lever arm safety valve]]]]
[[File:Súlyterhelésű biztonsági szelep.jpg|thumb|right|Lever arm safety valve in [[district heating substation]] before the renovation. [[Budapest]]]]
The first safety valve was invented by [[Denis Papin]] for his [[steam digester]], an early pressure cooker rather than an engine.<ref>{{cite book
  |last=Hills  |first=Richard L.
  |author-link=Richard L. Hills
  |title=Power from Steam
  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6TLOQBhd0YC&q=waggon+boiler&pg=PA126
  |year=1989
  |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
  |isbn=0-521-45834-X
  |ref={{harvid|Hills|Power from Steam}}
  |page=33
}}</ref> A weight acting through a lever held down a circular plug valve in the steam vessel. By using a "[[Steelyard balance|steelyard]]" lever a smaller weight was required, also the pressure could easily be regulated by sliding the same weight back and forth along the lever arm. Papin retained the same design for his 1707 steam pump.<ref name="Hewison, p12" >{{cite book |first=Christian H. |last=Hewison  |title=Locomotive Boiler Explosions |year=1983  |publisher=[[David and Charles]] |isbn=0-7153-8305-1  |ref={{harvid|Hewison|Locomotive Boiler Explosions}} |pages=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Early Development of the Steam Engine |last=Hulse  |first=David K. |publisher=TEE |year=1999 |isbn=1-85761-107-1 |ref=Hulse, Early Development }}</ref>

Early safety valves were regarded as one of the engineman's controls and required continuous attention, according to the load on the engine. In a famous early explosion at [[Greenwich]] in 1803, one of [[Richard Trevithick|Trevithick]]'s high-pressure [[stationary engine]]s exploded when the boy trained to operate the engine left it to catch [[eel]]s in the river, without first releasing the safety valve from its working load.<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|Power from Steam|page=102}}</ref> By 1806, Trevithick was fitting pairs of safety valves, one external valve for the driver's adjustment and one sealed inside the boiler with a fixed weight. This was unadjustable and released at a higher pressure, intended as a guarantee of safety.<ref>{{cite book |last=Farey  |first=J. A. |title=A Treatise on the Steam Engine |volume=II |orig-year=1827 |year=1971 |publisher=[[David & Charles]] |isbn=0715350048 |ref={{harvid|Farey|Treatise on the Steam Engine}} |page=19}}</ref>

When used on locomotives, these valves would rattle and leak, releasing near-continuous puffs of waste steam.

{{clear left}}

==== Direct-acting deadweight valves ====
[[File:Deadweight safety valve section (Heat Engines, 1913).jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[#Direct-acting deadweight valves|Deadweight safety valve]] (1909)]]
Although the lever safety valve was convenient, it was too sensitive to the motion of a steam locomotive. Early steam locomotives therefore used a simpler arrangement of weights stacked directly upon the valve. This required a smaller valve area, so as to keep the weight manageable, which sometimes proved inadequate to vent the pressure of an unattended boiler, leading to [[boiler explosion|explosion]]s. An even greater hazard was the ease with which such a valve could be tied down, so as to increase the pressure and thus power of the engine, at further risk of explosion.<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|Power from Steam| pages= 144, 146}}</ref>

Although deadweight safety valves had a short lifetime on steam locomotives, they remained in use on stationary boilers for as long as steam power remained.<ref>{{harvnb|Hills|Power from Steam|page=129}}</ref>

{{clear right}}

=== Direct spring valves  ===
[[File:Planet replica.jpg|thumb|right|Locomotive ''Planet'' (1830), with a brass-cased [[#Direct spring valves|direct spring valve]]]]
Weighted valves were sensitive to bouncing from the rough riding of early locomotives. One solution was to use a lightweight spring rather than a weight. This was the invention of [[Timothy Hackworth]] on his ''[[Royal George (locomotive)|Royal George]]'' of 1828.<ref name="Semmens, Steam Locomotives, safety valves" >{{cite book
  |title=How Steam Locomotives Really Work
  |last1=Semmens  |first1=P. W. B.
  |last2=Goldfinch  |first2=A. J. 
  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzEjhUmRut4C&q=hackworth+safety+valve&pg=PA64
  |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
  |year=2000
  |isbn= 978-0-19-860782-3
  |ref={{harvid|Semmens|Steam Locomotives}}
  |pages=63–67
}}</ref> Owing to the limited metallurgy of the period, Hackworth's first spring valves used an accordion-like stack of multiple [[leaf spring]]s.<ref name="Hackworth spring safety valve, 1830" >{{cite web
  |title=Hackworth spring safety valve
  |year=1830
  |url=http://scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10306470&wwwflag=2&imagepos=21
  |format=Image of museum exhibit
  |publisher=National Railway Museum
}}</ref>

These direct-acting spring valves could be adjusted by tightening the nuts retaining the spring. To avoid tampering, they were often shrouded in tall brass casings which also vented the steam away from the locomotive crew.

{{clear left}}

=== Salter spring balance valves {{anchor|Spring balance}} ===
[[File:Spring balance (Steam and the Steam Engine, Evers).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|Salter spring balance]]
[[File:Phoenix 1840 locomotive.jpg|thumb|right|''Phoenix'' (1840) with two sets of Salter spring balance valves]]
The [[Richard Salter (inventor)|Salter]] [[coil spring|coil]] [[spring balance]] for weighing, was first made in Britain by around 1770.<ref>{{harvnb|Hewison|Locomotive Boiler Explosions|page=18}}</ref> This used the newly developed [[Crucible steel#History of production in England|spring steel]]s to make a powerful but compact spring in one piece. Once again by using the lever mechanism, such a spring balance could be applied to the considerable force of a boiler safety valve.

The spring balance valve also acted as a pressure gauge. This was useful as previous pressure gauges were unwieldy mercury [[manometer]]s and the [[Bourdon gauge]] had yet to be invented.<ref name="Salter, Rattler" >{{cite web
  |title=Trial of HMS Rattler and Alecto
  |date=April 1845
  |url=http://www.pdavis.nl/ShowShip.php?id=137
  |quote=The very lowest pressure exhibited "when the screw was out of the water" (as the opponents of the principle term it) was 34 lb, ranging up to 60 lb., on Salter's balance.
}}</ref>

==== Lockable valves ====
The risk of firemen tying down the safety valve remained.<ref>{{harvnb|Hewison|Locomotive Boiler Explosions|page=33}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hewison|Locomotive Boiler Explosions|page=37}}</ref> This was encouraged by them being fitted with easily adjustable wing nuts, the practice of adjusting the boiler's working pressure via the safety valve being an accepted behaviour well into the 1850s.<ref>{{harvnb|Hewison|Locomotive Boiler Explosions|pages=40–41}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hewison|Locomotive Boiler Explosions|page=43}}</ref> It was later common with Salter valves for them to be fitted in pairs, one adjustable and often calibrated for use as a gauge, the other sealed inside a locked cover to prevent tampering.

==== Paired spring balance valves ====
Paired valves were often adjusted to slightly different pressures too, a small valve as a control measure and the lockable valve made larger and permanently set to a higher pressure, as a safeguard.<ref name="Semmens, Steam Locomotives, safety valves" /><ref>{{harvnb|Hewison|Locomotive Boiler Explosions|pages=50–51}}</ref> Some designs, such as one by [[Robert Sinclair (locomotive engineer)|Sinclair]] for the [[Eastern Counties Railway]] in 1859, had the valve spring with pressure scale behind the dome, facing the cab, and the locked valve ahead of the dome, out of reach of interference.<ref>{{harvnb|Ahrons|British Steam Railway Locomotive|page=118}}</ref>
<gallery heights=135 widths=180>
File:252008 ČSD 5.jpg|Paired spring-balance safety valves of a ČSD Class 252.0, with hand adjustment wheels
File:076-SFEC-YORK-20070827.JPG|[[Midland Railway 115 Class|Midland Spinner]], showing paired spring-balance safety valves behind the dome
</gallery>

=== Ramsbottom safety valves ===
[[File:Ramsbottom safety valve (side only) (Heat Engines, 1913).jpg|thumb|upright|left|U-shaped Ramsbottom safety valve]]
[[File:Burrell single crank compound, valvechest side, Abergavenny steam rally 2012.jpg|thumb|right| Ramsbottom valves on a model [[traction engine]]]]
In 1855, [[John Ramsbottom (engineer)|John Ramsbottom]], later locomotive superintendent of the [[London and North Western Railway|LNWR]], described a new form of safety valve intended to improve reliability and especially to be tamper-resistant. A pair of plug valves were used, held down by a common spring-loaded lever between them with a single central spring. This lever was characteristically extended rearwards, often reaching into the cab on early locomotives.

Rather than discouraging the use of the spring lever by the fireman, Ramsbottom's valve encouraged this. Rocking the lever freed up the valves alternately and checked that neither was sticking in its seat.<ref name="Proc. IME, 1856" >{{cite journal
  |title=An improved safety valve
  |journal=Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng.
  |year=1856
  |issue=37
}}</ref> Even if the fireman held the lever down and increased the force on the rear valve, there was a corresponding reduction of force on the forward valve.<ref name="Semmens, Steam Locomotives, safety valves" /><ref name="Hewison, p19" >{{harvnb|Hewison|Locomotive Boiler Explosions|pages=19–20}}</ref>

Various forms of Ramsbottom valve were produced. Some were separate fittings to the boiler, through separate penetrations.<ref name="Hewison, p19" /> Others were contained in a U-shaped housing fastened to a single opening in the boiler shell. As boiler diameter increased, some forms were even set inside the boiler shell, with the springs housed in a recess inside and only the valves and balance lever protruding outside.<ref name="Hewison, p19" /> These had obvious drawbacks for easy maintenance.<ref>{{cite patent|country=GB|number=1299|pubdate=1856|title=Safety valves, feeding apparatus for steam-boilers }}</ref>

A drawback to the Ramsbottom type was its complexity. Poor maintenance or mis-assembly of the linkage between the spring and the valves could lead to a valve that no longer opened correctly under pressure. The valves could be held against their seats and fail to open or, even worse, to allow the valve to open but insufficiently to vent steam at an adequate rate and so not being an obvious and noticeable fault.<ref>{{harvnb|Hewison|Locomotive Boiler Explosions|pages=100–101}}</ref> Mis-assembly of just this nature led to a fatal boiler explosion in 1909 at Cardiff on the [[Rhymney Railway]], even though the boiler was almost new, at only eight months old.<ref>{{harvnb|Hewison|Locomotive Boiler Explosions|pages=115–118}}</ref>

=== Naylor valve ===
{{visible anchor|Naylor valve}}s were introduced around 1866. A [[bellcrank]] arrangement reduced the [[strain (mechanics)|strain]] (percentage extension) of the spring, thus maintaining a more constant force.{{efn-lr|See [[Young's modulus]]}} They were used by the [[Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway|L&Y]] and [[North Eastern Railway (UK)|NER]].<ref name="Ahrons, 176" >{{cite book
  |title=The British Steam Railway Locomotive, Vol. I, to 1925
  |last=Ahrons  |first=E.L. |author-link=E.L. Ahrons
  |publisher=[[Ian Allan Publishing|Ian Allan]]
  |year=1966
  |ref={{harvid|Ahrons|British Steam Railway Locomotive}}
  |page=176
}}</ref>

{{clear}}

=== "Pop" valves ===
[[File:Boiler safety valve of 60163 Tornado.jpg|thumb|right|Ross pop valve, from [[LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 Tornado|''Tornado'']]]]
All of the preceding safety valve designs opened gradually and had a tendency to leak a "feather" of steam as they approached "blowing-off", even though this was below the pressure. When they opened they also did so partially at first and did not vent steam quickly until the boiler was well over pressure.<ref name="Semmens, Steam Locomotives, safety valves" />

[[File:FRB - The Pop Valve, item 1.jpg|thumb|left|Cover of ''The Pop Valve'', a self-published magazine by the American army [[Transportation Corps]] stationed in France in WWI]]
The quick-opening "pop" valve was a solution to this. Their construction was simple: the existing circular plug valve was changed to an inverted "top hat" shape, with an enlarged upper diameter. They fitted into a stepped seat of two matching diameters. When closed, the steam pressure acted only on the crown of the top hat, and was balanced by the spring force. Once the valve opened a little, steam could pass the lower seat and began to act on the larger brim.  This greater area overwhelmed the spring force and the valve flew completely open with a "pop". Escaping steam on this larger diameter also held the valve open until pressure had dropped ''below'' that at which it originally opened, providing [[hysteresis]].<ref name="Semmens, Steam Locomotives, safety valves" />

These valves coincided with a change in firing behaviour. Instead of letting steam reach a feather at the valve, [[Fireman (steam engine)|firemen]] (stokers) now tried to ''avoid'' noisy blowing off, especially at platforms or under the large roof of a major station. This was mostly at the behest of stationmasters, but also because firemen realised that any blowing off through a pop valve wasted boiler pressure. In one case, this was estimated at {{convert|20|psi|abbr=on}} lost corresponding to the burning of {{convert|16|lb|abbr=on}} or more of shovelled coal.{{efn-lr|These figures are based on two measurements, a drop from 225&nbsp;psi to 205&nbsp;psi for an [[LNER Class V2]] in 1952 and a smaller drop of 10&nbsp;psi estimated in 1953 as 16&nbsp;lbs of coal.<ref name="Semmens, Steam Locomotives, safety valves" />}}<ref name="Semmens, Steam Locomotives, safety valves" />

Pop valves derived from Adams's patent design of 1873, with an extended lip. R. L. Ross's valves were patented in 1902 and 1904 and Coale's in 1906.<ref >{{Cite patent
  |title= Safety Valve
  |pubdate=1906
  |inventor=Coale, Joseph M 
  |country=US
  |number=825380A
  |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US825380A/en
}}</ref> They were more popular in America at first, but widespread from the 1920s on.<ref>{{harvnb|Ahrons|British Steam Railway Locomotive|page=364}}</ref>
{{clear right}}
[[File:GWR safety valve from Earl Bathurst.jpg|thumb|right|GWR safety valve cover]]
Although polished brass safety valve coverings had been an early feature of steam locomotives, the only railway to maintain this tradition after pop valves were introduced was the [[Great Western Railway]], with their distinctive tapered brass safety valve bonnets and copper-capped chimneys.

{{clear}}

=== Marine and Cockburn high-lift safety valves ===
Developments in high-pressure [[water-tube boiler]]s for [[marine steam engine|marine use]] placed more demands on safety valves. Valves of greater capacity were required, to vent safely the high steam-generating capacity of these large boilers.<ref name="Marine steam boilers, high-capacity">{{harvnb|Milton |Marine Steam Boilers|pages=222–223}}</ref> As the force on their valves increased, the issue of the spring's increasing stiffness as its load increased (like the [[#Naylor valve|Naylor valve]]) became more critical.<ref name="Marine steam boilers"/> The need to reduced valve feathering became even more important with high-pressure boilers, as this represented both a loss of [[evaporator (marine)|distilled feedwater]] and also a scouring of the valve seats, leading to wear.<ref name="Marine steam boilers, high-capacity"/>

High-lift safety valves are direct-loaded spring types, although the spring does not bear directly on the valve, but on a guide-rod valve stem. The valve is beneath the base of the stem, the spring rests on a flange some height above this. The increased space between the valve itself and the spring seat allows the valve to lift higher, further clear of the seat. This gives a steam flow through the valve equivalent to a valve one and a half or twice as large (depending on detail design).<ref name="Marine steam boilers">{{cite book
  |title=Marine Steam Boilers
  |last=Milton  |first=J. H.
  |year=1953
  |publisher=Newnes
  |ref={{harvid|Milton|Marine Steam Boilers}}
  |pages=216–219
}}</ref>

The Cockburn Improved High Lift design has similar features to the Ross pop type. The exhaust steam is partially trapped on its way out and acts on the base of the spring seat, increasing the lift force on the valve and holding the valve further open.<ref name="Marine steam boilers"/>

To optimise the flow through a given diameter of valve, the full-bore design is used. This has a [[Servomechanism|servo]] action, where steam through a narrow control passage is allowed through if it passes a small control valve. This steam is then not exhausted, but is passed to a piston that is used to open the main valve.<ref name="Marine steam boilers, high-capacity"/>

There are safety valves known as PSV's and can be connected to pressure gauges (usually with a 1/2" BSP fitting). These allow a resistance of pressure to be applied to limit the pressure forced on the gauge tube, resulting in prevention of over pressurisation. the matter that has been injected into the gauge, if over pressurised, will be diverted through a pipe in the safety valve, and shall be driven away from the gauge.

==Types==
[[File:46229 DUCHESS OF HAMILTON at Crewe Bank Shrewsbury.jpg|thumb|right|Steam locomotive [[LMS Princess Coronation Class 6229 Duchess of Hamilton|No. 46229, ''Duchess of Hamilton'']] lifts her boiler safety valve after hauling the ''Welsh Marches Pullman'' charter.]]
There is a wide range of safety valves having many different applications and performance criteria in different areas. In addition, national standards are set for many kinds of safety valves.

===United States===
* [[ASME]] ([[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]]) Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section I
* [[ASME]] ([[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]]) Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1
* [[API]] ([[American Petroleum Institute]]) Recommended Practice 520 and API Standard 526, API Standard 2000 (low pressure - Storage tank)

===European Union===
[[File:Safety valve-02.jpg|thumb|right|European standard steam boiler safety valve]]
* [[ISO 4126]] (harmonized with European Union directives)<ref>EN ISO 4126-1 Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure - Part 1: Safety valves (ISO 4126-1:2004)</ref>
* EN 764-7 (former CEN standard, harmonized with European Union directives, replaced with EN ISO 4126-1)
* AD Merkblatt (German)
* PED 97/23/CE (Pressure Equipment Directive - European Union)<ref>{{cite web|title=PED 97/23/CE Directive|url=http://www.ctai.it/EN/pdf_direttiva_ped.pdf|publisher=Certificazioni Tecniche Ambiente Industria|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-date=4 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604170300/http://www.ctai.it/EN/pdf_direttiva_ped.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Water heaters==
[[File:WH safety valve.JPG|thumb|right|Pressure safety valve on a water heater]]
Safety valves are required on [[water heating|water heaters]], where they prevent disaster in certain configurations in the event that a [[thermostat]] should fail. Such a valve is sometimes referred to as a "T&P valve" (Temperature and Pressure valve). There are still occasional, spectacular failures of older water heaters that lack this equipment. Houses can be leveled by the force of the blast.<ref>Elaine Porterfield, Paul Shukovsky, and Lewis Kamb (Saturday, July 28, 2001).</ref>

==Pressure cookers==
{{main|Pressure cooking}}
Pressure cookers are cooking pots with a pressure-proof lid. Cooking at pressure allows the temperature to rise above the normal boiling point of water (100 degrees Celsius at [[sea level]]), which speeds up the cooking and makes it more thorough.

Pressure cookers usually have two safety valves to prevent explosions. On older designs, one is a nozzle upon which a weight sits. The other is a sealed rubber [[grommet]] which is ejected in a controlled explosion if the first valve gets blocked.  On newer generation pressure cookers, if the steam vent gets blocked, a safety spring will eject excess 
pressure and if that fails, the gasket will expand and release excess pressure downwards between the lid and the pan.

Newer generation pressure cookers have a safety [[Interlock (engineering)|interlock]] which locks the lid when internal pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, to prevent accidents from a sudden release of very hot steam, food and liquid, which would happen if the lid were to be removed when the pan is still slightly pressurised inside (however, the lid will be very hard or impossible to open when the pot is still pressurised).

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Ball valve]]
* [[Butterfly valve]]
* [[Control valves]]
* [[Flow limiter]]
* [[Globe valve]]
* [[Needle valve]]
* [[Pilot-operated relief valve]]
* [[Relief valve]]
* [[Safety shutoff valve]]
* [[Shaft furnace breather]]
* [[Fusible plug]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Commons category|Safety valves}}
{{notelist-lr}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150604164405/http://articles.compressionjobs.com/articles/oilfield-101/4393-valves-pipelines-gate-globe-needle-angle-plug-ball-butterfly-check?start=3 Schematical overview working principle Safety Relief Valve]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140701051745/http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/calculators/instrument-sizing/psv-sizing-calculator-blocked-liquid-discharge/ Pressure relief valve sizing calculator] PSV sizing calculator for liquid blocked outlet case.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203033255/http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/calculators/instrument-sizing/psv-sizing-calculator-blocked-gas-discharge/ PSV sizing calculator for blocked gas outlet case.] PSV sizing calculator for blocked gas discharge.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140325114825/http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/calculators/instrument-sizing/psv-sizing-calculator-fire-case-gas-filled-vessel/ PSV sizing calculator - fire case for gas filled vessel]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183413/http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/calculators/instrument-sizing/psv-sizing-calculator-fire-case-liquid-filled-vessel/ PSV sizing calculator - fire case for liquid filled vessel]

{{Boilers}}
{{Steam engine configurations|state=collapsed}}
{{Plumbing}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Safety valves| ]]
[[Category:Steam boiler components]]
[[Category:Locomotive parts]]
[[Category:Industrial safety devices]]
[[Category:Valves]]
[[Category:Safety equipment]]