View source for Sacsayhuamán

{{short description|Archaeological site near Cusco, Peru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Sacsayhuamán
| native_name = Saksay waman
| native_name_lang = qu
| alternate_name = 
| image = Sacsayhuamán, Cusco, Perú, 2015-07-31, DD 27.JPG
| alt = 
| caption = A section of the wall of Sacsayhuamán
| map_type = Peru
| map_alt = 
| map_size = 
| relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|13|30|28|S|71|58|56|W|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Cusco]], [[Cusco Region]], [[Peru]]
| region = 
| type = Fortification
| part_of = Cusco
| length = 
| width = 
| area = 
| height = 
| builder = 
| material = 
| built = 
| abandoned = 
| epochs = <!-- actually displays as "Periods" -->
| cultures = [[Inca Empire]]
| dependency_of = 
| occupants = 
| event = 
| excavations = 
| archaeologists = 
| condition = 
| ownership = 
| management = 
| public_access = 
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| notes = 
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child        = yes
| Part_of     = [[City of Cuzco]]
| Area    = [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas|Latin America and the Caribbean]]
| criteria    = Cultural: iii, iv
| ID          = 273
| year        = 1983}}
}}
[[File:Sacsayhuamán, Cusco, Perú, 2015-07-31, DD 05.JPG|thumb|right|Sideways view of the walls of Sacsayhuamán showing the details of the stonework and the angle of the walls.]]
[[File:Sacsayhuamán, Cusco, Perú, 2015-07-31, DD 21.JPG|thumbnail|[[Muyuq Marka]]]]
[[File:Sacsayhuaman-Inca stone.jpg|thumb|Close up of stone wall]]

'''Sacsayhuamán''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|k|s|aɪ|ˌ|w|ʌ|m|ə|n}} {{respell|SACK|sy|wuh|mən}}; {{IPA|es|saksajwaˈman}}) or '''Saksaywaman''' (from [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] {{lang|qu|Saksay waman pukara}}, {{IPA|qu|ˈsaksaj ˈwaman|pron}}, {{lit|fortress of the royal [[falcon]] or [[Variable Hawk|hawk]]}})<ref>''Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua,'' Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Cerrón-Palomino |first=Rodolfo |title=EL EMPLEO DE &lt;X&gt; EN LA TOPONIMIA ANDINA |date=2011-01-01 |work=De la lengua por sólo la extrañeza |pages=613–646 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv6jmwp4.8 |access-date=2024-03-31 |publisher=El Colegio de México|doi=10.2307/j.ctv6jmwp4.8 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>Diego Gonçález Holguín. ''[https://www.illa-a.org/cd/diccionarios/VocabvlarioQqichuaDeHolguin.pdf Vocabulario de la Lengva General de todo el Perv llamada Lengva Qquichua o del Inca]''. Lima, imprenta de Francisco del Canto, 1608. p. 26f.: ''La fortaleza del Inca en el Cuzco era Çaçça huaman y Çaççay huaman significa "Águila real la mayor" y no halcón satisfecho como se ha interpretado generalmente.'' p. 75: ''Çacça huaman pucara. Vn castillo del Inga en el Cuzco. Çacçay huaman, o anca. Aguila real la mayor.''</ref> is a [[citadel]] on the northern outskirts of the city of [[Cusco]], Peru, the historic capital of the [[Inca Empire]]. The site is at an altitude of {{convert|3701|m|ft}}.

The Spanish chroniclers recorded that within the Inca's oral history, the fortress was said to be built during the reign of Sapa Inca [[Pachacuti]] and his successors, [[Topa Inca Yupanqui]] and [[Huayna Capac]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Masonry Techniques of the Inca’s Master Builders|url=https://www.earthasweknowit.com/pages/inca_construction|access-date=2025-11-27|website=Earth As We Know It|language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.worldhistory.org/Sacsayhuaman/ World History Encyclopedia: Sacsayhuaman]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cieza de León|first=Pedro|title=Crónica del Perú|year=1553|publisher=Martín de Montesdoca|location=Sevilla}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Murúa|first=Martín de|title=Historia general del Perú|year=1616| url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/10096/|publisher=Unpublished manuscript|location=Peru/Spain|access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref> [[Dry stone]] walls constructed of huge stones were built on the site, with the workers carefully cutting the boulders to fit them together tightly without [[mortar (masonry)|mortar]].

In 1983, Cusco and Sacsayhuamán together were designated as sites on the [[UNESCO World Heritage List]], for international recognition and protection.<ref>{{Cite web|title=City of Cuzco - World Heritage Site|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/273/|access-date=2020-07-19|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> The archeological site is now a tourist destination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ticketmachupicchu.com/fortress-sacsayhuaman/ |title=The fortress of Sacsayhuaman |website=Ticket Machu Picchu |access-date=12 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Description==
Located on a steep hill that overlooks the city, the fortified complex has a wide view of the valley to the southeast. Archeological studies of surface collections of pottery at Sacsayhuamán indicate that the earliest occupation of the hilltop dates to about 900 CE.<ref>[https://www.worldbyisa.com/20-things-to-do-in-cusco/ WorldByIsa: Things to do in Cusco]</ref>

According to Inca oral history, [[Túpac Inca]] 
<blockquote>"remembered that his father [[Pachacuti]] had called city of Cuzco the lion city.  He said that the tail was where the two rivers unite which flow through it, that the body was the great square and the houses round it, and that the head was wanting."</blockquote>The Inca decided the "best head would be to make a fortress on a high plateau to the north of the city."<ref name=Gamboa>de Gamboa, P.S., (2015), ''History of the Incas'', Lexington, {{ISBN|9781463688653}}</ref>{{rp|105}}

During the 15th century, the Imperial Inca expanded on this settlement, building dry stone walls constructed of huge stones. Spanish Chronicler [[Pedro Cieza de León]] wrote in 1553: 
<blockquote>The Inca ordered that the provinces should provide 20,000 men and that the villages should send the necessary provisions. If any fell sick, another labourer was to supply his place, and he was to return to his home. But these Indians were not kept constantly at a work in progress. They laboured for a limited time, and were then relieved by others, so that they did not feel the demand on their services. There were 4,000 labourers whose duty it was to quarry and get out the stones; 6,000 conveyed them by means of great cables of leather and of cabuya[202] to the works. The rest opened the ground and prepared the foundations, some being told off to cut the posts and beams for the wood-work. For their greater convenience, these labourers made their dwelling-huts, each lineage apart, near the place where the works were progressing. To this day most of the walls of these lodgings may be seen. Overseers were stationed to superintend, and there were great masters of the art of building who had been well instructed. Thus on the highest part of a hill to the north of the city, and little more than an arquebus-shot from it, this fortress was built which the natives called the House of the Sun, but which we named the Fortress.

The living rock was excavated for the foundation, which was prepared with such solidity that it will endure as long as the world itself. The work had, according to my estimate, a length of 330 paces,[203] and a width of 200. Its walls were so strong that there is no artillery which could breach them. The principal entrance was a thing worthy of contemplation, to see how well it was built, and how the walls were arranged so that one commanded the other. And in these walls there were stones so large and mighty that it tired the judgment to conceive how they could have been conveyed and placed, and who could have had sufficient power to shape them, seeing that among these people there are so few tools. Some of these stones are of a width of twelve feet and more than twenty long, others are thicker than a bullock.[204] All the stones are laid and joined with such delicacy that a rial could not be put in between two of them.

I went to see this edifice twice. On one occasion I was accompanied by Tomas Vasquez,[205] a conqueror, and on the other I found Hernando de Guzman there, he who was present at the siege,[206] and Juan de la Haya.[207] Those who read this should believe that I relate nothing that I did not see. As I walked about, observing what was to be seen, I beheld, near the fortress, a stone which measured 260 of my palmos in circuit, and so high that it looked as if it was in its original position. All the Indians say that the stone got tired at this point, and that they were unable to move it further.[208] Assuredly if I had not myself seen that the stone had been hewn and shaped I should not have believed, however much it might have been asserted, that the force of man would have sufficed to bring it to where it now is. There it remains, as a testimony of what manner of men those were who conceived so good a work. The Spaniards have so pillaged and ruined it, that I should be sorry to have been guilty of the fault of those in power who have permitted so magnificent a work to be so ruined. They have not considered the time to come, for it would have been better to have preserved the edifice and to have put a guard over it.[209]

There were many buildings within the fortress, some small, one over the other, and others, which were large, were underground. They made two blocks of buildings, one larger than the other, wide and so well-built, that I know not how I can exaggerate the art with which the stones are laid and worked; and they say that the subterranean edifices are even better. Other things were told me, which I do not repeat, because I am not certain of their accuracy. This fortress was commenced in the time of Ynca Yupanqui. His son, Tupac Inca, as well as Huayna Ccapac and Huascar, worked much at it, and although it is still worthy of admiration, it was formerly without comparison grander. When the Spaniards entered Cuzco, the Indians of Quizquiz had already collected great treasure; but some was still found, and it is believed that there is a great quantity in the vicinity. It would be well to give orders for the preservation of what is left of this fortress, and of that of Huarcu,[210] as memorials of the grandeur of this people, and even for utility, as they could be made serviceable at so little cost.<ref>[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/48785/48785-h/48785-h.htm#CHAPTER_LI "Chronicles of Peru Part II Pedro Cieza de León 1553 Ch.51 p.161-5 (Translated and Published posthumously) Translated by Clements R. Markham 1883"]</ref></blockquote>

After ambushing Atahualpa during the Spanish Conquest of Peru, [[Francisco Pizarro]] sent Martín Bueno and two other Spaniards to help transport gold and silver from the Temple of [[Qurikancha|Coricancha]] in Cusco to Cajamarca, where the Spaniards were based.<ref name=Leon>Leon, P., 1998, ''The Discovery and Conquest of Peru, Chronicles of the New World Encounter,'' edited and translated by Cook and Cook, Durham: Duke University Press, {{ISBN|9780822321460}}</ref>{{rp|228–230}}  They found the Temple of the Sun "covered with plates of gold", which the Spanish supposedly ordered removed as payment for [[Atahualpa]]'s [[Ransom room|ransom]].  Seven hundred plates were removed, and added to two hundred ''cargas'' of gold transported back to Cajamarca.

[[File:FMIB 49785 North view of the remains of the Inca's fort, Sacsahuaman Cuzco.jpeg|thumb|North view of the ruins, 1854]]

After Francisco Pizarro finally entered Cuzco, [[Pedro Pizarro]] described what they found, 
<blockquote>"on top of a hill they [the Inca] had a very strong fort surrounded with masonry walls of stones and having two very high round towers.  And in the lower part of this wall there were stones so large and thick that it seemed impossible that human hands could have set them in place...they were so close together, and so well fitted, that the point of a pin could not have been inserted in one of the joints.  The whole fortress was built up in terraces and flat spaces."  The numerous rooms were "filled with arms, lances, arrows, darts, clubs, [[buckler]]s and large oblong shields...there were many [[morion (helmet)|morions]]...there were also...certain stretchers in which the Lords travelled, as in litters."<ref name=Pizarro>Pizzaro, P., 1571, ''Relation of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru,'' Vol. 1–2, New York: Cortes Society, RareBooksClub.com, {{ISBN|9781235937859}}</ref>{{rp|45}} Pedro Pizarro described in detail storage rooms that were within the complex and filled with military equipment.<ref>Pizarro 1921:272–273</ref></blockquote>

The large plaza, capable of holding thousands of people, was designed for communal ceremonial activities. Several of the large structures at the site may also have been used during rituals. A similar relationship to that between Cuzco and Sacsayhuamán was replicated by the Inca in their distant colony where [[Santiago, Chile]] developed. The Inca fortress there, known as Chena, predated the Spanish colonial city. It was a ceremonial ritual site known as [[Huaca de Chena]].<ref>Stehberg Ruben, "La Fortaleza de Chena y su relación con la ocupación incaica de Chile central." Occasional publication N ° 23, História Natural's National Museum, Santiago, Chile, 1976.</ref>

The best-known zone of Sacsayhuamán includes its great plaza and its adjacent three massive terrace walls. The stones used in the construction of these terraces are among the largest used in any building in pre-Hispanic America. They display a precision of cutting and fitting that is unmatched in the Americas.<ref name="Bauer">{{cite book|author=Brian S. Bauer|title=Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWLjONT3uYQC|year=2010|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-79202-9}}</ref> The stones are so closely spaced that a single piece of paper will not fit between many of the stones. This precision, combined with the rounded corners of the blocks, the variety of their interlocking shapes, and the way the walls lean inward, is thought to have helped the ruins survive devastating [[earthquakes]] in Cuzco.  The longest of the three walls is about 400&nbsp;meters. They are about 6&nbsp;meters tall. The estimated volume of stone is over 6,000&nbsp;cubic meters. Estimates for the weight of the largest [[Limestone]] block vary from 128&nbsp;tonnes to almost 200&nbsp;tonnes. These stones were moved an estimated 35 km (22 miles) from [[Rumicolca]]. <ref>''Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World'', ed. Chris Scarre, 1999 pp. 220–23</ref><ref>''Reader's Digest'': "Mysteries of the Ancient Americas: The New World Before Columbus", 1986, pp. 220–21</ref>

[[File:From above Sacsayhuaman ruins (23254347339).jpg|thumb|View of Cusco from above Sacsayhuaman ruins]]
Following the [[siege of Cusco]], the Spaniards began to use Sacsayhuamán as a source of stones for building Spanish Cuzco; within a few years, they had taken apart and demolished much of the complex. The site was destroyed block by block to salvage materials with which to build the new Spanish governmental and religious buildings of the colonial city, as well as the houses of the wealthiest Spaniards. In the words of [[Garcilaso de la Vega (chronicler)|Garcilaso de la Vega]] (1966:471 [1609: Part 1, Book. Bk. 7, Ch. 29]): 
<blockquote>"to save themselves the expense, effort and delay with which the Indians worked the stone, they pulled down all the smooth masonry in the walls. There is indeed not a house in the city that has not been made of this stone, or at least the houses built by the Spaniards."</blockquote>

Today, it is mostly the pre-colonial stones that were too large to be easily moved that remain at the site.<ref name="Bauer"/> In modern times, upper retaining walls were added to some sections as erosion control as the site became a popular tourist destination. These rougher-fitting upper walls are missing in photos from the early 1900s, and some of them have modern dates etched on them. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Masonry Techniques of the Inca’s Master Builders|url=https://www.earthasweknowit.com/pages/inca_construction|access-date=2025-11-27|website=Earth As We Know It|language=en}}</ref>

On 13 March 2008, archaeologists discovered additional ruins at the periphery of Sacsayhuamán. It has been theorized that the site was first built upon during the [[Killke]] period, which preceded the Inca. While appearing ceremonial in nature, the exact function remains unknown.<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna23626672 "Ancient temple unearthed near Inca capital"], NBC, 14 Mar 2008, Retrieved 2 Jan 2022.</ref>

In January 2010, parts of the site were damaged during periods of heavy rainfall in the region.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8480013.stm "Heavy rainfall in Peru"], ''BBC News'', 26 January 2010</ref>

[[File:Sacsayhuman-map.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Plan of Sacsayhuamán.]]

==Theories about constructing the megalithic walls==
[[Vince Lee (explorer)|Vince Lee]] is an author, architect and explorer who has been consulted on various ancient sites that moved large megaliths. He theorized that the blocks were put into place by carving them first and then lowering them into place. This would have involved doing precise carving ahead of time to create the tight joints that are made to fit into prepared pockets existing in the wall. Then they would be towed up a ramp and above the wall where they would be placed on top of a stack of logs. Then the logs would be removed 1 at a time to lower the stones into place carefully. An experiment was done to see if this would work on a small scale; this accomplished limited success. In the event that they were unable to obtain the tight joints the first time the Incas would also have been able to lift the stones back up to correct their mistakes. They were not able to obtain as much precision as the Incas but they theorized that with more practice they could have accomplished more precise joints and done it with larger stones.

They also did several experiments in nearby [[Ollantaytambo]] to tow megalithic stones. This also led to limited success. They conducted one experiment where they tried to lower a 1 ton stone down a mountain. They lost control of this stone and it rolled down on its own. This is probably not the way the Incas did it since they would have wanted to control the transportation and this could have led to a lot of accidents. They concluded that although they had gravity on their side they had to practice to maintain control of the descent. They also did an experiment towing a megalith that may have been close to 10 tons on cobblestones. They had about 12 people behind the megalith pushing it while well over 100 people were pulling on several ropes to tow it. They succeeded in towing it at a fairly quick pace. The ancient Incas built a large [[Inca road system|road system]] that included 24,999&nbsp;km of roads. Some of these roads were embellished with stone pavings. <ref> "Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World" edited by Chris Scarre 1999 p. 249-251 </ref><ref> History Channel "Mega Movers: Ancient Mystery Moves" </ref> Additional experiments were done at other locations to move large megaliths some of which are [[List of largest monoliths#List of efforts to move and install stones|listed here]]; these experiments were not adequate to replicate the successful efforts [[Pedro Cieza de León]] claimed to witness in the 16th century, and the largest megaliths currently there were more than twice his estimates of the largest 
megaliths in his time. <ref>[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/48785/48785-h/48785-h.htm#CHAPTER_LI "Chronicles of Peru Part II Pedro Cieza de León 1553 Ch.51 p.161-5 (Translated and Published posthumously) Translated by Clements R. Markham 1883"]</ref>

==Modern-day use==
Peruvians continue to celebrate ''[[Inti Raymi]]'', the annual Inca festival of the [[June solstice|winter solstice]] and new year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/ocio/viajes/20170621/423527468224/21-junio-solsticios-verano-invierno-stonehenge-midsummer-cuzco-inti-raymi-celebraciones.html|title=Stonehenge y Cuzco, dos destinos unidos por el culto al sol|date=20 June 2017|website=La Vanguardia}}</ref> It is held near Sacsayhuamán on 24 June. Another important festival is ''[[Warachikuy]],'' held there annually on the third Sunday of September.<ref>[https://www.mincetur.gob.pe/TURISMO/OTROS/inventario%20turistico/Ficha.asp?cod_Ficha=7642 mincetur.gob.pe] "Fiesta del Warachikuy" (in Spanish), accessed 26 February 2014</ref>

Some people from Cusco use the large field within the walls of the complex for jogging, [[tai chi]], and other athletic activities.

{{Panorama
|image      = File:Sacsayhuamán, Cusco, Perú, 2015-07-31, DD 28-30 PAN.JPG
|caption    = {{center|Panorama of Sacsayhuamán}}
|height     = 250
}}{{Panorama
| image = Sacsayhuaman Panorama.jpg
| height = 250
| caption = {{center|Panorama of Sacsayhuamán}}
}}<gallery mode="packed" heights="147px">
File:Sacsayhuamán in 1877 by Ephraim George Squier.jpg|Sacsayhuamán in 1877 by [[Ephraim George Squier]].<ref name="Harper">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/peruincidentsoft00squi/page/430/mode/2up|page=471, 477|title=Peru; incidents of travel and exploration in the land of the Incas|author=[[Ephraim George Squier]]|year=1877|publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Brothers]]}}</ref>
File:Sacsayhuamán 2 in 1877 by Ephraim George Squier.jpg|Sacsayhuamán in 1877 by [[Ephraim George Squier]].<ref name="Harper"/>
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of megalithic sites]]
* [[Huaca de Chena]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|Sacsayhuamán}}
*BBC Article [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7295754.stm New Discoveries at Sacsayhuamán]
*World's Greatest Riddles [https://worlds-greatest-riddles.com/sacsayhuaman.php Mystery of Sacsayhuamán]
{{Archaeological sites in Peru}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sacsayhuamán}}
[[Category:Lost ancient cities and towns]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Cusco]]
[[Category:Ruins in Peru]]
[[Category:Inca]]
[[Category:Esoteric anthropogenesis]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Peru]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in the Department of Cusco]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in the Department of Cusco]]
[[Category:Forts in Peru]]
[[Category:Polygonal masonry]]