View source for Sabal

{{Short description|Genus of palms}}
{{For|a native name of a Bornean tree species|Dacryodes patentinervia}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=February 2023}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|name = Palmetto
|image = SabalPalm.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Sabal palmetto]]''
|display_parents = 3
|taxon = Sabal
|authority = [[Adans.]]<ref name="Adanson1763">{{cite book|author=Michel Adanson|author-link=Michel Adanson|title=Familles des plantes|publisher=chez Vincent|url=https://archive.org/details/famillesdesplant01mada|series=2|year=1763|language=fr|pages=[https://archive.org/details/famillesdesplant01mada/page/n1040 495], 599}}</ref>
|type_species = ''[[Sabal minor|Sabal adansonii]]''
|type_species_authority = Guers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/NameDetails.aspx?nameid=40028117 |title=''Sabal'' Adans. |work=[[Tropicos]] |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=2009-10-16}}</ref>
|synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?10621 |title=''Sabal'' Adans. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2004-10-15 |access-date=2010-04-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826160313/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?10621 |archive-date=2009-08-26 }}</ref>
|synonyms =
* ''Inodes'' <small>[[Orator F. Cook|O.F.Cook]]</small>
}}

'''''Sabal''''' is a genus of [[New World]] palms (or fan-palms). Currently, there are 17 recognized species of ''Sabal'', including one hybrid species.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Griffith|first1=M. Patrick|last2=De Freitas|first2=John|last3=Barros|first3=Michelle|last4=Noblick|first4=Larry R.|date=2017|title=Sabal antillensis (Arecaceae): a new palmetto species from the Leeward Antilles|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=303|pages=56–64|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.303.1.4|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
The species are native to the subtropical and tropical regions of the [[Americas]], from the Gulf Coast/South Atlantic states in the [[Southeastern United States]], south through the [[Caribbean]], [[Mexico]], and [[Central America]] to [[Colombia]] and [[Venezuela]].

== Description ==
Members of this genus are typically identified by the leaves which originate from a bare, unarmed [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] in a fan-like structure. All members of this genus have a costa (or midrib) that extends into the leaf blade. This midrib can vary in length; and it is due to this variation that leaf blades of certain species of ''Sabal'' are strongly curved or strongly costapalmate (as in ''Sabal palmetto'' and ''Sabal etonia'') or weakly curved (almost flattened), weakly costapalmate (as in ''Sabal minor''). Like many other palms, the fruit of ''Sabal'' are [[drupe]], that typically change from green to black when mature.

== Taxonomy ==
The name ''Sabal'' was first applied to members of the group by [[Michel Adanson]] in the 18th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Ramp |first1=Paul F. |last2=Thien |first2=Leonard B. |date=1995 |title=A Taxonomic History and Reexamination of Sabal minor in the Mississippi Valley |journal=Principes |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=77–83}}</ref> Previous names that this genus was associated with include ''[[Corypha]]'', ''[[Chamaerops]]'', ''[[Rhapis]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zona |first=Scott |date=1990 |title=A Monograph of Sabal (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae) |journal=Aliso |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=583–666 |doi=10.5642/aliso.19901204.02 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> This section highlights important [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] work done within the genus ''Sabal.''

In 1990, Scott Zona outlined key morphological and anatomical characters that he used to analyze species relationships of ''Sabal.'' Through this analysis of characters, Zona produced a [[cladogram]] that portrays [[evolutionary]] relationships amongst 15 species of ''Sabal''.<ref name=":1" /> Based on the distribution of species within his cladogram, Zona  recognized four distinct [[clade]]s.<ref name=":1" /> The clades within his study include:
*Clade 1 
''[[Sabal minor]]''
*Clade 2
''[[Sabal bermudana]], [[Sabal palmetto]], [[Sabal miamiensis]],'' and ''[[Sabal etonia]]'' 
*Clade 3 
''[[Sabal maritima]], [[Sabal domingensis]], [[Sabal causiarum]], [[Sabal mauritiiformis|Sabal maurittiformis]], [[Sabal yapa]], [[Sabal mexicana]],'' and ''Sabal guatemalensis'' 
*Clade 4
''[[Sabal uresana]], Sabal rosei, and [[Sabal pumos]]''.<ref name=":1" /> 

These clades associate closely with geographic distributions.<ref name=":1" /> Most of the species within Clade 3 occur in the [[Greater Antilles]] and southern Mexico, where species that occur in the Greater Antilles are more closely related to each other than those that occur in southern Mexico.<ref name=":1" /> Although Clade 4 also occurs in Mexico, these species occur on the west coast where they are geographically separated from the Mexican species within the southern part of the country.<ref name=":1" /> The remaining two clades, Clade 1 and Clade 2 predominantly occur in the southeastern [[United States]] although ''S. palmetto'' and ''S. minor'' are also known from [[Cuba]] and the [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]] ''(S. palmetto)'' and northern Mexico ''(S. minor).''<ref name=":1" /> ''Sabal bermudana'' is only known from [[Bermuda]].<ref name=":1" />

In 2016 Heyduk, Trapnell, Barrett, and Leebens-Mack conducted a new study on ''Sabal'' that analyzed molecular (e.g. nuclear, plastid) data from 15 species of the group.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Heyduk |first1=Karolina |last2=Trapnell |first2=Dorset W. |last3=Barrett |first3=Craig F. |last4=Leebens-Mack |first4=Jim |date=2015-05-13 |title=Phylogenomic analyses of species relationships in the genus Sabal (Arecaceae) using targeted sequence capture |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=106–120 |doi=10.1111/bij.12551 |issn=0024-4066 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This study incorporated [[plastid]] and nuclear sequence data that together were used to estimate the relatedness between the species of ''Sabal.''<ref name=":2" /> The results of the study show species relationships to be different from the distribution of Zona's cladogram.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Within the framework of this study, a major difference between the results of Zona and this study is the placement of "Clade 4" (''[[Sabal uresana]], Sabal rosei, and [[Sabal pumos]]'') which split and integrate these species throughout the [[Phylogenetic tree|phylogeny]] of ''Sabal.''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The largest of the clades identified by Zona, "Clade 3" is disrupted significantly as it is split into multiple clades.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Although ''Sabal causiarum'' and ''S. domingensis'' retain their relationship as [[Sister group|sister species]], they are included in a clade that also includes ''S. maritima'' and ''S. rosei.''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Despite these disruptions in placement between these two studies, the overall integrity of "Clade 1" and "Clade 2" is in congruence with the clades established from the molecular data.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Species ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Scientific name
!'''Common name'''!! Distribution
|-
| || ''[[Sabal antillensis]]'' <small>M.P.Griff.</small> 
|Antillean palmetto|| [[Curaçao]]<ref name=":3" /><ref name="griffith">{{Cite journal|last1=Griffith|first1=M. Patrick|last2=Coolen|first2=Quirijn|last3=Barros|first3=Michelle|last4=Noblick|first4=Larry R.|date=2019|title=''Sabal lougheediana'' (Arecaceae), a critically endangered, endemic palm species from Bonaire|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336408064|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=420|pages=095–102|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.420.2.1|s2cid=208559842 }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Sabal bermudana 3zz.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Sabal bermudana]]'' <small>[[Liberty Hyde Bailey|L.H.Bailey]]<!--1934--></small> 
|Bermuda palmetto|| Bermuda
|-
|[[File:Sabal brazoriensis.jpg|frameless|158x158px]]
|[[Sabal brazoriensis|''Sabal'' ''brazoriensis'']] <small>D.H.Goldman, Lockett & Read</small> 
|Brazoria palmetto
|United States ([[Texas]])
|-
|[[File:Sabal causiarum2 edit.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Sabal causiarum]]'' <small>([[Orator F. Cook|O.F. Cook]]) [[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]]<!--1907--></small> 
|Puerto Rico palmetto|| United States ([[Puerto Rico]]), [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Hispaniola]] ([[Haiti]] and the [[Dominican Republic]])
|-
|[[File:Sabal domingensis 5zz.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Sabal domingensis]]'' <small>Becc.<!--1908--></small> 
|Hispaniola palmetto|| Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic, Haiti)
|-
|[[File:Sabal etonia 3zz.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Sabal etonia]]'' <small>[[Walter Tennyson Swingle|Swingle]] ex [[George Valentine Nash|Nash]]<!--1896--></small> 
|Scrub palmetto|| United States ([[Florida]])
|-
|[[File:Sabal gretherieae0.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Sabal gretheriae]]'' <small>[[Hermilio J. Quero|H.J.Quero.R.]]<!--1991--></small> 
|Yucatán palmetto|| Mexico ([[Quintana Roo]])
|-
| || ''[[Sabal lougheediana]]'' <small>M.P.Griff.</small> 
|Bonaire palmetto|| [[Bonaire]]<ref name="griffith" />
|-
|[[File:Sabal-maritima.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Sabal maritima]]'' <small>([[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]]) [[Max Burret|Burret]]<!--1933--></small> 
|Jamaica palmetto||[[Jamaica]], Cuba
|-
|[[File:Sabal mauritiiformis 12zz.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Sabal mauritiiformis]]'' <small>([[Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten|H.Karst.]]) [[August Grisebach|Griseb.]] & [[Hermann Wendland|H.Wendl.]]<!--1864--></small> 
|Savannah palm or ''palma de vaca''|| ''S''outhern Mexico to northern Colombia, Venezuela, [[Trinidad and Tobago]] ([[Trinida]]))
|-
|[[File:Sabal mexicana 1.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Sabal mexicana]]'' <small>[[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart.]]<!--1845--></small> 
|Mexican palmetto|| United States (southern Texas) south through Mexico to [[Nicaragua]]
|-
|[[File:Gardenology.org-IMG 2114 hunt0903.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Sabal miamiensis]]'' 
|Miami palmetto|| United States ([[South Florida|Southern Florida]])
|-
|[[File:Gardenology.org-IMG 0529 hunt07mar.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Sabal minor]]'' <small>([[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]]) [[Christiaan Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]]<!--1805--></small> 
|Dwarf palmetto|| Northeastern Mexico, Southeastern United States (Florida north to [[North Carolina]], west to Texas)
|-
|[[File:Spalmetto2.JPG|120px]] || ''[[Sabal palmetto]]'' <small>([[Thomas Walter (botanist)|Walter]]) [[Loddiges|Lodd.]] ex Schult. & Schult.f.<!--1830--></small> 
|Cabbage palmetto|| Cuba, Bahamas, [[Turks and Caicos Islands]], United States (Florida north to North Carolina)
|-
|[[File:Sabal pumos (Scott Zona) 001.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Sabal pumos]]'' <small>(Kunth) Burret<!--1933--></small> 
|Royal palmetto|| Mexico ([[Guerrero]], [[Michoacán]], [[Puebla]])
|-
|[[File:Sabal rosei 2.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Sabal rosei]]'' <small>(O.F.Cook) Becc.<!--1907--></small> 
|Rosei palmetto||Northwestern Mexico
|-
|[[File:Sabal uresana Tucson Arizona May 2012.JPG|120px]] || ''[[Sabal uresana]]'' <small>[[William Trelease|Trel.]]<!--1901--></small> 
|Sonoran palmetto|| Mexico ([[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], [[Sonora]])
|-
|[[File:Sabal yapa 4zz.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Sabal yapa]]'' <small>[[Charles Wright (botanist)|C.Wright]] ex Becc.</small> 
| || Mexico ([[Yucatán Peninsula]]), [[Belize]], Cuba, [[Guatemala]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/NameSubordinateTaxa.aspx?nameid=40028117 |title=Subordinate taxa of ''Sabal'' Adans. |work=[[Tropicos]] |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=2009-10-16}}</ref><ref name="GRINSpecies">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?10621 |title=GRIN Species Records of ''Sabal'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2010-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075230/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?10621 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|}

[[File: Arecaceae - Sabal major.JPG|thumb|240px|right|Fossil of ''S. major'']]

===Prehistoric taxa===
Extinct species within this genus include:<ref name=XX/>
* †''[[Sabal bigbendense]]'' <small> Manchester et al. 2010</small>
* †''[[Sabal bracknellense]]'' <small>([[Marjorie E.J. Chandler|Chandler]]) [[Dieter H. Mai|Mai]]</small><ref name="Manchester">{{cite journal |first=Steven R. |last=Manchester |title=Fruits and seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon |journal=Palaeontographica Americana |year=1994 |volume=58 |pages=1–205 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270051359 }}</ref>
* †''[[Sabal grayana]]''  <small>Brown 1962</small>
* †''[[Sabal imperialis]]''  <small>Brown 1962</small>
* †''[[Sabal jenkinsii]]'' <small>([[Eleanor M. Reid|Reid]] & Chandler) [[Steven R. Manchester|Manchester]] 1994</small><ref name="Manchester"/>
* †''[[Sabal lamanonis]]''
* †''[[Sabal raphipholia]]''

Plants of the genus lived from the late [[Cretaceous]] to the [[Quaternary]] period (from 66 million to 12 thousand years ago). Fossils have been found in the United States, as well as in [[Europe]] ([[Italy]], [[Switzerland]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Slovakia]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]]) and [[Japan]].<ref name=XX>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=338231 Paleobiology Database]</ref> Leaf fossils of ''Sabal lamanonis'' have been recovered from [[rhyodacite]] [[tuff]] of Lower [[Miocene]] age in southern Slovakia near the town of [[Lučenec]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Vojtko | first=Rastislav | title=Miocénna flóra z lokalít Kalonda a Mučín | journal=Acta Geologica Slovaca | volume=1 | issue=1 | date=2016-10-21 | issn=1338-0044 | pages=65–70 | url=http://www.geopaleo.fns.uniba.sk/ageos/articles/abstract.php?path=kucerova&vol=1&iss=1 | language=sk | access-date=2019-07-08 | trans-title=Miocene flora from the localities Kalonda and Mučín | archive-date=17 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017024431/http://www.geopaleo.fns.uniba.sk/ageos/articles/abstract.php?path=kucerova&vol=1&iss=1 | url-status=dead }}</ref> 27 million year old ''Sabal lamanonis'' and ''Sabal raphipholia'' leaf [[fossil]]s in volcanic rocks have been described from the [[Evros (regional unit)|Evros]] region in [[Western Thrace]], Greece.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.02.006 | doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.02.006 | title=Review of the Cenozoic floras and vegetation of Greece | year=2014 | last1=Velitzelos | first1=Dimitrios | last2=Bouchal | first2=Johannes M. | last3=Denk | first3=Thomas | journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology | volume=204 | pages=56–117 | bibcode=2014RPaPa.204...56V | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Formerly placed in ''Sabal'' ===
* ''[[Serenoa|Serenoa repens]]'' <small>([[William Bartram|W.Bartram]]) [[John Kunkel Small|Small]]</small> (as ''S. serrulata'' <small>(Michx.) Nutt. ex Schult. & Schult.f.</small>)<ref name="GRINSpecies"/>

== Ecology ==
''Sabal'' species are used as food sources by several species of birds (including ''[[Mimus polyglottos]], [[Turdus migratorius]], [[Dendroica coronata coronata|Dendroica coronata]], [[Corvus ossifragus]],'' and ''[[Dryocopus pileatus|Drycopus pileatus]])'' as well as insects, such as ''[[Caryobruchus gleditsiae|Caryobruchus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=i Monteys|first1=Víctor Sarto|last2=Aguilar|first2=Lluís|last3=Saiz-Ardanaz|first3=Marienza|last4=Ventura|first4=Daniel|last5=Martí|first5=Mercè|date=June 2005|title=Comparative morphology of the egg of the castniid palm borer, Paysandisia archon (Burmeister, 1880) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae)|journal=Systematics and Biodiversity|volume=3|issue=2|pages=179–201|doi=10.1017/S1477200005001635|bibcode=2005SyBio...3..179I |s2cid=85748924|issn=1477-2000}}</ref> and various species of [[Hymenoptera]]. [[American black bear]]s (''Ursus americanus)'' and [[raccoon]]s (''Procyon lotor)'' are also known to feed on fruit of various species of ''Sabal. Sabal palmetto'' is recorded to have its own lichen, ''[[Arthonia]] rubrocincta,''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grube|first1=Martin|last2=Lucking|first2=Robert|last3=Umana-Tenorio|first3=Loengrin|date=September 2004|title=A New Isidiate Species of Arthonia (Ascomycota: Arthoniaceae) from Costa Rica|journal=Mycologia|volume=96|issue=5|pages=1159–1162|doi=10.2307/3762099|issn=0027-5514|jstor=3762099|pmid=21148936}}</ref> that only occurs on its leaf bases. In Europe, the introduced Lepidopteran species ''[[Paysandisia archon]]'' has become a prominent pest whose [[Caterpillar|larvae]] are known to feed on some of the cultivated species of ''Sabal.''

==Uses==
Arborescent species are often [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/st575 transplanted] from natural stands into urban landscapes and are rarely grown in nurseries due to slow growth. Several species are cultivated as [[ornamental plant]]s and because several species are relatively [[hardy palms|cold-hardy]], can be grown farther north than most other palms. The central bud of ''Sabal'' ''palmetto'' is edible and, when cooked, is known as [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv038 'swamp cabbage']. Mature fronds are used as thatch, to make straw hats, and for weaving mats.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071208122458/http://palmguide.org/images.php?family=ARECACEAE&genus=Sabal ''Sabal'' images] at Fairchild Tropical Botanical Gardens
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080927054215/http://www.scanpalm.no/sabal_english.html ''Sabal''] at Scanpalm

{{Arecaceae genera}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q132826|from2=Q21447238}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sabal| ]]
[[Category:Arecaceae genera]]
[[Category:Flora of the Neotropical realm]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Michel Adanson]]