View source for STS-71

{{short description|1995 American crewed spaceflight to Mir}}
{{about|Space Shuttle mission STS-71|the hominid fossil|STS 71}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name               = STS-71
| names_list         = [[Space Transportation System]]-71
| image              = Atlantis docked to MIR - GPN-2000-001315.jpg
| image_caption      = ''Atlantis'' docked to ''Mir'', photographed from the departing [[Soyuz TM-21|Soyuz-TM spacecraft ''Uragan'']]
| insignia           = Sts-71-patch.png
| spacecraft         = {{OV|104}}
| mission_type       = [[Shuttle-Mir program|Shuttle-Mir]]
| operator           = [[NASA]]
| COSPAR_ID          = <!-- Wikidata -->
| SATCAT             = <!-- Wikidata -->
| orbits_completed   = 153
| distance_travelled = {{convert|4100000|mi|km|order=flip}}
| mission_duration   = 9&nbsp;days, 19&nbsp;hours, 23&nbsp;minutes, 9&nbsp;seconds
| launch_mass        = 
| landing_mass       = 
| payload_mass       = {{convert|12191|kg}}
| launch_site        = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]], [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]]
| launch_date        = {{Start date text|June 27, 1995, 19:32:19|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| landing_date       = {{End date text|July 7, 1995, 14:55:28|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| landing_site       = Kennedy, [[Shuttle Landing Facility|SLF&nbsp;Runway&nbsp;15]]
| crew_size          = 7 up<br/>8 down
| crew_members       = {{Unbulleted list|[[Robert L. Gibson]]|[[Charles J. Precourt]]|[[Ellen S. Baker]]|[[Gregory J. Harbaugh]]|[[Bonnie J. Dunbar]]}}
| crew_launching     = {{Unbulleted list|[[Anatoly Solovyev]]|[[Nikolai Budarin]]}}
| crew_landing       = {{Unbulleted list|[[Gennady Strekalov]]|[[Vladimir Dezhurov]]|[[Norman E. Thagard]]}}
| crew_photo         = STS-71_crew.jpg
| crew_photo_caption = Left to right – Seated: Dezhurov, Gibson, Solovyev; Standing: Thagard, Strekalov, Harbaugh, Baker, Precourt, Dunbar, Budarin
| docking            = {{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
   |docking_target      = [[Mir]]
   |docking_type        = dock
   |docking_port        = [[Kristall]]&nbsp;forward
   |docking_date        = June 29, 1995, 13:00:16&nbsp;UTC
   |undocking_date      = July 4, 1995, 11:09:42&nbsp;UTC
   |time_docked         = 4&nbsp;days, 22&nbsp;hours, 9&nbsp;minutes 26&nbsp;seconds
 }}
| apsis              = gee
| orbit_epoch        = 
| orbit_reference    = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime       = [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
| orbit_periapsis    = {{convert|342|km}}
| orbit_apoapsis     = {{convert|342|km}}
| orbit_period       = 88.9 min
| orbit_inclination  = 51.6 degrees
| programme          = [[Space Shuttle program]]
| previous_mission   = [[STS-67]] (68)
| next_mission       = [[STS-70]] (70)
}}
As the third mission of the US/Russian [[Shuttle-Mir Program]], '''STS-71''' became the first [[Space Shuttle]] to dock with the Russian [[space station]] ''[[Mir]]''. STS-71 began on June 27, 1995, with the launch of [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'']] from [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|launchpad 39A]] at the [[Kennedy Space Center]] in Florida. The Shuttle delivered a relief crew of two cosmonauts [[Anatoly Solovyev]] and [[Nikolai Budarin]] to the station and recovered [[Shuttle-Mir Program#Increments|Increment]] astronaut [[Norman Thagard]]. ''Atlantis'' returned to Earth on July 7 with a crew of eight. It was the first of seven straight missions to ''Mir'' flown by ''Atlantis'', and the second Shuttle mission to land with an eight-person crew after [[STS-61-A]] in 1985.

During the five days the Shuttle was docked to ''Mir'', the combined spacecraft became the largest in orbit at the time. STS-71 marked several key achievements: it was the first Shuttle docking with a space station, the first crew exchange between a Shuttle and a station, and the 100th crewed space launch by the United States. The mission carried [[Spacelab]] and provided logistical resupply for ''Mir''. The joint US/Russian crews conducted various life science investigations using Spacelab and performed the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment-II (SAREX-II).

==Crew==
{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology       = Crew Member
|position1         = Commander
|crew1_up          = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Robert L. Gibson]]
|flights1_up       = Fifth and last
|position2         = Pilot
|crew2_up          = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Charles J. Precourt]]
|flights2_up       = Second
 
|position3         = Mission Specialist 1
|crew3_up          = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ellen S. Baker]]
|flights3_up       = Third and last
|position4         = Mission Specialist 2<br>Flight Engineer
|crew4_up          = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Gregory J. Harbaugh]]
|flights4_up       = Third
|position5         = Mission Specialist 3
|crew5_up          = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bonnie J. Dunbar]]
|flights5_up       = Fourth
|position6         = Mission Specialist 4
|crew6_up          = {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anatoly Solovyev]]
|flights6_up       = Fourth
|agency6_up        = [[Russian Federal Space Agency|RKA]]
|expedition6_up    = [[Mir EO-19|EO-19]]
|crew6_down        = {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Gennady Strekalov]]
|flights6_down     = Fifth and last
|agency6_down      = [[Russian Federal Space Agency|RKA]]
|expedition6_down  = [[Mir EO-18|EO-18]]
|position7         = Mission Specialist 5
|crew7_up          = {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nikolai Budarin]]
|flights7_up       = First
|agency7_up        = [[Russian Federal Space Agency|RKA]]
|expedition7_up    = [[Mir EO-19|EO-19]]
|crew7_down        = {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vladimir Dezhurov]]
|flights7_down     = First
|agency7_down      = [[Russian Federal Space Agency|RKA]]
|expedition7_down  = [[Mir EO-18|EO-18]]
|position8         = Mission Specialist 6
|crew8_up          = None
|crew8_down        = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Norman E. Thagard]]
|flights8_down     = Fifth and last
|expedition8_down  = [[Mir EO-18|EO-18]]
}}

=== Crew seat assignments ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Seat<ref>{{cite web|title=STS-71|url=http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-71.htm|publisher=Spacefacts|access-date=July 29, 2024}}</ref>
! Launch
! Landing
|rowspan=9| [[File:Space Shuttle seating plan.svg|150px]]<br />Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck.<br />Seats 5–8 are on the mid-deck.
|-
! 1
|colspan=2| Gibson
|-
! 2
|colspan=2| Precourt
|-
! 3
|colspan=2| Baker
|-
! 4
|colspan=2| Harbaugh
|-
! 5
|colspan=2| Dunbar
|-
! 6
|Solovyev
|Strekalov
|-
! 7
|Budarin
|Dezhurov
|-
! 8
|
|Thagard
|}

==Mission highlights==
[[File:KSC-95EC-0911.jpg|thumb|right|Space Shuttle ''[[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]]'' launches on mission ''STS-71'']]{{LaunchAttempt
| date1           = 1995-06-23 17:06
| result1         = Scrubbed
| reason1         = Weather
| decision_date1  = 1995-06-23 10:00
| decision_clock1 = −06:25:00
| weathergo1      = 20<ref>{{Cite news |date=1995-06-23 |title=Storms threaten launch of shuttle |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=dBzKUGQurMsC&dat=19950623&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=The Gainesville Sun |page=5A |via=Google News |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>
| notes1          = Lightning was within five miles of the KSC area, prohibiting tanking operations.<ref name="Brown">{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Irene |date=1995-06-23 |title=Weather scrubs shuttle launch |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/06/23/Weather-scrubs-shuttle-launch/8632803880000/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=UPI}}</ref><ref name="STIsummary" />
| date2           = 1995-06-24 16:43
| result2         = Scrubbed
| reason2         = Weather
| decision_date2  = 1995-06-24 16:00
| decision_clock2 = −00:09:00 hold
| weathergo2      = 20<ref name="Brown" />
| notes2          = Thunderstorms and rain were in the KSC area.<ref name="Ballingrud">{{Cite news |last=Ballingrud |first=David |date=1995-06-25 |title=Atlantis' launch off; will try again Tuesday |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1995/06/25/atlantis-launch-off-will-try-again-tuesday/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=Tampa Bay Times}}</ref>
| date3           = 1995-06-27 15:32:19
| result3         = Success
}}
The primary objectives of this flight were to rendezvous and perform the first docking between the [[Space Shuttle]] and the Russian [[Space station|Space Station]] [[Mir]] on June 29. In the first U.S.-Russian ([[Soviet Union|Soviet]]) docking in twenty years, ''Atlantis'' delivered a relief crew of two [[cosmonaut]]s Anatoly Solovyev and Nikolai Budarin to ''Mir''.<ref name="NASA" />

Other prime objectives were on-orbit joint United States of America-Russian [[life science]]s investigations aboard [[Spacelab|SPACELAB]]/Mir, logistical resupply of the Mir and recovery of US [[astronaut]] Norman E. Thagard.<ref name="STIsummary">{{cite web |last1=Legler |first1=Robert D. |last2=Bennett |first2=Floyd V. |date=September 1, 2011 |title=Space Shuttle Missions Summary |url=https://sma.nasa.gov/SignificantIncidents/assets/space-shuttle-missions-summary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021052010/https://sma.nasa.gov/SignificantIncidents/assets/space-shuttle-missions-summary.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |website=Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program Office |publisher=NASA |pages=83–84 |id=NASA/TM–2011–216142}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

Secondary objectives included filming with the [[IMAX]] camera and the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment-II (SAREX-II) experiment.<ref name=NASA>{{NASA |article=STS-71 (69) |url=https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-71/mission-sts-71.html |author=Dumoulin, Jim|comment=June 29, 2001}}</ref>

STS-71 was the 100th U.S. human space launch conducted from Cape Canaveral, the first U.S. Space Shuttle-Russian Space Station docking and joint on-orbit operations; largest spacecraft ever in orbit; and the first on-orbit changeout of Shuttle crew.

The rendezvous sequence began at 15:32:19 EDT with a lift-off in-plane with Mir's orbit, at the opening of the 10 minute 19 second launch window. Ascent was nominal with no OMS 1 burn required.<ref name=NASA/> The OMS 2 burn, initiated at 42 minutes 58 seconds Mission Elapsed Time, adjusted the orbit to 160 x 85.3 nautical miles. It was the lowest ever perigee altitude flown by an orbiter.<ref name="sts71rpt" />{{Reference page|page=3}} This facilitated a very rapid initial catch up rate with Mir of about 880 nautical miles per orbit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-71/sts-71-day-01-highlights.html|title=STS-71 Day 1 Highlights|publisher=NASA|date=1995}}</ref> Almost three hours later the orbit was raised to more typical values of 210 x 159 nautical miles by the OMS 3 burn.

Docking occurred at 9&nbsp;am EDT, June 29, using R-Bar or Earth radius vector approach, with ''Atlantis'' closing in on Mir from directly below. R-bar approach allows natural forces to brake the orbiter's approach more than would occur along standard approach directly in front of the space station; also, an R-bar approach minimizes the number of orbiter jet firings needed for approach. The manual phase of the docking began with ''Atlantis'' about a half-mile (800 m) below Mir, with Gibson at the controls on aft flight deck. Stationkeeping was performed when the orbiter was about {{convert|75|m|sp=us}} from ''Mir'', pending approval from Russian and U.S. flight directors to proceed. Gibson then maneuvered the orbiter to a point about {{convert|10|m|sp=us}} from ''Mir'' before beginning the final approach to station. Closing rate was close to the targeted 0.1 foot per second (30&nbsp;mm/s), being approximately 0.107 foot per second (33&nbsp;mm/s) at contact. Interface contact was nearly flawless: less than {{convert|25|mm|sp=us}} lateral misalignment and an angular misalignment of less than 0.5 degrees per axis. No braking jet firings had been required.<ref name="sts71rpt" />{{Reference page|page=3}} Docking occurred about 216 nautical miles ({{convert|400|km|sp=us}}) above [[Lake Baikal]] region of the Russian Federation. The Orbiter Docking System (ODS) with Androgynous Peripheral Docking System served as the actual connection point to a similar interface on the docking port on Mir's [[Kristall]] module. ODS, located in the forward payload bay of ''Atlantis'', performed flawlessly during the docking sequence.

When linked, ''Atlantis'' and Mir formed the largest spacecraft ever in orbit, with a total mass of about 225 [[tonne|metric tons]] (almost one-half million pounds), orbiting some 218 nautical miles ({{convert|404|km|sp=us}}) above the Earth. After hatches on each side opened, STS-71 crew passed into ''Mir'' for a welcoming ceremony. On the same day, the Mir 18 crew officially transferred responsibility for the station to the Mir 19 crew, and the two crews switched spacecraft.

[[File:S71e0003.jpg|right|thumb|Vladimir Dezhurov and "Hoot" Gibson shake hands in orbit, a homage to the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). Later that day, President Bill Clinton announced that this handshake was a major breakthrough towards the end of the Cold War.]]
For the next five days, about 100 hours in total, joint U.S.-Russian operations were conducted, including biomedical investigations, and transfer of equipment to and from ''Mir''. Fifteen separate biomedical and scientific investigations were conducted, using the Spacelab module installed in the aft portion of ''Atlantis''{{'}}s payload bay, and covering seven different disciplines: cardiovascular and pulmonary functions; human metabolism; neuroscience; hygiene, sanitation and radiation; behavioral performance and biology; fundamental biology; and microgravity research. The Mir 18 crew served as test subjects for investigations. Three Mir 18 crew members also carried out an intensive programme of exercise and other measures to prepare for re-entry into gravity environment after more than three months in space.

Numerous medical samples as well as disks and cassettes were transferred to ''Atlantis'' from ''Mir'', including more than 100 urine and saliva samples, about 30 blood samples, 20 surface samples, 12 air samples, several water samples and numerous breath samples taken from ''Mir'' 18 crew members. Also moved was a broken Salyut-5 computer. Transferred to ''Mir'' were more than {{convert|450|kg}} of water generated by the orbiter for waste system flushing and electrolysis; specially designed spacewalking tools for use by the ''Mir'' 19 crew during a spacewalk to repair a jammed solar array on the Spektr module; and transfer of oxygen and nitrogen from Shuttle's environmental control system to raise air pressure on the station, to improve ''Mir''{{'}}s consumables margin.

[[File:STS-71 chute deploy.jpg|right|thumb|''Atlantis'' lands at the Kennedy Space Center at the end of STS-71.]]
The spacecraft undocked on July 4, following a farewell ceremony, with the Mir hatch closing at 3:32&nbsp;pm EDT. July 3 and hatch on Orbiter Docking System shut 16 minutes later. Gibson compared separation sequence to a "cosmic" ballet: Prior to the ''Mir''-''Atlantis'' undocking, the ''Mir'' 19 crew temporarily abandoned station, flying away from it in their Soyuz spacecraft so they could record images of ''Atlantis'' and ''Mir'' separating. Soyuz unlatched at 6:55&nbsp;am EDT, and Gibson undocked ''Atlantis'' from ''Mir'' at 7:10&nbsp;am EDT. Whilst both spacecraft were undocked from ''Mir'', the station suffered a computer malfunction and started to drift in attitude. The ''Mir'' 19 crew performed a hasty re-docking, monitored by ''Atlantis''. They subsequently replaced computer hardware allowing them to regain attitude control.

The returning crew of eight equaled the largest crew ([[STS-61-A]], October 1985) in Shuttle history. To ease their re-entry into gravity environment after more than 100 days in space, ''Mir'' 18 crew members Thagard, Dezhurov and Strekalov lay supine in custom-made recumbent seats installed prior to landing in the orbiter middeck.

Inflight problems included a glitch with General Purpose Computer 4 (GPC 4), which was declared failed when it did not synchronize with GPC 1; subsequent troubleshooting indicated it was an isolated event, and GPC 4 operated satisfactorily for the remainder of mission.

During the SAREX portion of the flight, the crew contacted several schools. One was Redlands High School in Redlands, California. Charlie Precourt was able to contact students, former students and technicians that built the communications package. A cross polarized, dual band yagi antenna array and automatic rotor was installed on the roof of the electronics classroom. A dual band radio was installed inside the radio room of the classroom. The contact window lasted about 10 minutes, during which time, about twelve people were able to ask questions. While most were basic or technical questions, one was peculiar. "What would happen of you sneezed inside your helmet?" Precourt answered that you'd probably, "spray your face shield a little bit.." and carry on.

==External tank==
The [[Space Shuttle external tank|external tank]] used on this mission (ET-70)<ref name="sts71rpt">{{cite report |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19960020461/downloads/19960020461.pdf |title=STS-71 Space Shuttle Mission Report |author=Fricke Jr. |first=Robert W. |date=August 1, 1995 |publisher=NASA |access-date=2024-11-28}}</ref> was involved in a historic [[marine salvage]] court case.<ref name="Margate">{{cite court|litigants=Margate Shipping Co. v. M/V JA Orgeron |reporter=US 143 F.3d 976 (5th Cir. 1998)|date=July 1, 1998|url=https://casetext.com/case/margate-shipping-co-v-mv-ja-orgeron | access-date=2/3/2024 }}</ref> The tank was being delivered by barge in November 1994, when the tow vehicle encountered issues in [[Hurricane Gordon]]. Their [[mayday]] signal was picked up by the oil tanker Cherry Valley, which responded and towed the tug and its cargo to safety.<ref name="planetmoney">{{cite web|title=Rescues at sea, and how to make a fortune|work=Planet Money|publisher=NPR|date=January 26, 2024|access-date=February 3, 2024|url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1197956698}}</ref> Under the tradition of marine salvage, NASA offered $5 million to the crew of the tanker as a reward, but the [[United States Department of Justice]] reduced the offer to $1 million.<ref name="planetmoney"/> The tanker company and crew sued and were awarded $6.4 million, believed to be the largest such award in U.S. history.<ref name="planetmoney"/> This was reduced to $4.125 million on appeal.<ref name="Margate"/> The crew split the award with their employer. At least one crew member was able to use his cut of the proceeds to buy a house, which he calls "the house that NASA bought."<ref name="planetmoney"/>
==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[List of human spaceflights]]
* [[List of human spaceflights to Mir]]
* [[List of Space Shuttle missions]]
* [[Outline of space science]]
* [[United States Astronaut Hall of Fame#Exhibits]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle69.htm STS-71 Video Highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110095918/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle69.htm |date=November 10, 2013 }}

{{Shuttle-Mir}}
{{Space Shuttle Atlantis}}
{{Crewed Mir flights}}
{{All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions}}
{{Orbital launches in 1995}}

{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:STS-071}}
[[Category:Space Shuttle missions]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1995]]