View source for STS-41-D

{{Short description|1984 American crewed spaceflight and maiden flight of Space Shuttle Discovery}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name               = STS-41-D
| names_list         = [[Space Transportation System]]-12
| image              = STS41D-01-021.jpg
| image_upright      = yes
| image_caption      = The experimental OAST-1 solar array in flight
| mission_type       = Satellites deployment
| operator           = [[NASA]]
| mission_duration   = {{time interval|August 30, 1984, 12:41:50|September 5, 1984, 13:37:54|show=dhms|sep=,}}
| distance_travelled = {{cvt|4010000|km}}
| orbits_completed   = 97
| spacecraft         = {{OV|103}}
| launch_mass        = {{cvt|119511|kg}}
| landing_mass       = {{cvt|91418|kg}}
| payload_mass       = {{cvt|18681|kg}}
| crew_size          = 6
| crew_members       = {{Unbulleted list|[[Henry W. Hartsfield Jr.]]|[[Michael Coats|Michael L. Coats]]|[[Mike Mullane|Richard M. Mullane]]|[[Steven Hawley|Steven A. Hawley]]|[[Judith Resnik|Judith A. Resnik]]|[[Charles D. Walker]]}}
| launch_date        = {{Start date text|August 30, 1984, 12:41:50|timezone=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (8:41:50{{nbsp}}am{{nbsp}}[[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]])
| launch_site        = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]], [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]]
| launch_contractor  = [[Rockwell International]]
| landing_date       = {{End date text|September 5, 1984, 13:37:54|timezone=yes}}{{nbsp}}UTC (6:37:54{{nbsp}}am{{nbsp}}[[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]])
| landing_site       = [[Edwards Air Force Base|Edwards]], Runway{{nbsp}}17
| orbit_reference    = [[Geocentric orbit]]<ref name=satcat>{{cite web|title=SATCAT|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt|publisher=Jonathan's Space Report|access-date=March 23, 2014}}</ref>
| orbit_regime       = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis    = {{cvt|346|km}}
| orbit_apoapsis     = {{cvt|354|km}}
| orbit_inclination  = 28.50°
| orbit_period       = 90.60 minutes
| apsis              = gee
| instruments        = Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES)
| insignia           = Sts-41-d-patch.png
| insignia_caption   = STS-41-D mission patch
| crew_photo         = STS-41-D_crew.jpg
| crew_photo_caption = Back row: [[Charles D. Walker|Walker]] and [[Judith Resnik|Resnik]]<br/>Front row: [[Mike Mullane|Mullane]], [[Steven Hawley|Hawley]], [[Henry W. Hartsfield Jr.|Hartsfield]] and [[Michael Coats|Coats]]
| programme          = [[Space Shuttle program]]
| previous_mission   = [[STS-41-C]] (11)
| next_mission       = [[STS-41-G]] (13)
}}

'''STS-41-D''' (formerly STS-14) was the 12th flight of [[NASA]]'s [[Space Shuttle program]], and the first mission of [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle ''Discovery'']]. It was launched from [[Kennedy Space Center]], [[Florida]], on August 30, 1984, and landed at [[Edwards Air Force Base]], [[California]], on September 5, 1984. Three commercial [[communications satellite]]s were deployed into orbit during the six-day mission, and a number of scientific experiments were conducted, including a prototype [[Electrical system of the International Space Station|extendable solar array]] that would eventually form the basis of the main solar arrays on the [[International Space Station]] (ISS).

The mission was delayed by more than two months from its original planned launch date, having experienced the Space Shuttle program's first launch abort at T−4 seconds on June 26, 1984.

== Crew ==
{{Spaceflight crew
| terminology = Astronaut

| position1   = Commander
| crew1_up    = [[Henry W. Hartsfield Jr.]]
| flights1_up = Second

| position2   = Pilot
| crew2_up    = [[Michael Coats|Michael L. Coats]]
| flights2_up = First

| position3   = Mission Specialist 1
| crew3_up    = [[Mike Mullane|Richard M. Mullane]]
| flights3_up = First

| position4   = Mission Specialist 2<br>Flight Engineer
| crew4_up    = [[Steven Hawley|Steven A. Hawley]]
| flights4_up = First

| position5   = Mission Specialist 3
| crew5_up    = [[Judith Resnik|Judith A. Resnik]]
| flights5_up = Only

| position6   = Payload Specialist 1
| crew6_up    = [[Charles D. Walker]]
| flights6_up = First
}}

=== Crew seat assignments ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Seat<ref>{{cite web|title=STS-41D|url=http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-41d.htm|publisher=Spacefacts|access-date=February 26, 2014}}</ref>
! Launch
! Landing
|rowspan=8| [[File:Space Shuttle seating plan.svg|150px]]<br />Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck.<br />Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck.
|-
! 1
|colspan=2| Hartsfield
|-
! 2
|colspan=2| Coats
|-
! 3
| Mullane
| Resnik
|-
! 4
|colspan=2| Hawley
|-
! 5
| Resnik
| Mullane
|-
! 6
|colspan=2| Walker
|-
! 7
|colspan=2 style="background-color:lightgray"| ''Unused''
|}

== Mission background ==
The launch was originally planned for June 25, 1984, but because of a variety of technical problems, including rollback to the [[Vehicle Assembly Building]] (VAB) to replace a faulty [[Space Shuttle Main Engine]] (SSME), the launch was delayed by over two months. The June 26, 1984, launch attempt marked the first time since [[Gemini 6A]] that a crewed spacecraft had experienced a shutdown of its engines just prior to launch.

=== June 1984 launch attempt ===
During the June 26, 1984, launch attempt, there was a launch abort at T−4 seconds, followed by a pad fire about ten minutes later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2007 |title=Risk of Space Flight |url=http://www.wylelabs.com/content/global/documents/Health%20Threats%20-%20Clark.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228104253/http://www.wylelabs.com/content/global/documents/Health%20Threats%20-%20Clark.pdf |archive-date=February 28, 2008 |access-date=June 21, 2013 |website=[[Wyle Laboratories|Machine Wyle Laboratories]]}}</ref><ref name="STS-41">{{cite web |year=2008 |title=STS-41-D |url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/41-d/mission-41-d.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817125433/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/41-d/mission-41-d.html |archive-date=August 17, 2000 |access-date=February 20, 2008 |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Because the center engine had not started when the abort was triggered, confusion ensued as the [[flight controller]]s were unable to verify its state:

<blockquote>
Commentary: "We have a cut off".<br/>
"NTD [''NASA Test Director''] we have a RSLS [''Redundant Set Launch Sequencer''] abort".

Commentary: "We have an abort by the onboard computers of the orbiter Discovery".<br/>
"Break break, break break, GLS [''Ground Launch Sequencer''] shows engine one not shut down".<br/>
"OK, PLT [''pilot'']?"<br/>
"CSME [''Space Shuttle Main Engines''] verify engine one".<br/>
"You want me to shut down engine one?"<br/>
"We do not show engine start on one".<br/>
"OTC [''Orbiter test conductor''] I can verify shutdown on verify on engine one, we haven't start prepped engine one".<br/>
"All engines shut down I can verify that".

Commentary: "We can now verify all three engines have been shut down".<br/>
"We have red lights on engines two and three in the cockpit, not on one".<br/>
"All right, CSME verify engine one safe for APU [''[[auxiliary power unit]]''] shutdown".<br/>
"If I can verify that?"<br/>
"OTC GPC [''General Purpose Computer''] go for APU shutdown".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zVN9V5uBNc |title=STS-41D pad abort |date=6 August 2009 |type=Video |access-date=30 April 2012 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Mission Specialist Steve Hawley was reported as saying following the abort: "Gee, I thought we'd be a lot higher at MECO (Main Engine Cut-Off)!".<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite journal |last=Borsché |first=Catherine E. |date=June 2007 |title=A League of Their Own |url=https://www3.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/roundup_archive_2007_06_0.pdf |journal=Space Center Roundup |publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |volume=46 |issue=6 |page=10 |access-date=June 21, 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> About ten minutes later, the following was heard on live TV coverage:

<blockquote>
"We have indication two of our fire detectors on the zero level; no response. They're side by side right next to the engine area. The engineer requested that we turn on the heat shield fire water which is what could be seen spraying up in the vicinity of the engine bells of ''Discovery''{{'}}s three main engines".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMRI_sqEltc |title=Discovery STS-41-D Mission - Launch - Abort |date=12 April 2017 |type=Video |access-date=20 June 2019 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
</blockquote>

While evacuating the shuttle 20 minutes later, the crew was doused with water from the pad deluge system, which was activated due to a hydrogen fire on the launch pad caused by the free hydrogen (fuel) that had collected around the engine nozzles following the shutdown and engine anomaly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Photo of the week 19 (August 8, 2005) |url=http://www.collectspace.com//ubb/Forum40/HTML/000018.html |access-date=July 21, 2013 |website=www.collectspace.com}}</ref> Because the fire was invisible to humans, had the astronauts used the normal emergency escape procedure across the service arm to the slidewire escape baskets, they would have run into the fire.<ref name="walker20050317">{{cite interview|url=https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/WalkerCD/WalkerCD_3-17-05.pdf|title=Oral History Transcript|work=NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project|last=Walker|first=Charles D. |interviewer=Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer|publisher=NASA|date=March 17, 2005|access-date=December 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215213530/https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/WalkerCD/WalkerCD_3-17-05.pdf|archive-date=February 15, 2017}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

Changes to procedures resulting from the abort included more practicing of "safing" the orbiter following aborts at various points, the use of the fire suppression system in all pad aborts, and the testing of the slidewire escape system with a real person ([[Charles Bolden|Charles F. Bolden Jr.]]). It emerged that launch controllers were reluctant to order the crew to evacuate during the STS-41-D abort, as the slidewire had not been ridden by a human.<ref name=autogenerated1/>

Examination of telemetry data indicated that the engine malfunction had been caused by a stuck valve that prevented proper flow of LOX into the combustion chamber.{{cn|date=January 2022}}

== Mission summary ==
STS-41-D launched on 08:41:50 a.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] on August 30, 1984, after a six-minute, fifty-second delay when a private aircraft flew into the restricted airspace near the launch pad. It was the fourth launch attempt for ''Discovery''. Because of the two-month delay, the [[Canceled Space Shuttle missions|STS-41-F]] mission was canceled (STS-41-E had already been canceled), and its primary payloads were included on the STS-41-D flight. The combined cargo weighed over {{cvt|18681|kg}}, a record for a Space Shuttle payload up to that time.

The six-person flight crew consisted of [[Henry W. Hartsfield Jr.]], commander, making his second shuttle mission; pilot [[Michael Coats|Michael L. Coats]]; three mission specialists – [[Judith Resnik|Judith A. Resnik]], [[Mike Mullane|Richard M. Mullane]] and [[Steven Hawley|Steven A. Hawley]]; and a payload specialist, [[Charles D. Walker]], an employee of [[McDonnell Douglas]]. Walker was the first commercially sponsored payload specialist to fly aboard the Space Shuttle. Resnik became the second American woman to fly any NASA space mission, after [[Sally Ride|Sally K. Ride]].

Primary cargo of ''Discovery'' consisted of three commercial [[communications satellite]]s: SBS-4 for [[Satellite Business Systems]], [[Telstar 302]] for [[Telesat]] of [[Canada]], and [[Syncom]] IV-2, or [[Syncom|Leasat-2]], a [[Hughes Aircraft Company|Hughes]]-built satellite leased to the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]; all three were Hughes-built satellites. Leasat-2 was the first large communications satellite designed specifically to be deployed from the Space Shuttle. All three satellites were deployed successfully and became operational.

Another payload was the OAST-1 [[Photovoltaic module|solar array]], a device {{cvt|4|m}} wide and {{cvt|31|m}} high, which folded into a package {{cvt|18|cm}} deep. The array carried a number of different types of experimental [[solar cell]]s and was extended to its full height several times during the mission. At the time, it was the largest structure ever extended from a crewed spacecraft, and it demonstrated the feasibility of large lightweight solar arrays for use on future orbital installations, such as the International Space Station (ISS).

The McDonnell Douglas-sponsored Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES) experiment, using living cells, was more elaborate than the one flown on previous missions, and payload specialist Walker operated it for more than 100 hours during the flight. A student experiment to study [[crystal]] growth in [[Micro-g environment|microgravity]] was also carried out. The highlights of the mission were filmed using an [[IMAX]] [[Movie camera|motion picture camera]], and later appeared in the 1985 documentary film ''[[The Dream is Alive]]''. On September 3, 1984, concern arose over the formation of ice on the waste dump nozzle of the shuttle. The cause was an obstruction in the shuttle's external wastewater dumping system that caused a {{cvt|61|cm}} "[[Urine|pee-sicle]]" to form during the mission; Hartsfield removed it with the Remote Manipulator System ([[Canadarm]]) the following day.<ref name="walker20050414">{{cite interview|title=Oral History Transcript |date=April 14, 2005|access-date=December 29, 2011|last=Walker|first=Charles D.|interviewer=Johnson, Sandra|work=NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project|publisher=NASA |url=https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/WalkerCD/WalkerCD_4-14-05.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128091654/https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/WalkerCD/WalkerCD_4-14-05.pdf|archive-date=January 28, 2017}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/feature/35-years-ago-sts-41d-first-flight-of-space-shuttle-discovery 35 Years Ago: STS-41-D – First Flight of Space Shuttle Discovery] {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The mission lasted 6 days, 0 hour, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds, with landing taking place on Runway 17 at [[Edwards Air Force Base]] at 06:37:54 a.m. PDT on September 5, 1984. During STS-41-D, ''Discovery'' traveled a total of {{cvt|4010000|km}} and made 97 orbits. The orbiter was transported back to KSC on September 10, 1984. Ominously, STS-41-D was the first Shuttle mission in which blow-by damage to the SRB O-rings was discovered, with a small amount of soot found beyond the primary O-ring. Following the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|''Challenger'' disaster]], [[Thiokol|Morton Thiokol]] engineer Brian Russell called this finding the first "big red flag" on SRB Joint and O-ring safety.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vaughan|first=Diane|title=The Challenger launch decision: risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA |year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85175-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/challengerlaunch00dian/page/144 144]|url=https://archive.org/details/challengerlaunch00dian|url-access=registration}}</ref>

== Launch attempts ==
{{LaunchAttempt
| date1           = June 25, 1984 8:43
| result1         = Scrubbed
| reason1         = Technical
| decision_date1  = 
| decision_clock1 = −00:09:00 hold
| weathergo1      = 
| notes1          = Failure of Orbiter's backup General Purpose Computer.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vaughan|first=Diane|title=The Challenger launch decision: risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85175-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/challengerlaunch00dian/page/51 51]|url=https://archive.org/details/challengerlaunch00dian|url-access=registration}}</ref>
| date2           = June 26, 1984 8:43
| result2         = Scrubbed
| reason2         = Technical
| decision_date2  = June 26, 1984 8:42
| decision_clock2 = −00:00:04
| weathergo2      = 40<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosenthal |first=Harry F. |date=1984-06-26 |title=Discovery will try once again this morning |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=dBzKUGQurMsC&dat=19840626&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2025-04-21 |work=The Gainesville Sun |pages=1A, 8A |via=Google News |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>
| notes2          = Post-[[SSME]] start [[RSLS Abort]] due to anomaly in number three engine. Discovery returned to [[Orbiter Processing Facility|OPF]] for engine replacement.
| date3           = August 29, 1984 8:35
| result3         = Scrubbed
| reason3         = Technical
| decision_date3  = August 28, 1984
| decision_clock3 = 
| weathergo3      = 
| notes3          = Discrepancy with master events controller relating to SRB fire commands.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosenthal |first=Harry F. |date=1984-08-29 |title=Discovery liftoff is postponed |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=dBzKUGQurMsC&dat=19840829&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2025-04-21 |work=The Gainesville Sun |pages=1A, 8A |via=Google News |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>
| date4           = August 30, 1984, 08:41:50
| result4         = Success
| notes4          = Delayed 6 minutes, 50 seconds when private aircraft strayed into airspace.
}}

== Mission insignia ==
The 12 stars within the blue field indicate the flight's original numerical designation as STS-12 in the Space Transportation System's mission sequence. A representation of ''Discovery's'' namesake is manifested in a sailing ship, which is linked to the Shuttle (with the OAST solar array in the payload bay) via a red, white, and blue path, signifying its maiden voyage.

== Wake-up calls ==
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the [[Project Gemini]], and first used music to wake up a flight crew during [[Apollo 15]]. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.<ref name="chronology">{{cite news|first=Colin|last=Fries|title=Chronology of Wakeup Calls|date=June 25, 2007|publisher=NASA|url=https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf|access-date=August 13, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605034025/http://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf|archive-date=June 5, 2010}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Flight Day
! Song
! Artist/Composer
|-
| Day 2
| "[[Anchors Aweigh]]"
| [[Charles A. Zimmerman]]
|-
| Day 3
| "[[Telstar (instrumental)|Telstar]]"
| [[The Ventures]]
|-
| Day 4
| "[[Mr. Spaceman]]"
| [[The Byrds]]
|-
| Day 5
| "[[Hair (Hair song)|Hair]]"
| [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] cast
|-
| Day 6
| "[[Eight Miles High]]"
| The Byrds
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:STS41D-36-034.jpg|SBS-D deployment
File:STS41D-36-111.jpg|Syncom IV-2 deployment
File:STS41D-37-050.jpg|Telstar 3C deployment
File:Sts-41d landing 41d-03299.jpg|Discovery lands at [[Edwards Air Force Base]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[List of human spaceflights]]
* [[List of Space Shuttle missions]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/41-d/mission-41-d.html STS-41-D mission summary] NASA
* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19920075376_1992075376.pdf STS-41-D National Space Transportation Systems Program Mission Report] NASA
* [https://space.nss.org/space-shuttle-flight-12-sts-41d-post-flight-press-conference-video/ STS-41-D video highlights]
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0089050/ ''The Dream is Alive'' (1985)] IMDb
* https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-41B.html

{{Space Shuttle Discovery}}
{{All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions}}
{{Orbital launches in 1984}}

[[Category:1984 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:1984 in the United States]]
[[Category:Space Shuttle missions]]
[[Category:Edwards Air Force Base]]
[[Category:1984 in science]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1984]]
[[Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 1984]]
[[Category:August 1984]]
[[Category:September 1984]]