View source for SARS-CoV-1

{{Short description|Virus that causes SARS}}
{{About|the virus that causes SARS|the virus that causes COVID-19|SARS-CoV-2|the species to which both viruses belong|SARS-related coronavirus}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Virusbox
| image = SARS virion.gif
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = [[Micrograph#Electron micrograph|Electron microscope image]] of a SARS [[virus|virion]]
| parent = Sarbecovirus
| species = Betacoronavirus pandemicum
| strain = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1
| synonyms = 
* SARS coronavirus
* SARS-related coronavirus
* Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus<ref name="TaxHist">{{cite web |title=ICTV Taxonomy history: ''Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus'' |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=20181868 |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=27 January 2019 |language=en }}</ref>
| synonyms_ref = 
}}

'''Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1''' ('''SARS-CoV-1'''), previously known as '''severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus''' ('''SARS-CoV'''),<ref name="van Doremalen et al., NEJM 2020">{{cite journal |author1=Neeltje van Doremalen |author2=Trenton Bushmaker |author3=Dylan H. Morris |author4=Myndi G. Holbrook |author5=Amandine Gamble |author6=Brandi N. Williamson |author7=Azaibi Tamin |author8=Jennifer L. Harcourt |author9=Natalie J. Thornburg |author10=Susan I. Gerber |author11=James O. Lloyd-Smith |author12=Emmie de Wit |author13=Vincent J. Munster |title=Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |date=17 March 2020 |volume=382 |issue=16 |pages=1564–1567 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc2004973 |pmid=32182409 |pmc=7121658 |doi-access=free }}</ref> is a [[strain (biology)|strain]] of [[coronavirus]] that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome ([[SARS]]), the [[respiratory illness]] responsible for the [[2002–2004 SARS outbreak]].<ref name="Thiel">{{cite book |editor-last=Thiel |editor-first=V. |title=Coronaviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology |edition=1st |publisher=[[Caister Academic Press]] |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-904455-16-5}}</ref> It is an [[Viral envelope|enveloped]], [[Sense (molecular biology)|positive-sense]], [[RNA|single-stranded]] [[RNA virus]] that infects the [[Epithelium|epithelial cells]] within the lungs.<ref>{{Cite book |author-last1=Fehr |author-first1=Anthony R. |author-last2=Perlman |author-first2=Stanley |title=Coronaviruses |date=2015 |chapter=Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis |series=Methods in Molecular Biology |location=Clifton, New Jersey, USA |volume=1282 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1 |issn=1064-3745 |pmc=4369385 |pmid=25720466 |isbn=978-1-4939-2437-0 |quote=SARS-CoV primarily infects epithelial cells within the lung. The virus is capable of entering macrophages and dendritic cells but only leads to an abortive infection [87,88].}}</ref> The virus enters the host cell by binding to
[[angiotensin-converting enzyme 2]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |author1=Xing-Yi Ge |author2=Jia-Lu Li |author3=Xing-Lou Yang |display-authors=etal |date=2013 |title=Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=503 |issue=7477 |pages=535–538 |bibcode=2013Natur.503..535G |doi=10.1038/nature12711 |pmc=5389864 |pmid=24172901}}</ref> It infects [[humans]], [[bats]], and [[Paradoxurinae|palm civets]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author-last1=Wong |author-first1=Antonio C. P. |author-last2=Li |author-first2=Xin |author-last3=Lau |author-first3=Susanna K. P. |author-last4=Woo |author-first4=Patrick C. Y. |date=20 February 2019 |title=Global Epidemiology of Bat Coronaviruses |journal=[[Viruses (journal)|Viruses]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=174 |doi=10.3390/v11020174 |issn=1999-4915 |pmc=6409556 |pmid=30791586 |quote=Most notably, horseshoe bats were found to be the reservoir of SARS-like CoVs, while palm civet cats are considered to be the intermediate host for SARS-CoVs [43,44,45].|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author-last=Li |author-first=Fang |date=October 2013 |title=Receptor recognition and cross-species infections of SARS coronavirus |journal=[[Antiviral Research]] |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=246–254 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.08.014 |issn=0166-3542 |pmc=3840050 |pmid=23994189 |quote=See Figure 6.}}</ref>  The SARS-CoV-1 outbreak was largely brought under control by simple public health measures. Testing people with symptoms (fever and respiratory problems), isolating and quarantining suspected cases, and restricting travel all had an effect.  SARS-CoV-1 was most transmissible when patients were sick, so its spread could be effectively suppressed by isolating patients with symptoms.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/69610735 |title=SARS : how a global epidemic was stopped. |date=2006 |publisher=World Health Organization, Western Pacific Region |others=World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific |isbn=92-9061-213-4 |location=[Geneva, Switzerland] |oclc=69610735}}</ref>

On April 16, 2003, following [[2002–2004 SARS outbreak|the outbreak of SARS]] in [[Asia]] and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) issued a press release stating that the [[coronavirus]] identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS. The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) in the United States and the [[National Microbiology Laboratory]] (NML) in Canada identified the SARS-CoV-1 [[genome]] in April 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/about/history/sars/feature.htm |title=Remembering SARS: A Deadly Puzzle and the Efforts to Solve It |date=11 April 2013 |access-date=3 August 2013 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801143131/http://www.cdc.gov/about/history/sars/feature.htm |archive-date=1 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/releases/2003/pr31/en/ |title=Coronavirus never before seen in humans is the cause of SARS |publisher=United Nations World Health Organization |date=16 April 2006 |access-date=5 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040812124322/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/releases/2003/pr31/en/ |archive-date=12 August 2004}}</ref> Scientists at [[Erasmus University]] in [[Rotterdam]], the Netherlands, demonstrated that the SARS coronavirus fulfilled [[Koch's postulates]], thereby confirming it as the causative agent. In the experiments, [[macaque]]s infected with the virus developed the same symptoms as human SARS patients.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Fouchier |author-first1=R. A. |author-last2=Kuiken |author-first2=T. |author-last3=Schutten |author-first3=M. |display-authors=etal |title=Aetiology: Koch's postulates fulfilled for SARS virus |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=423 |issue=6937 |page=240 |date=2003 |pmid=12748632 |doi=10.1038/423240a |pmc=7095368 |bibcode=2003Natur.423..240F}}</ref>

A virus very similar to SARS was discovered in late 2019. This virus, named [[severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2), is the causative [[pathogen]] of [[COVID-19]], the propagation of which started the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lau |first1=Susanna K. P. |last2=Luk |first2=Hayes K. H. |last3=Wong |first3=Antonio C. P. |last4=Li |first4=Kenneth S. M. |last5=Zhu |first5=Longchao |last6=He |first6=Zirong |last7=Fung |first7=Joshua |last8=Chan |first8=Tony T. Y. |last9=Fung |first9=Kitty S. C. |last10=Woo |first10=Patrick C. Y. |title=Possible Bat Origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 – Volume 26, Number 7 – July 2020 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC |date=2020 |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=1542–1547 |doi=10.3201/eid2607.200092 |pmid=32315281 |pmc=7323513 |language=en-us|doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Coronavirus spike protein|spike protein]] responsible for viral entry differs by 24% between the two viruses, and the genome differs by approximately 20%,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdolmaleki |first=Gelareh |last2=Taheri |first2=Mina Azam |last3=Paridehpour |first3=Sarina |last4=Mohammadi |first4=Neshaut Mashreghi |last5=Tabatabaei |first5=Yasaman Ahmadi |last6=Mousavi |first6=Taraneh |last7=Amin |first7=Mohsen |date=2022-12-01 |title=A comparison between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV2: an update on current COVID-19 vaccines |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40199-022-00446-8 |journal=DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=379–406 |doi=10.1007/s40199-022-00446-8 |issn=2008-2231 |pmc=9436716 |pmid=36050585}}</ref> indicating that the two do not share a very recent common ancestor.

== SARS ==
[[File:SARS CoV.jpg|thumb|[[Scanning electron micrograph]] of SARS [[virions]]]]
[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]] (SARS) is the disease caused by SARS-CoV-1. It causes an often severe illness and is marked initially by systemic symptoms of [[muscle pain]], [[headache]], and [[fever]], followed in 2–14 days by the onset of respiratory symptoms,<ref name="pmid15018127">{{cite journal |author-last1=Chan-Yeung |author-first1=M. |author-last2=Xu |author-first2=R. H. |title=SARS: epidemiology |journal=[[Respirology (journal)|Respirology]] |location=Carlton, Victoria, USA |volume=8 |issue=Suppl |pages=S9–S14 |date=November 2003 |pmid=15018127 |doi=10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00518.x|pmc=7169193 }}</ref> mainly cough, [[dyspnea]], and [[pneumonia]]. Another common finding in SARS patients is a decrease in the number of lymphocytes circulating in the blood.<ref name="pmid15254784">{{cite journal |author-last1=Yang |author-first1=M. |author-last2=Li |author-first2=C. K. |author-last3=Li |author-first3=K. |author-last4=Hon |author-first4=K. L. |author-last5=Ng |author-first5=M. H. |author-last6=Chan |author-first6=P. K. |author-last7=Fok |author-first7=T. F. |title=Hematological findings in SARS patients and possible mechanisms |type=review |journal=[[International Journal of Molecular Medicine]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=311–315 |date=August 2004 |pmid=15254784 |url=http://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijmm/14/2/311 |doi=10.3892/ijmm.14.2.311 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104246/http://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijmm/14/2/311 |archive-date=2015-09-24|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In the SARS outbreak of 2003, about 9% of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-1 infection died.<ref name="pmid16804033">{{cite journal |author-last1=Sørensen |author-first1=M. D. |author-last2=Sørensen |author-first2=B. |author-last3=Gonzalez-Dosal |author-first3=R. |author-last4=Melchjorsen |author-first4=C. J. |author-last5=Weibel |author-first5=J. |author-last6=Wang |author-first6=J. |author-last7=Jun |author-first7=C. W. |author-last8=Huanming |author-first8=Y. |author-last9=Kristensen |author-first9=P. |title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): development of diagnostics and antivirals |journal=[[Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences]] |volume=1067 |issue=1 |pages=500–505 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16804033 |doi=10.1196/annals.1354.072 |pmc=7167626 |bibcode=2006NYASA1067..500S|doi-access=free }}</ref> The mortality rate was much higher for those over 60 years old, with mortality rates approaching 50% for this subset of patients.<ref name="pmid16804033"/>

This outbreak led to many research programs, such as [[Predict (USAID)|Predict]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=PREDICT |url=https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/program/predict |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=EcoHealth Alliance}}</ref> and the Understanding the Risk of Bat Coronavirus Emergence grant,<ref>{{Cite web |title=RePORT ⟩ RePORTER |url=https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9819304 |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=reporter.nih.gov}}</ref> which aimed to identify zoonotic risks prior to spillover in humans, but ultimately failed to prevent the [[SARS-CoV-2 pandemic]].

== Origin and evolutionary history ==
[[File:SARS-CoV-1 mammals as carriers.png|thumb|Transmission of SARS-CoV-1 from mammals as biological carriers to humans]]
In March 2003, WHO established a global network of leading laboratories to collaborate in the identification of the causative agent of SARS. Early on, labs in the network narrowed the search to members of the [[Paramyxoviridae|paramyxovirus]] and coronavirus families. Early findings shared by the labs pointed to coronaviruses with increasing consistency. On 21 March, scientists from the [[University of Hong Kong]] announced the isolation of a new virus that was strongly suspected to be the causative agent of SARS.<ref>{{cite web|url =https://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_03_27b/en/|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20030411125517/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_03_27b/en/|url-status =dead|archive-date =11 April 2003|title = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) – multi-country outbreak – Update 12 |date=27 March 2003 |publisher=WHO}}</ref>

Epidemiological evidence suggested a [[Zoonosis|zoonotic]] origin of the virus: more than 33% of the first detected cases of SARS in Guangdong corresponded to animal or food handlers.<ref name="skowronskia:05">{{cite journal |last1=Skowronski |first1=Danuta M. |last2=Astell |first2=Caroline |last3=Brunham |first3=Robert C. |last4=Low |first4=Donald E. |last5=Petric |first5=Martin |last6=Roper |first6=Rachel L. |last7=Talbot |first7=Pierre J. |last8=Tam |first8=Theresa |last9=Babiuk |first9=Lorne |title=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): A Year in Review |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |date=February 2005 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=357–381 |doi=10.1146/annurev.med.56.091103.134135|pmid=15660517 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Seroprevalence studies reinforced this zoonotic link (a high proportion of asymptomatic animal handlers at markets in Guangdong Province had antibodies against SARS-CoV).<ref name="skowronskia:05" />

On April 12, 2003, scientists working at the Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre in [[Vancouver]] finished mapping the [[genetic sequence]] of a coronavirus believed to be linked to SARS. The team was led by [[Marco Marra]] and [[Caroline Astell]] and worked in collaboration with the [[British Columbia]] Centre for Disease Control and the [[National Microbiology Laboratory]] in [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], using samples from infected patients in [[Toronto]].<ref name="McNeil Jr.">{{cite news |last1=McNeil |first1=Donald G. Jr. |title=Lab Decodes Genes of Virus Tied to SARS |url=http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/labdecodesgenes.html |access-date=16 April 2022 |work=New York Times |date=April 14, 2003}}</ref><ref name="Skowronski">{{cite journal |last1=Skowronski |first1=Danuta M. |last2=Astell |first2=Caroline |last3=Brunham |first3=Robert C. |last4=Low |first4=Donald E. |last5=Petric |first5=Martin |last6=Roper |first6=Rachel L. |last7=Talbot |first7=Pierre J. |last8=Tam |first8=Theresa |last9=Babiuk |first9=Lorne |title=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): A Year in Review |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |date=1 February 2005 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=357–381 |doi=10.1146/annurev.med.56.091103.134135 |pmid=15660517 |issn=0066-4219|doi-access=free }}</ref> The map is shared with scientists worldwide via the GSC website. [[Donald Low]] of [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto)|Mount Sinai Hospital]] in Toronto described the discovery as having been made with "unprecedented speed".<ref>{{cite web |title=B.C. lab cracks suspected SARS code |date=April 2003 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |location=Canada |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/b-c-lab-cracks-suspected-sars-code-1.378583 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126060924/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2003/04/12/sars_code030412.html |archive-date=2007-11-26}}</ref> The sequence of the SARS coronavirus has since been confirmed by other independent groups.

[[Molecular epidemiology|Molecular epidemiological]] research demonstrated the virus isolated in 2002–2003 in south China and the virus isolated in the same area in late 2003 and early 2004 are different, indicating separate species-crossing events.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=3291347 | year=2006 | last1=Wang | first1=L. F. | last2=Shi | first2=Z. | last3=Zhang | first3=S. | last4=Field | first4=H. | last5=Daszak | first5=P. | last6=Eaton | first6=B. T. | title=Review of Bats and SARS | journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume=12 | issue=12 | pages=1834–1840 | doi=10.3201/eid1212.060401 | pmid=17326933 }}</ref> [[Phylogenetic tree|The phylogeny]] of the outbreak strains shows that the southwestern provinces including Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi compare to the human SARS-CoV-1 better than those of the other provinces, but the viruses' evolution is a product of the host interaction and particularity.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=7106260 | year=2019 | last1=Yu | first1=P. | last2=Hu | first2=B. | last3=Shi | first3=Z. L. | last4=Cui | first4=J. | title=Geographical structure of bat SARS-related coronaviruses | journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution | volume=69 | pages=224–229 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.001 | pmid=30735813 | bibcode=2019InfGE..69..224Y }}</ref>

In late May 2003, studies from samples of wild animals sold as food in the local market in [[Guangdong]], China, found a strain of SARS coronavirus could be isolated from [[masked palm civet]]s (''Paguma'' sp.), but the animals did not always show clinical signs. The preliminary conclusion was the SARS virus crossed the [[Cross-species transmission|species barrier]] from palm civet to humans, and more than 10,000 masked palm civets were killed in Guangdong Province. The virus was also later found in [[raccoon dog]]s (''Nyctereuteus'' sp.),<ref name="Kan2005">{{cite journal |last1=Kan |first1=Biao |last2=Wang |first2=Ming |last3=Jing |first3=Huaiqi |last4=Xu |first4=Huifang |last5=Jiang |first5=Xiugao |last6=Yan |first6=Meiying |last7=Liang |first7=Weili |last8=Zheng |first8=Han |last9=Wan |first9=Kanglin |last10=Liu |first10=Qiyong |last11=Cui |first11=Buyun |last12=Xu |first12=Yanmei |last13=Zhang |first13=Enmin |last14=Wang |first14=Hongxia |last15=Ye |first15=Jingrong |last16=Li |first16=Guichang |last17=Li |first17=Machao |last18=Cui |first18=Zhigang |last19=Qi |first19=Xiaobao |last20=Chen |first20=Kai |last21=Du |first21=Lin |last22=Gao |first22=Kai |last23=Zhao |first23=Yu-teng |last24=Zou |first24=Xiao-zhong |last25=Feng |first25=Yue-Ju |last26=Gao |first26=Yu-Fan |last27=Hai |first27=Rong |last28=Yu |first28=Dongzhen |last29=Guan |first29=Yi |last30=Xu |first30=Jianguo |title=Molecular Evolution Analysis and Geographic Investigation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Like Virus in Palm Civets at an Animal Market and on Farms |journal=Journal of Virology |date=15 September 2005 |volume=79 |issue=18 |pages=11892–11900 |doi=10.1128/JVI.79.18.11892-11900.2005|pmid=16140765 |pmc=1212604 }}</ref> [[ferret badger]]s (''Melogale'' spp.), and domestic cats. 
In 2004, scientists from the [[Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention|Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention]] of the [[University of Hong Kong]] and the [[Guangzhou]] Center for Disease Control and Prevention established a genetic link between the SARS coronavirus appearing in civets and humans, confirming claims that the virus might have transmitted from the animal species to humans.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-11/23/content_740511.htm |title=Scientists prove SARS-civet cat link |work=[[China Daily]] |date=23 November 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614103319/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-11/23/content_740511.htm |archive-date=14 June 2011}}</ref> Infected palm civets at the market were traced to farms where no infected animals were found. It is unknown whether the virus was originally introduced to the market by civets, humans, or another animal.<ref name="Kan2005"/>

In 2005, two studies identified a number of SARS-like coronaviruses in Chinese [[bat]]s.<ref name="Li">{{cite journal |author-last1=Li |author-first1=W. |author-last2=Shi |author-first2=Z. |author-last3=Yu |author-first3=M. |s2cid=2971923 |display-authors=etal |title=Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=310 |issue=5748 |pages=676–679 |date=2005 |pmid=16195424 |doi=10.1126/science.1118391 |bibcode=2005Sci...310..676L|url=https://zenodo.org/record/3949088 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Lau">{{cite journal |author-last1=Lau |author-first1=S. K. |author-last2=Woo |author-first2=P. C. |author-last3=Li |author-first3=K. S. |display-authors=etal |title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=102 |issue=39 |pages=14040–14045 |date=2005 |pmid=16169905 |pmc=1236580 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0506735102 |bibcode=2005PNAS..10214040L|doi-access=free }}</ref> Although the bat SARS virus did not replicate in cell culture, in 2008, American researchers<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=2588415 | year=2008 | last1=Becker | first1=M. M. | last2=Graham | first2=R. L. | last3=Donaldson | first3=E. F. | last4=Rockx | first4=B. | last5=Sims | first5=A. C. | last6=Sheahan | first6=T. | last7=Pickles | first7=R. J. | last8=Corti | first8=D. | last9=Johnston | first9=R. E. | last10=Baric | first10=R. S. | last11=Denison | first11=M. R. | title=Synthetic recombinant bat SARS-like coronavirus is infectious in cultured cells and in mice | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=105 | issue=50 | pages=19944–19949 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0808116105 | pmid=19036930 | bibcode=2008PNAS..10519944B | doi-access=free }}</ref> altered the genetic structure of bat SARS virus with the human [[Ligand (biochemistry)|receptor binding domain]] both in the bat virus and in the mice which demonstrated how [[zoonosis]] might occur in evolution.<ref>{{Cite book |isbn=978-0-309-46518-2 |at=pp. 44–45 |doi=10.17226/24890|title=Biodefense in the Age of Synthetic Biology |year=2018 |pmid=30629396 |s2cid=90767286 |author1=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |author2=Division on Earth and Life Studies |last3=Board On Life |first3=Sciences |author4=Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology }}</ref>
Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses indicated a high probability that SARS coronavirus originated in bats and spread to humans either directly or through animals held in Chinese markets. The bats did not show any visible signs of disease, but are the likely natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.

== Phylogenetic ==
Bats are likely to be the natural reservoir, that is, the host that harbored the pathogen but that does not show ill effects and serves as a source of infection. No direct progenitor of SARS-CoV was found in bat populations, but WIV16 was found in a cave in [[Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township]], Yunnan, China between 2013 and 2016, and has a 96% genetically similar virus strain.<ref>The locality was referred to be "a cave in [[Kunming]]" in earlier sources because [[Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township|Xiyang]] is administratively part of it, though 70 km apart. Xiyang was identified on {{cite journal|title=Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in Humans, China|journal=Virologica Sinica|date=2018|last=Wang|first=Ning|volume=33|issue=1|pages=104–107|doi=10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7|pmid=29500691|pmc=6178078|url=https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Virologica-Sinica-SARSr.pdf|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101125740/https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Virologica-Sinica-SARSr.pdf|url-status=live}}
* For an earlier interview of the researchers about the locality of the caves, see: {{cite news|title=专访"病毒猎人"：在昆明一蝙蝠洞发现SARS病毒所有基因|newspaper=澎湃新闻|date=8 December 2017|last=吴跃伟|url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1897724}}</ref> The hypothesis that SARS-CoV-1 emerged through recombinations of bat SARSr-CoVs in the Yunnan cave of WIV16 or in other yet-to-be-identified bat caves is considered highly likely.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cui|first1=Jie|last2=Li|first2=Fang|last3=Shi|first3=Zheng-Li|date=March 2019|title=Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|volume=17|issue=3|pages=181–192|doi=10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9|pmid=30531947|pmc=7097006|doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{SARS-CoV-1 related coronavirus}}

== Virology ==
SARS-CoV-1 follows the replication strategy typical of the [[coronavirus]] subfamily. The primary human receptor of the virus is [[angiotensin-converting enzyme 2]] (ACE2) and hemaglutinin (HE),<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mesecar|first1=Andrew D.|last2=Ratia|first2=Kiira|date=2008-06-23|title=Viral destruction of cell surface receptors: Fig. 1.|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]|volume=105|issue=26|pages=8807–8808|doi=10.1073/pnas.0804355105|pmc=2449321|pmid=18574141|doi-access=free}}</ref> first identified in 2003,<ref>{{Cite journal |author-last1=Li |author-first1=Wenhui |author-last2=Moore |author-first2=Michael J. |author-last3=Vasilieva |author-first3=Natalya |author-last4=Sui |author-first4=Jianhua |author-last5=Wong |author-first5=Swee Kee |author-last6=Berne |author-first6=Michael A. |author-last7=Somasundaran |author-first7=Mohan |author-last8=Sullivan |author-first8=John L. |author-last9=Luzuriaga |author-first9=Katherine |author-last10=Greenough |author-first10=Thomas C. |author-last11=Choe |author-first11=Hyeryun |date=November 2003 |title=Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |language=en |volume=426 |issue=6965 |pages=450–454 |doi=10.1038/nature02145 |pmid=14647384 |pmc=7095016 |bibcode=2003Natur.426..450L |issn=0028-0836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-03-08|title=Betacoronavirus Adaptation to Humans Involved Progressive Loss of Hemagglutinin-Esterase Lectin Activity|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|language=en|volume=21|issue=3|pages=356–366|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2017.02.008|issn=1931-3128|doi-access=free|last1=Bakkers|first1=Mark J.G.|last2=Lang|first2=Yifei|last3=Feitsma|first3=Louris J.|last4=Hulswit|first4=Ruben J.G.|last5=De Poot|first5=Stefanie A.H.|last6=Van Vliet|first6=Arno L.W.|last7=Margine|first7=Irina|last8=De Groot-Mijnes|first8=Jolanda D.F.|last9=Van Kuppeveld|first9=Frank J.M.|last10=Langereis|first10=Martijn A.|last11=Huizinga|first11=Eric G.|last12=De Groot|first12=Raoul J.|pmid=28279346|pmc=7104930}}</ref> and the viral spike protein lacks a furin cleavage site.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=Yujia Alina |last2=Zhan |first2=Shing Hei |date=2022-01-07 |title=The Emergence of the Spike Furin Cleavage Site in SARS-CoV-2 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8689951/ |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=msab327 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msab327 |issn=1537-1719 |pmc=8689951 |pmid=34788836}}</ref>

Human SARS-CoV-1 appears to have had a complex history of [[genetic recombination|recombination]] between ancestral [[coronavirus]]es that were hosted in several different animal groups.<ref>Stanhope MJ, Brown JR, Amrine-Madsen H.  Evidence from the evolutionary analysis of nucleotide sequences for a recombinant history of SARS-CoV.  Infect Genet Evol. 2004 Mar;4(1):15-9. {{PMID|15019585}}</ref><ref name = Zhang2005>Zhang XW, Yap YL, Danchin A.  Testing the hypothesis of a recombinant origin of the SARS-associated coronavirus.  Arch Virol. 2005 Jan;150(1):1–20. Epub 2004 Oct 11.  {{PMID|15480857}}</ref>  In order for recombination to happen at least two SARS-CoV-1 [[genome]]s must be present in the same host cell.  Recombination may occur during genome replication when the [[RNA-dependent RNA polymerase|RNA polymerase]] switches from one template to another (copy choice recombination).<ref name = Zhang2005/>

SARS-CoV-1 is one of seven known coronaviruses to infect humans. The other six are:<ref name="Other Coronaviruses">{{cite web |last1=Leung |first1=Daniel |title=Coronaviruses (including SARS) |url=https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/infectious-diseases/coronaviruses-including-sars/ |website=Infectious Disease Advisor |date=20 January 2019 |publisher=Decision Support in Medicine, LLC |access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref>
* [[Human coronavirus 229E|Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E)]]
* [[Human coronavirus NL63|Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63)]]
* [[human coronavirus OC43|Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43)]]
* [[Human coronavirus HKU1|Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1)]]
* [[Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus|Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS-CoV)]]
* [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)]]
Notably, SARS-CoV-1 is the second of three coronaviruses known to infect humans and use ACE2 (the others being HCoV-NL63 and SARS-CoV-2).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Demogines |first=Ann |last2=Farzan |first2=Michael |last3=Sawyer |first3=Sara L. |date=June 2012 |title=Evidence for ACE2-utilizing coronaviruses (CoVs) related to severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV in bats |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3372174/ |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=86 |issue=11 |pages=6350–6353 |doi=10.1128/JVI.00311-12 |issn=1098-5514 |pmc=3372174 |pmid=22438550}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Carlo Urbani]]
* [[SL-CoV-WIV1]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author1-last = Peiris |author1-first = J. S. |author2-last = Lai |author2-first = S. T. |author3-last = Poon |author3-first = L. L. |display-authors=etal |title = Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=361 |issue=9366 |pages = 1319–1325 |date = April 2003 |pmid=12711465 |doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13077-2 |pmc=7112372 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |author1-last = Rota |author1-first = P. A. |author2-last = Oberste |author2-first = M. S. |author3-last = Monroe |author3-first = S. S. |s2cid=14522804 |display-authors=etal |date = 30 May 2003 |title = Characterization of a Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=300 |issue=5624 |pages=1394–1399 |doi=10.1126/science.1085952 |pmid=12730500 |bibcode = 2003Sci...300.1394R |doi-access=free |hdl=1765/3917 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |author1-first = Marco A. |author1-last = Marra |date = 30 May 2003 |title = The Genome Sequence of the SARS-Associated coronavirus |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=300 |issue=5624 |pages = 1399–1404 |doi = 10.1126/science.1085953 |pmid = 12730501 |display-authors=etal |bibcode = 2003Sci...300.1399M |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |author1-last = Snijder |author1-first= E. J. |display-authors=etal |date = 29 August 2003 |title = Unique and conserved features of genome and proteome of SARS-coronavirus, an early split-off from the coronavirus group 2 lineage |journal = [[Journal of Molecular Biology]] |volume=331 |issue=5 |pages = 991–1004 |doi = 10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00865-9 |pmid = 12927536 |pmc = 7159028 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.319.7007 }}
* {{cite journal |author1-last = Yount |author1-first = B. |display-authors=etal |date = 15 August 2006 |title = Rewiring the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) transcription circuit: engineering a recombination-resistant genome |journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=103 |issue=33 |pages = 12546–12551 |url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez |doi=10.1073/pnas.0605438103 |pmid=16891412 |pmc=1531645 |bibcode = 2006PNAS..10312546Y |doi-access = free }}
* {{cite book |editor-last = Thiel |editor-first = V. |title = Coronaviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology |edition = 1st |publisher = [[Caister Academic Press]] |year = 2007 |isbn = 978-1-904455-16-5 }}
* {{cite book |author1-last = Enjuanes |author1-first = L. |display-authors=etal |year = 2008 |chapter = Coronavirus Replication and Interaction with Host |title = Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology |publisher = [[Caister Academic Press]] |isbn = 978-1-904455-22-6 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|SARS-CoV}}
{{Wikispecies|Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030423172854/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/releases/2003/pr31/en/ WHO press release identifying and naming the SARS virus]
* [http://www.bcgsc.ca/bioinfo/SARS/ The SARS virus genetic map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818170451/http://www.bcgsc.ca/bioinfo/SARS |date=2006-08-18  }}
* [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/sars/ ''Science'' special on the SARS virus] (free content: no registration required)
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301194019/http://www.health.library.mcgill.ca/resource/sars.htm |date=1 March 2005 |title=McGill University SARS Resources}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160412085632/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/ U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) SARS home]
* [http://www.castanet.net/news/Canada/80872/World-Health-Organization-on-alert World Health Organization on alert]

{{SARS}}
{{Human coronaviruses}}
{{Viral diseases}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q85438966|from2=Q278567}}

<!--     CATEGORIES     -->
{{DEFAULTSORT:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus}}
[[Category:Animal viruses]]
[[Category:Human viruses]]
[[Category:Species described in 2003]]
[[Category:Viruses described in the 21st century]]
[[Category:SARS-related coronavirus]]
[[Category:Infraspecific virus taxa]]
[[Category:Chiroptera-borne diseases]]
[[Category:Severe acute respiratory syndrome]]