View source for S-125 Neva/Pechora

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{{Infobox weapon
| name               = S-125 Neva<br/><small>[[NATO reporting name]]: SA-3 Goa, SA-N-1 Goa</small>
| image              = SA-3 EP 2006.JPG
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = Peruvian Air Force Pechora. 
| origin             = [[Soviet Union]]
| type               = Short-range [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] system
<!-- Type selection -->| is_vehicle         = yes
| is_UK              = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1961<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/airdef/s-125.htm |title=S-125 SA-3 GOA |access-date=2012-09-16 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819021207/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/airdef/s-125.htm |archive-date=2012-08-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>–present
| used_by            = See list of [[S-125#Operators|present and former operators]]
| wars               = [[Vietnam War]]<br>[[War of Attrition]]<br>[[Yom Kippur War]]<br>[[Angolan Civil War]]<br>[[Uganda–Tanzania War]]<br>[[Iran–Iraq War]]<br>[[Gulf War]]<br>[[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]]<br>[[Syrian Civil War]]<br>[[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]]<br>[[Tigray conflict]]<br>[[Russian Invasion of Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/polish-upgraded-sa-3-surface-to-air-missiles-appear-to-be-in-ukrainian-forces-hands |title=Polish SA-3 Surface-To-Air Missiles Appear To Be In Ukrainian Forces' Hands |date=7 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-31 |publisher=The Drive}}</ref><br>[[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/pechora-unleashed-inside-the-indian-stealth-killer-that-hunted-pakistani-drones-2722093-2025-05-09 |date=11 May 2025|publisher=India Today |title=Pechora unleashed: Inside the Indian stealth killer that hunted Pakistani drones }}</ref>
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = [[GSKB Almaz-Antey|Almaz Central Design Bureau]]
| design_date        = 1950s
| manufacturer       = [[JSC Defense Systems]] (Pechora-M)
| unit_cost          = 
| production_date    = 1961–present
| number             = 
| variants           = Neva, Pechora, Volna, Neva-M, Neva-M1, Volna-M, Volna-N, Volna-P, Pechora 2, Pechora 2M, Newa SC, Pechora-M
<!-- General specifications -->| spec_label         = 
| weight             = 
| length             = 
| part_length        = 
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = 
| crew               = <!-- Vehicle specifications -->
| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = 
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| transmission       = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| suspension         = 
| clearance          = 
| wingspan           = 
| propellant         = 
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = 
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 
| boost              = 
| speed              = 
| guidance           = 
| steering           = 
| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = 
| transport          = 
}}

The '''S-125 ''Neva/Pechora''''' ({{langx|ru|С-125 "Нева"/"Печора"}}, [[NATO reporting name]] '''SA-3 ''Goa''''') is a Soviet [[surface-to-air missile]] system that was designed by [[Aleksei Isaev]] to complement the [[S-25 Berkut|S-25]] and [[S-75 Dvina|S-75]]. It has a shorter effective range and lower engagement [[altitude]] than either of its predecessors and also flies slower, but due to its two-stage design it is more effective against more maneuverable targets. It is also able to engage lower flying targets than the previous systems, and being more modern it is much more resistant to [[electronic countermeasures|ECM]] than the S-75. The 5V24 (V-600) missiles reach around [[Mach number|Mach]] 3 to 3.5 in flight, both stages powered by [[Rocket propellant#Solid chemical propellants|solid fuel]] [[rocket motor]]s. The S-125, like the [[S-75 Dvina|S-75]], uses radio command guidance. The naval version of this system has the NATO reporting name '''SA-N-1 Goa''' and original designation '''M-1 Volna''' (Russian Волна – ''wave'').

==Operational history==
===Soviet Union===
[[File:Pair of S-125 missiles in transit on a truck.jpg|thumb|left|A pair of S-125 missiles in transit.]]
[[File:S-125 Neva Pechora Saaremaa.jpg|thumb|left|Abandoned Soviet S-125 missile near Saare, [[Saaremaa]], [[Estonia]].]]
The S-125 was first deployed between 1961 and 1964 around [[Moscow]], augmenting the [[S-25 Berkut|S-25]] and [[S-75 Dvina|S-75]] sites already ringing the city, as well as in other parts of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]. In 1964, an upgraded version of the system, the '''S-125M "Neva-M"''' and later '''S-125M1 "Neva-M1"''' was developed. The original version was designated SA-3A by the [[United States Department of Defense|US DoD]] and the new Neva-M named '''SA-3B''' and (naval) '''SA-N-1B'''. The Neva-M introduced a redesigned booster and an improved guidance system. The S-125 was not used against U.S. forces in [[Vietnam]], because the Soviets feared that China (after the souring of Sino-Soviet relations in 1960), through which most, if not all of the equipment meant for North Vietnam had to travel, would try to copy the missile.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

===Angolan Civil War===
The [[National Air Force of Angola|FAPA-DAA]] acquired a significant number of S-125s, and these were encountered during the first strike ever flown by [[South African Air Force|SAAF]] [[Mirage F.1]]s against targets in Angola – in June 1980. While the SAAF reported two aircraft were damaged by SAMs during this action, Angola claimed to have shot down four.<ref>[http://s188567700.online.de/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=131&Itemid=47]{{dead link|date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

On 7 June 1980, while attacking [[SWAPO]]'s Tobias Haneko Training Camp during [[Operation Sceptic|Operation Sceptic (Smokeshell)]], SAAF Major Frans Pretorius and Captain IC du Plessis, both flying Mirage F.1s, were hit by S-125s. Pretorius's aircraft was hit in a fuel line and he had to perform a [[deadstick landing]] at AFB Ondangwa. Du Plessis's aircraft sustained heavier damage and had to divert to Ruacana forward airstrip, where he landed with only the main undercarriage extended. Both aircraft were repaired and returned to service.<ref name="vlamgat">{{cite book |title=Vlamgat: The Story of the Mirage F1 in the South African Air Force |last=Lord |first=Dick |author-link=Dick Lord |year=2000 |publisher=Covos-Day |isbn=978-0-620-24116-8}}</ref>

===Middle East===
[[File:Transporter Vehicle with S-125 (SA-3 Goa) Missiles Captured by IDF During Yom Kippur War.jpg|thumb|right|S-125 on Egyptian [[ZIL-131]] transporter vehicle (9T911), captured by the IDF during the [[Yom Kippur War]].]]
The Soviets supplied several S-125s to the Arab states in the late 1960s and 1970s, most notably Egypt and Syria. The S-125 saw extensive action during the [[War of Attrition]] and the [[Yom Kippur War]]. During the latter, the S-125, along with the [[S-75 Dvina]] and [[2K12 Kub]], formed the backbone of the Egyptian air defence network. In Egypt, March–July 1970 Soviet battalions of S-125 17 Shooting (35 missiles) shot down nine Israeli and one Egyptian planes. Israel recognized the 5 [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|F-4 Phantoms]] in 1970 (1 more was W/O<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.skywar.ru/rvi.html |title=Russia vs Israel |access-date=2019-07-28 |archive-date=2019-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801110259/http://www.skywar.ru/rvi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>) and in 1973 another 6.<ref name="pvo.guns.ru">{{Cite web|url=http://pvo.guns.ru/s125/s125.htm|title=ЗРК С-125|website=pvo.guns.ru|access-date=2017-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525230958/http://pvo.guns.ru/s125/s125.htm|archive-date=2017-05-25|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Persian Gulf War===
[[File:USAF F16C block 87-0257 remains.jpg|thumb|right|Remains of F-16C 87-257 as found by US ground forces in Iraq during Desert Storm. The canopy was recovered by US forces in the 2003 invasion.]]

During the [[Package Q Strike]] against downtown Baghdad on 19 January 1991, a USAF [[F-16]] (serial 87-257) was shot down. The aircraft was struck by a S-125 just south of Baghdad. The pilot, Major Jeffrey Scott Tice, ejected safely but became a POW.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-16-mn-162-story.html|title=Pilot Tells Terror of Bailout, 46 Days as a POW : Military: Air Force Maj. Tice had his F-16 shot out from under him in a bomb run over Baghdad. After that, it got worse.|date=1991-03-16|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> It was the 8th combat loss and the first daylight raid over Baghdad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/airframe-profile/2283/ |title=Airframe Details for F-16 #87-0257 |website=F-16.net |access-date=2013-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707053646/http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/airframe-profile/2283 |archive-date=2013-07-07 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 020927-D-0000M-007.jpg|thumb|left|Still photograph from a videotape of an Iraqi surface-to-air missile, believed to be a S-125, launched at a coalition aircraft in July 2001.{{Dubious|date=December 2020}}]]

===Kosovo War===
A [[Military of Serbia and Montenegro|Yugoslav Army]] [[250th Air Defense Missile Brigade]] 3rd battery equipped with S-125 system [[1999 F-117A shootdown|shot down]] a [[Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk|F-117 Nighthawk]] stealth attack aircraft on March 27, 1999 during the [[Kosovo War]] (the only recorded downing of a stealth aircraft) near village [[Buđanovci]], about 45&nbsp;km from Belgrade. The pilot LT.COL. Darrell Patrick Zelko ejected and was later found by US search and rescue forces. An S-125 also shot down a NATO [[F-16]] fighter on May 2 (its pilot; Lt. Col [[David L. Goldfein]], the commander of [[555th Fighter Squadron]], managed to eject and was later rescued by a [[Search and rescue|combat search-and-rescue]] (CSAR) mission).<ref name="holloman">Roberts, Chris. [http://www.f-16.net/news_article2167.html "Holloman commander recalls being shot down in Serbia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328173307/http://www.f-16.net/news_article2167.html |date=2009-03-28 }}. ''F-16.net'', 7 February 2007. Retrieved: 16 May 2008.</ref><ref>Anon. [http://www.f-16.net/f-16_fighting_falcon_airframe-2787.html "F-16 Aircraft Database: F-16 Airframe Details for 88-0550"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013033420/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_fighting_falcon_airframe-2787.html |date=2008-10-13 }}. ''F-16.net''. Retrieved: 16 May 2008.</ref>

===Syrian Civil War===
On 17 March 2015, a US [[MQ-1 Predator]] drone was shot down by a [[Syrian Air Defense Force]] S-125 missile while on an intelligence flight near the coastal town of Latakia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforcetimes.com/story/military/pentagon/2015/06/29/air-force-lost-predator-was-shot-down-in-syria/29474659/|title=air force lost predator was shot down in syria|website=Airforcetimes.com|date=29 June 2015|access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>

In December 2016, ISIS forces captured three S-125 launchers after they retook Palmyra from Syrian government troops.<ref name="foxnews.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/isis-has-three-surface-to-air-missile-launchers-in-syria-us-officials-say|title=ISIS has three surface-to-air missile launchers in Syria, US officials say|date=2016-12-15|work=Fox News|access-date=2017-07-20|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915121901/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/12/15/isis-has-three-surface-to-air-missile-launchers-in-syria-us-officials-say.html|archive-date=2017-09-15|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 14, 2018, American, British, and French forces [[2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs|launched a barrage]] of 103 air-to-surface and cruise missiles targeting eight Syrian military sites. The Russian military claimed that thirteen S-125 missiles launched in response destroyed five incoming missiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12171611@egNews|title=Briefing by Russian Defence Ministry official Major General Igor Konashenkov (April 16, 2018) : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation|website=eng.mil.ru|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093246/http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12171611@egNews|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the American Department of Defense stated no Allied missiles were shot down.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Defense Press Briefing by Pentagon Chief Spokesperson|url=https://www.war.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/1493749/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-pentagon-chief-spokesperson-dana-w-whit/|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422115848/https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript-View/Article/1493749/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-pentagon-chief-spokesperson-dana-w-whit/|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Second Nagorno-Karabakh War===
According to a joint journalistic investigation by the Buro Media, [[Hetq]] and [[Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project|OCCRP]], during the [[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]], Azerbaijan shot down Armenian drones with the Pechora-2TM air defense system, purchased from the private Belarusian arms manufacturer Tetraedr.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/news/exclusive-azerbaijan-destroyed-armenian-drones-with-belarusian-weapons-leaked-report-says|title=EXCLUSIVE: Azerbaijan Destroyed Armenian Drones With Belarusian Weapons, Leaked Report Says|work=[[Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project|OCCRP]]|author1=Alexander Yarashevich|author2=Vahe Sarukhanyan|lang=en}}</ref>

=== Russo-Ukrainian War ===
On 6 December 2022, a photo of Polish variant Newa-SC in Ukrainian service, likely made that summer, emerged in media during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polskie S-125 Newa-SC już bronią niebo Ukrainy |url=https://mil.in.ua/pl/news/polskie-s-125-newa-sc-juz-bronia-niebo-ukrainy/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Militarny |language=pl-PL}}</ref> Until then, there had been no info on supplying Newa-SC to Ukraine.

===India===
During the [[Operation Sindoor]], India used the S-125 missiles to shoot down several Pakistani swarm drones and loitering munitions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pechora unleashed: Inside the Indian stealth killer that hunted Pakistani drones|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/pechora-unleashed-inside-the-indian-stealth-killer-that-hunted-pakistani-drones-2722093-2025-05-09|access-date=11 May 2025|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pak swarm meets SAMAR's fury, Pechora's precision: India's iron shield crushes Pakistan's drone invasion|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/pak-swarm-meets-samars-fury-pechoras-precision-indias-iron-shield-crushes-pakistans-drone-invasion-475485-2025-05-09|access-date=11 May 2025|website=Business Today|language=en}}</ref>

==Description==
The S-125 is somewhat mobile, an improvement over the [[S-75 Dvina|S-75]] system. The missiles are typically deployed on fixed turrets containing two or four but can be carried ready-to-fire on [[Zavod Imeni Likhacheva|ZIL]] trucks in pairs. Reloading the fixed launchers takes a few minutes.

===Missile===
{{Infobox weapon
| name=V-600
| image= S125 Neva 250 brPVO VS, september 01, 2012.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption=V-600 missiles on the S-125 quadruple launcher.
| origin=Soviet Union
| type= [[Surface-to-air missile]]
<!-- Type selection -->
| is_missile=yes
| is_UK=yes
<!-- Service history -->
| service=
| used_by=
<!-- Production history -->
| designer=
| design_date=
| manufacturer=
| unit_cost=
| production_date=
| number=
| variants= V-600, V-601
<!-- General specifications -->
| spec_label= V-601<ref name="Janes" />
| weight= 953 kg
| length= 6,090 mm
| part_length=
| width=
| height=
| diameter= 375 mm
| crew=
<!-- Explosive specifications -->
| filling= Frag-HE
| filling_weight= 60 kg
| detonation= Proximity fuse<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-S-125-Neva.html|title=Almaz 5V24/5V27/S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa / Зенитный Ракетный Комплекс 5В24/5В27/С-125 Нева/Печора|first=Kopp|last=Carlo|date=30 June 2009|website=Ausairpower.net|pages=1|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129115405/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-S-125-Neva.html|archive-date=29 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| yield=
<!-- Missile specifications -->
| armour=
| primary_armament=
| secondary_armament=
| engine=
| engine_power=
| pw_ratio=
| transmission=
| payload_capacity=
| suspension=
| clearance=
| wingspan= 2,200 mm
| propellant= Solid propellant rocket motor
| fuel_capacity=
| vehicle_range= {{convert|35|km|mi}}
| ceiling=
| altitude= {{convert|18000|m|ft}}
| boost=
| speed=
| guidance= RF [[Command line-of-sight|CLOS]]
| steering=
| accuracy=
| launch_platform=
| transport=
}}
The S-125 system uses two different missile versions and variants.
*'''V-600''' (or '''5V24''') has the smallest warhead with 60&nbsp;kg of high explosive. It has a range of about 15&nbsp;km.
*'''V-601''' (or '''5V27'''): the upgraded '''S-125M''' (1970) system uses the 5V27 missile, with a length of 6.09 m, a wing span of 2,200&nbsp;mm and a body diameter of 375&nbsp;mm. This missile weighs 953&nbsp;kg at launch, and has a 70&nbsp;kg warhead containing 33&nbsp;kg of HE and 4,500 fragments. The minimum range is 3.5&nbsp;km, and the maximum is 35&nbsp;km (with the Pechora 2A). The intercept altitudes are between 100 m and 18&nbsp;km.<ref name="Janes">{{cite web |url=http://www8.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/binder/jsws/jsws0174.htm |title=S-125/Pechora (SA-3 'Goa') |access-date=2008-08-04 |date=2008-02-13 |website=Janes.com }}</ref> Other sources claim the intercept altitudes between 20 m and 14&nbsp;km. The minimum range is 2.5&nbsp;km, and the maximum is 22&nbsp;km<ref name="pvo.guns.ru"/> 
*'''5V27D''': the '''S-125M1''' (1978) system uses the 5V27D missile. In the early 1980s, each system used one or two radar simulators to survive antiradar missiles.<ref name="pvo.guns.ru"/>

===Radars===
The launchers are accompanied by a command building or truck and three primary [[radar]] systems:

* '''[[P-15 radar]] (NATO codename "Flat Face")''' or '''[[P-15M Squat Eye|P-15M(2)]] (NATO codename "Squat Eye")''' 380&nbsp;kW C-band target acquisition radar (also used by the [[2K12 Kub]] and [[9K33 Osa]], range 250&nbsp;km/155 miles)
* '''SNR-125 (NATO codename "Low Blow")''' 250&nbsp;kW I/D-band tracking, [[fire-control radar|fire control]] and guidance radar (range 40&nbsp;km/25 miles, second mode 80&nbsp;km/50 miles) Its parts: An UV-10, 3&nbsp;cm wavelength, narrow beam transmitter/receiver antenna; 2 pcs of UV-11, 3&nbsp;cm wavelength, wide beam receiver antenna for target tracking, an UV-12, decimeter wavelength, missile command transmitter antenna and a 9Sh33A camera (optical channel).

<!-- The article incorrectly states that the S-125 used a PRV-11 radar. see:https://archive.org/details/soviet-air-defense-system-technical-documents -->
The P-15 is mounted on a van (P-15M(2) on a taller mast for better performance against low-altitude targets) and also an IFF (Identifies Friend or Foe), SNR-125 on a trailer and PRV-11 on a box-bodied trailer.

==Variants and upgrades==
===Naval version===

[[File:SA-N-1 launcher.jpg|thumb|left|ZIF-101 launcher of Volna system on the [[Kashin class destroyer]] ''Strogiy''.]]
Work on a naval version '''M-1 Volna''' (SA-N-1) started in 1956, along with work on a land version. It was first mounted on a rebuilt [[Kotlin class destroyer]] (Project 56K) ''Bravyi'' and tested in 1962. In the same year, the system was accepted. The basic missile was a V-600 (or 4K90) (range: from 4 to 15&nbsp;km, altitude: from 0.1 to 10&nbsp;km). Fire control and guidance is carried out by 4R90 Yatagan radar, with five [[parabolic antenna]]s on a common head. Only one target can be engaged at a time (or two, for ships fitted with two Volna systems). In case of emergency, Volna could be also used against naval targets, due to short response time.

The first launcher type was the two-missile ZIF-101, with a magazine for 16 missiles. In 1963 an improved two-missile launcher, ZIF-102, with a magazine for 32 missiles, was introduced to new ship classes. In 1967 Volna systems were upgraded to '''Volna-M''' (SA-N-1B) with V-601 (4K91) missiles (range: 4–22&nbsp;km, altitude: 0.1–14&nbsp;km).

In 1974 - 1976 some systems were modernized to '''Volna-P''' standard, with an additional TV target tracking channel and better resistance to jamming. Later, improved '''V-601M''' missiles were introduced, with lower minimal attack altitude against aerial targets (system '''Volna-N''').

The [[Rajput-class destroyer]]s, which were modified [[Kashin-class destroyer]]s built for India, also carried the M-1 Volna system. By early 2025, the three ships of the class still in service had the system replaced by other weapons or removed, ending the system's service in the Indian Navy.

{{Cleanup translation|Russian|date=August 2022}}

===Modern upgrades===
[[File:Sa-3.jpg|thumb|Two S-125 dual missile launcher trailers.]]
[[File:Anakonda 2006 Z3.jpg|thumb|Newa SC.]]
Since Russia replaced all of its S-125 sites with [[S-300 missile system|S-300]] systems, they decided to upgrade the S-125 systems being removed from service to make them more attractive to export customers.
* Released in 2000, the '''Pechora-2''' version features better range, multiple target engagement ability and a higher [[probability of kill]] (PK). The launcher is moved onto a truck allowing much shorter relocation times.
* It is also possible to fire the '''Pechora-2M''' system against [[cruise missiles]]. Deployment time 25 minutes, protected from the active interference, and anti-radiation missiles (total in practical shooting)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rg.ru/2007/05/17/kompleks.html |title="Печора-2М" стала практически неуязвима для ракет, самонаводящихся по излучению радаров — Сергей Птичкин — Российская газета |website=Rg.ru |date=17 May 2007 |access-date=2013-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104215135/http://www.rg.ru/2007/05/17/kompleks.html |archive-date=2013-11-04 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=ARIC |url=http://www.defensys.ru/proizvodstvo21.html |title=Пбп "Пвптпойфемшоще Уйуфенщ" - Пуопчобс Ртпйъчпдуфчеообс Урегйбмйъбгйс Ртедртйсфйк Ипмдйозб |website=Defensys.ru |access-date=2013-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827232709/http://www.defensys.ru/proizvodstvo21.html |archive-date=2013-08-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Early warning radar is replaced by anti-stealth<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pvo.guns.ru/rtv/kasta2e.htm|title=-22|website=Pvo.guns.ru|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127200510/http://pvo.guns.ru/rtv/kasta2e.htm|archive-date=27 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vniirt.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=19|title=Каста-2-2|website=Vniirt.ru|access-date=14 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127023935/http://www.vniirt.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=19|archive-date=27 November 2014}}</ref> radar [[Kasta 2E]]2, target distance at 2.5–32&nbsp;km, target altitude - 0.02–20&nbsp;km, missile launchers can be positioned at up to 10 kilometers away from the control center.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Speed up to 1000&nbsp;m/s (target), Used rocket 5V27DE,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/cooperation/tadzhikistan-poluchil-zenitno-raketnyy-kompleks-pechora-2m-06-12-2008-14-52-00/?sphrase_id=1817925|title=Таджикистан получил зенитно-ракетный комплекс "Печора-2М"|website=Arms-expo.ru|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129145852/http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/cooperation/tadzhikistan-poluchil-zenitno-raketnyy-kompleks-pechora-2m-06-12-2008-14-52-00/?sphrase_id=1817925|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> by weight the warhead + 50% range of flight splinters + 350%.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Probability of hitting the target 1st rocket: at a distance up to 25&nbsp;km - 0,72-0,99,
detection range with the radar cross section = 2 sq meters about 100&nbsp;km, with RCS = 0.15 sq m - about 50&nbsp;km, with no interference. When using active jamming - 40&nbsp;km.<ref name="rusarmy.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.rusarmy.com/pvo/pvo_vvs/zrk_pechora-2m.html|title=RusArmy.com - "-2"|website=Rusarmy.com|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012035852/http://www.rusarmy.com/pvo/pvo_vvs/zrk_pechora-2m.html|archive-date=12 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> ADMS "Pechora-2M" has the ability to interfacing with higher level command post and radar remote using telecode channels. Is equally effective at any time during the day and at night (optical location, daytime and nighttime, and also thermal imager) was awarded a contract to overhaul Egypt's S-125 SAM system. These refurbished weapons have been reintroduced as the S-125 Pechora 2M.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Unique_Surface_To_Air_Missile_Baffles_Foreign_Military_Diplomats_In_Egypt_999.html |title=Unique Surface-To-Air Missile Baffles Foreign Military Diplomats In Egypt |website=Spacewar.com |access-date=2013-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205025221/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Unique_Surface_To_Air_Missile_Baffles_Foreign_Military_Diplomats_In_Egypt_999.html |archive-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2001, Poland began offering an upgrade to the S-125 known as the '''Newa SC'''. This replaced many [[analog circuit|analogue]] components with [[Digital data|digital]] ones for improved reliability and accuracy. This upgrade also involves mounting the missile launcher on a [[WZT-1]] tank chassis (a [[transporter erector launcher|TEL]]), greatly improving mobility and also adds [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] capability and data links. Radar is mounted on an 8-wheeled heavy truck chassis (formerly used for [[Scud]] launchers).
[[Serbia]]n modifications include terminal/camera homing from radar base.

Cuba also developed a similar upgrade to the Polish one, which was displayed in [[La Habana]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dr C Kopp, Smaiaa, Smieee, Peng |url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Legacy-SAM-Upgrades.html |title=Legacy Air Defence System Upgrades |website=Ausairpower.net |date=14 June 2009 |pages=1 |access-date=2013-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230081639/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Legacy-SAM-Upgrades.html |archive-date=2014-12-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later the same year, the Russian version was upgraded again to the '''Pechora-M''' which upgraded almost all aspects of the system - the rocket motor, radar, guidance, [[warhead]], [[Fuse (explosives)|fuse]] and electronics. There is an added [[laser]]/[[infra-red]] tracking device to allow launching of missiles without the use of the radar.

There is also a version of the S-125 available from Russia with the warhead replaced with [[telemetry]] instrumentation, for use as target drones.

In October 2010, Ukrainian '''Aerotechnica''' announced a modernized version of S-125 named '''S-125-2D Pechora'''.<ref name="Janes2">{{cite web|title=Ukrainian SAM upgrade locks on to launch customers |date=2010-10-14 |publisher=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2010/Ukrainian-SAM-upgrade-locks-on-to-launch-customers.html |access-date=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911031008/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2010/Ukrainian-SAM-upgrade-locks-on-to-launch-customers.html |archive-date=September 11, 2012 }}</ref> As of 2018 according to the UkrOboronProm, the S-125 surface-to-air missile underwent an integrated modification of all elements, including modernization of missiles, as well as the use of a new radar station built on solid-state elements. The distance of the Ukrainian S-125 modernization's engagement area, 40&nbsp;km, is greater than that of the Russian one.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
[[File:Mordenized SNR-125 radar by Viettel.jpg|thumb|An UNV-VT radar station of Vietnam's S-125-VT system, being a modernization developed by [[Viettel]].]]
The Vietnamese state-owned agency [[Viettel|'''Viettel Aerospace Institute''']] has unveiled a modernization version of S-125, designated as the '''S-125-VT'''. More than 5 systems has been upgraded and being in service of [[Vietnam People's Air Force|Vietnamese Air Defence]] since 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Thiếu tướng Lê Đăng Dũng - dấu ấn người đứng đầu|url=https://viettelfamily.com/thieu-tuong-le-dang-dung-40|access-date=2022-02-15|website=viettelfamily.com|language=vi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=cand.com.vn|title=Đại tá Tào Đức Thắng chính thức nhận bàn giao chức danh Chủ tịch Viettel|url=https://cand.com.vn/doanh-nghiep/-dai-ta-tao-duc-thang-chinh-thuc-nhan-ban-giao-chuc-danh-chu-tich-viettel-i643508/|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Báo Công an Nhân dân điện tử|language=vi}}</ref> The upgrade package includes compatibility with a newer, more modern surveillance radar, enhanced anti-jamming capability, and mechanization of components such as the SNR-125 fire-control radar and the missile reloading vehicle. A new missile model was also developed and upgraded, designated TLDK-35.

==Operators==
[[File:S-125 newoperators.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Operators {{legend|#0a57c0|Current}}{{legend|#dc0023|Former}}]]
[[File:Sa-3 site.jpg|thumb|Simulated Soviet surface to air missile site at Nellis AFB.]]

===Current===
* {{ALG}} − 12 S-125M Pechora-M and 24 S-125M1 Pechora-M1 batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=344}}
* {{ANG}} − 12 S-125M1 Pechora-M1 batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=472}}
* {{ARM}}{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=179}}
* {{AZE}} − 24 S-125-2TM Pechora-2TM batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=181}}
* {{BUL}} − S-125M Neva-M.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=78}}
* {{CUB}} − S-125M/M1 Pechora M/M1, some Pechora M1s are mounted on [[T-55]] tank chassis.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=429}}
* {{EGY}} − 40 S-125-2M Pechora-2M and 120 S-125M Pechora-M batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=351}}
* {{ETH}} − 4 S-125M1 Pechora-M1 batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=491}}
* {{IND}} − S-125M Pechora-M.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=270}}
* {{KAZ}} − 3 S-125-1T batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=187}}
* {{KGZ}} − 8 S-125M1 Neva-M1 batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=189}}
* {{LAO}} − 6 S-125M Pechora-M batteries as of 2024. Serviceability doubtful{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=290}}
* {{MDA}} − 3 S-125M1 Neva-M1 batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=190}}
* {{MNG}} − 2+ S-125-2M Pechora-2M batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=295}}
* {{MYA}} − S-125-2M Pechora-2M.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=297}}
* {{PRK}}− 20 S-125M1 Pechora-M1 batteries as of 2024. Serviceability doubtful.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=284}}
* {{PER}}{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=449}}
* {{POL}} − 14 S-125 Newa SC batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=126}}
* {{SRB}} − 6 S-125M Neva-M batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=134}}
* {{SYR}} − S-125-2M Pechora-2M and S-125M/M1 Pechora-M/M1.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=387}}
* {{SSD}} − 16 S-125 Pechora batteries as of 2024. Serviceability doubtful.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=520}}
* {{TJK}} − 3 S-125 Pechora-2M and 5 S-125M1 Neva-M1 batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=207}}
* {{TKM}} − 4 S-125 Pechora-2M, 12 S-125M1 Neva-M1, and some S-125-2BM Pechora batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=209}}
* {{UKR}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine Shows It Can Use Old Soviet Stuff to Great Effect Too |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/35197 |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=Kyiv Post |date=2 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> − In 2022, Ukraine received an undisclosed number of S-125 Newa SC systems from Poland.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitkow |first1=Mateusz |title=Upgraded Polish SA-3 Goa SAMs Defending Ukraine |url=https://defence24.com/armed-forces/upgraded-polish-sa-3-goa-sams-defending-ukraine |access-date=18 August 2024 |work=defence24.com |date=7 December 2022 |language=pl}}</ref>
* {{UZB}} − 4 S-125-2M Pechora-2M and 10 S-125M1 Neva-M1 batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=216}}
* {{VEN}} − 44 S-125 Pechora-2M batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=456}}
* {{VIE}} − 30 S-125TM Pechora-2TM and 21 S-125M Pechora-M batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=326}} The S-125-VT modernized variant was reported to be in service in July 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hội thao, diễn tập chiến thuật phân đội hỏa lực tên lửa phòng không |url=https://www.qdnd.vn/quoc-phong-an-ninh/tin-tuc/nang-cao-kha-nang-san-sang-chien-dau-cua-cac-phan-doi-hoa-luc-ten-lua-phong-khong-s-125-2tm-s-125-vt-784488 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=[[People's Army Newspaper]] |language=vi}}</ref>
* {{ZAM}} − 6 S-125M Pechora-M batteries as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=528}}

===Former===

*{{flag|Afghanistan|1992}} − 12 launchers in 1992.{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=263}}
*{{BLR}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=290}}
*{{CAM}}<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Assists Cambodia in Destruction of Missiles |url=http://cambodia.usembassy.gov/missile_destruction.html |website=Embassy of the United States Phnom Pehn · Cambodia |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019153142/http://cambodia.usembassy.gov/missile_destruction.html |archive-date=19 October 2008 |date=18 November 2005}}</ref>
*{{CZS}} − 120 launchers{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=263}} in 1992, passed on to successor states.{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=290}} 
*{{CZE}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=290}}
*{{GDR}}{{sfn|IISS|1989|page=48}} 
*{{FIN}} − 12 launchers in 1992, designated as the SAM-79.{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=263}}
*{{GEO}}{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=290}}
*{{HUN}} − 24 launchers in 1992.{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=263}}
*{{flag|Iraq|1963}}{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=263}}
*{{flaglist|Islamic State}} − 2 batteries captured from the Syrian Army in 2016, non-operational<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Fighting The Tide: The Islamic State's Desperate Attempts to Combat Coalition Airpower |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2020/09/the-islamic-states-desperate-attempts.html |website=Oryx |access-date=18 August 2024 |date=8 April 2021}}</ref>
*{{flag|Libya|1977}} − 132 launchers prior to the [[2011 Libyan Civil War]].{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=290}}
*{{MLI}} − 12 launchers in 1992,{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=263}} in 2014, Mali's remaining stockpile of V-601 missiles was disposed of.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nachtrab |first1=Thomas |last2=Mitzer |first2=Stijn |title=Goas In The Savanna: Mali's S-125 SAM Systems |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/goas-in-savanna-s-125-sam-systems-in.html |website=Oryx |access-date=18 August 2024 |date=19 February 2022}}</ref>
* {{MOZ}}<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|Weinert|Hinz|Lepko|2011|p=68}}</ref> − 12 launchers in 2002{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=290}}
* {{flag|North Yemen}}<ref name="HSOY 1 p43" />
* {{RUS}} − 100 launchers in 2002.{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=290}}
* {{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}} − 16 launchers in 2002,{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=290}} passed on to Serbia 
* {{SVK}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2000. 2001 |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-929003-1 |page=102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1gGAAAACAAJ |language=en |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>
*{{SOM}} − 8 launchers in 1991.{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=263}}
*{{flag|South Yemen}}<ref name="HSOY 1 p43">{{harvnb|Cooper|2017|page=43}}</ref>
*{{URS}} − 1,250 launchers in 1991,{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=263}} passed on to successor states.{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=290}}
* {{TAN}}<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|Weinert|Hinz|Lepko|2011|p=160}}</ref>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Tigray People's Liberation Front.svg}} [[Tigray People's Liberation Front]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=New Imagery Suggests Continued Usage Of Surface-To-Air Missiles By Tigray Forces |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/11/new-imagery-suggests-continued-usage-of.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
*{{YEM}} − 12 launchers in 2002,{{sfn|O'Halloran|Foss|2002|page=290}} most were upgraded to the Pechora-2M standard<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |title=Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 2: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1994-2017 |date=2018 |publisher=Helion & Company Publishing |location=Warwick, UK |isbn=978-1-911628-18-7 |page=15}}</ref> 
*{{YUG}} − 140 launchers in 1992.{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=263}}

==Gallery of radars==
<gallery>Image:FlatFace.JPG|P-15 "Flat Face" radar.
Image:SNR-125 2.jpg|SNR-125 "Low Blow" radar.
Image:PRV-11 "Side Net" radar.jpg|PRV-11 "Side Net" radar.
</gallery>
{{Clear}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |title=Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994 |date=2017 |publisher=Helion & Company Publishing |location=Solihull, UK |isbn=978-1-912174-23-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |last2=Weinert |first2=Peter |last3=Hinz |first3=Fabian |last4=Lepko |first4=Mark |title=African MiGs, Volume 2: Madagascar to Zimbabwe |date=2011 |publisher=Harpia Publishing |location=Houston |isbn=978-0-9825539-8-5}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Cullen |editor1-first=Tony |editor2-last=Foss |editor2-first=Christopher F. |editor2-link=Christopher F Foss |title=Jane's Land-Based Air Defence: 1992-93 |date=1992 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=Surrey |isbn=978-0-7106-0979-3 |edition=5th |url=https://ftp.idu.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/ebook/tdg/ADNVANCED%20MILITARY%20PLATFORM%20DESIGN/Janes%20Land-Based%20Air%20Defence%201992-93%20by%20Tony%20Cullen,%20Christopher%20F.%20Foss%20(z-lib.org).pdf |access-date=14 July 2024 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 1989-1990 |date=1989 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=978-0080375694 |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|1989}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2024 |date=13 February 2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-05115-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIb0EAAAQBAJ |language=en |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|2024}}}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=O'Halloran |editor1-first=James C. |editor2-last=Foss |editor2-first=Christopher F. |title=Jane's Land-Based Air Defense 2002-2003 |date=2002 |publisher=Janes Information Group |isbn=978-0-7106-2437-6 |edition=15th}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|S-125}}
* [https://archive.today/20080229185706/http://raspletin.ru/produce/adms/s125/ Description of C-125 on the producer site] in Russian
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050117235507/http://missilethreat.com/systems/s-125.html MissileThreat.com page]
* [https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/airdef/s-125.htm Federation of American Scientists page]
* [http://www.janes.com/defence/news/jdw/jdw060405_1_n.shtml Jane's Defence news on Egyptian S-125 upgrade, April 2006]
* [http://www.defencetalk.com/unique-surface-to-air-missile-baffles-foreign-military-diplomats-in-egypt-8490/ Defencetalk on Egyptian S-125 upgrade, October 2006]
* [http://www.defencetalk.com/pictures/g5011-sa-3-2fs-125.html S-125 Missile Pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311082601/http://www.defencetalk.com/pictures/g5011-sa-3-2fs-125.html |date=2017-03-11 }}
* [http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home S-125M1 Neva (SA-3b Goa) SAM Simulator]
{{Russian SAM systems}}{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SAM}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:S-125 Neva Pechora}}
[[Category:Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Naval surface-to-air missiles]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Almaz-Antey products]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s]]