View source for Rump state

{{Short description|Reduced territory of a once-larger state}}

[[File:Map of Gaul, 476 AD.png|thumb|[[Kingdom of Soissons]], a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] rump state following the 
 collapse of the [[Western Roman Empire]].]]
A '''rump state''' is the remnant of a once much larger [[State (polity)|state]] that was reduced in the wake of [[annexation]], [[military occupation|occupation]],  [[secession]], [[decolonization]], a successful [[coup d'état]] or [[revolution]] on part of its former [[territory]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tir |first=Jaroslav |date=2005-10-01 |title=Keeping the Peace after Secession: Territorial Conflicts Between Rump and Secessionist States |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022002705279426 |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |language=EN |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=713–741 |doi=10.1177/0022002705279426 |issn=0022-0027|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the last case, a government stops short of going into [[government in exile|exile]] because it controls parts of its remaining territories.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

==Examples==
{{dynamic list}}
===Ancient history===
*During the [[Second Intermediate Period]], following the conquest of [[Lower Egypt]] by the [[Hyksos]], there was a rump Egyptian kingdom in [[Upper Egypt]] centered on [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]], which eventually reunified the country at the start of the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Van de Mieroop |first1=Marc |title=A history of ancient Egypt |date=2021 |publisher=Wiley |location=Chichester, West Sussex |isbn=9781119620891 |page=152 |edition=Second}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Myśliwiec |first1=Karol |title=The twilight of ancient Egypt : first millennium B.C.E. |date=2000 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |isbn=9780801486302 |page=69}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Potts |first1=D. T. |last2=Radner |first2=Karen |last3=Moeller |first3=Nadine |title=The Oxford history of the ancient Near East. Volume III: from the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=9780190687601 |page=88}}</ref>
* The [[Seleucid Empire]] became a rump state in Northern Syria after losing most of its territory to the [[Parthian Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Brief History of Iraq|last1=Fattah|first1=Hala Mundhir|year=2009|last2=Caso|first2=Frank|page=277}}</ref>
* After the collapse of the [[Western Roman Empire]] in [[Gaul]], the [[Kingdom of Soissons]] survived as a rump state under [[Aegidius]] and [[Syagrius]], until it was conquered by the [[Francia|Franks]] under [[Clovis I]] in 486.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dodd|first1=Leslie|chapter=Kinship Conflict and Unity among Roman Elites in Post-Roman Gaul|title=Official Power and Local Elites in the Roman Provinces |date=25 November 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317086147 |page=170}}</ref>

===Post-classical history===
*{{flagicon image|Tibetan snow leopard.svg}} [[Guge]] and [[Maryul]] was a rump state of the [[Tibetan Empire]].<ref name="Beckwith2009">{{cite book |first=Christopher I. |last=Beckwith |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC&pg=PA169 |date=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13589-2 |pages=169–}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Fisher|Rose|Huttenback|1963|p=19}}: "''Mar-yul'' (literally "lower land") is the common Tibetan name for the Leh district in Ladakh. ''Mngah-ris'' (''Mnga-ris''), although now restricted to West Tibet, then referred to the entire territory between the Zoji and Mayum passes."</ref>
*{{Flagicon image|Double-headed eagle of the Sultanate of Rum.svg}} The [[Sultanate of Rum]] was a rump state of the [[Seljuk Empire]].<ref>Richard Todd (2014), ''The Sufi Doctrine of Man: Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī's Metaphysical Anthropology'', p. 6</ref>
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Rubenid Dynasty.svg}} [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] was an Armenian rump state in Cilicia.<ref>''[[Norman Davies|Davies, Norman]]. [[Europe: A History]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jrVW9W9eiYMC&dq=Armenia+rump+state+norman+davies&pg=PA335 p. 335]</ref>
* After the [[Almoravid]] conquest of the [[Taifa of Zaragoza]] in 1110, the taifa's last ruler, Abd-al-Malik, maintained a tiny rump emirate at [[Rueda de Jalón]] until his death in 1130.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fletcher |first1=R. A. |title=Moorish Spain |date=2001 |publisher=Phoenix Press |location=London |isbn=9781842126059 |page=117}}</ref>
*[[Qara Khitai]] was a rump state of the [[Liao dynasty]].<ref>Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. p. 166. ISBN 9780813513041.</ref>
* After the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] assumed control over northern China in 1127, the [[Song dynasty#Southern Song, 1127–1279|Southern Song]] existed as a rump state of the Northern [[Song dynasty]], although it still retained over half of Northern Song's territory and more than half of its population.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Des Forges |first1=Roger V. |title=Cultural centrality and political change in Chinese history : northeast Henan in the fall of the Ming |date=2003 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804740449 |page=6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YE6Va-Fe1coC&pg=PA6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chaffee|first=John W.|year=2015|title=The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 Part Two Sung China, 960-1279|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=625}}</ref>
*{{flagicon image|Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg}} Several [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rump states like [[Empire of Nicaea|Nicaea]], [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]], [[Despotate of the Morea|Morea]], [[Principality of Theodoro|Theodoro]] and [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]] were formed following conquests from Muslim Turks and Crusaders.<ref>''The Columbia history of the world'' by John Arthur Garraty, Peter Gay (1972), p. 454: "The Greek empire in exile at Nicaea proved too strong to be driven out of Asia Minor, and in Epirus another Greek dynasty defied the intruders".</ref><ref name="A. Heurtley, H. C page 55">''A Short history of Greece from early times to 1964'' by [[Walter Abel Heurtley|W. A. Heurtley]], H. C. Darby, C. W. Crawley, C. M. Woodhouse (1967), p. 55: "There in the prosperous city of Nicaea, Theodoros Laskaris, the son in law of a former Byzantine Emperor, establish a court that soon become the Small but reviving Greek empire."</ref><ref name=Babinger-1949>This is the date determined by Franz Babinger, [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rebyz_0766-5598_1949_num_7_1_1014 "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)"], ''Revue des études byzantines'', '''7''' (1949), pp.
205–207 {{doi|10.3406/rebyz.1949.1014}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon image|Imperial Seal of the Mongols 1246.svg}} After the [[Ming dynasty]] established control over [[China proper]] in 1368, the [[Yuan dynasty]] retreated to the [[Mongolian Plateau]] and survived as a rump state called the [[Northern Yuan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Michael J. |title=A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present |date=2010 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |page=115}}</ref>
*{{flagicon image|Golden Horde flag 1339.svg}} After the disintegration of the [[Golden Horde]] in the early 15th century, the [[Great Horde]] survived as its rump state in the heartland of the former Khanate in lower Volga, until its territory was divided between other hordes in 1502.
*{{flagicon image|Timurid Empire flag.svg}} The [[Timurid Empire]] reduced into a rump state in [[Kabulistan]] and [[Balkh]] under [[Babur]] after most of its territory in Khorasan and Central Asia falls to Shaybanid [[Khanate of Bukhara]] in 1500s, the state later turned into the [[Mughal Empire]] after the [[First Battle of Panipat|Babur's conquest of Delhi]] in 1526.
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Aq Qoyunlu.svg}} By summer 1503, [[Aq Qoyunlu]] rule collapsed in Iran. Some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to survive until 1508, before they were absorbed into the [[Safavid Empire]] by [[Ismail I]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Melville|title=Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran|page=33|volume=10|year=2021|quote=Only after five more years did Esma‘il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Soltan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma‘il.}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of Johor (1865 - 1871).svg}} After the fall of the [[Malacca Sultanate]] in 1511 to the Portuguese naval forces, many of the Malaccan royalty and nobility retreated to the southern region of the [[Malay Peninsula]] and established the [[Johor Sultanate]].<ref>{{cite book|page=310|title=Concise History of Islam|first1=Muzaffar|last1=Husain|first2=Syed Saud|last2=Akhtar|first3=B. D.|last3=Usmani|edition=unabridged|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|year=2011|isbn=9789382573470|oclc=868069299}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon image|Banner of the Inca Empire.svg}} After the [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|Spanish conquest]] of the [[Inca Empire]] in 1532, the [[Neo-Inca State]] based at [[Vilcabamba, Peru|Vilcabamba]] survived as a rump state until 1572.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bauer |first1=Brian S. |last2=Fonseca Santa Cruz |first2=Javier |last3=Araoz Silva |first3=Miriam |title=Vilcabamba and the Archaeology of Inca Resistance |date=2015 |location=Los Angeles |isbn=9781938770623 |pages=1–2}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon image|Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg}}The [[Afsharid Dynasty]] survived as a rump state in [[Mashhad]] and surrounding after most of its territory in Iran and Khorasan conquered by the [[Zand Dynasty|Zands]] and [[Durrani Empire]], until the region finally annexed by the [[Qajar Dynasty|Qajars]] in 1796.

===Modern history===
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of Luxembourg.svg}} The modern country of [[Luxembourg]] is the rump state of the former [[Duchy of Luxembourg]], which lost two thirds of its territory due to [[Partitions of Luxembourg|multiple partitions]] between 1659 and 1839. This was cemented by the [[Treaty of London (1839)|Treaty of London]], which gave most of its former territory to newly independent [[Belgium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vientiane.mae.lu/en/General-information-about-Luxembourg/History|title=History|author=<!--Not stated-->|website=Embassy of Luxembourg in Vientiane|publisher=Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes|access-date=23 May 2023|quote=The Belgian Revolution of 1830 and subsequent Treaty of London (1839) led to the partitioning of a section of Luxembourg territory between Belgium and the Dutch king, which resulted in the Grand Duchy’s present-day geographical borders.}}</ref>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Brunei.svg}} The modern-day state of [[Brunei]] is a rump state of the former [[Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)]], which once encompassed much of northern [[Borneo]]. The nation declined sharply during the 19th century, eventually falling under a British protectorate{{sfn|CIA Factbook|2017}} and reduced to its present size by 1901. Brunei would ultimately regain its independence in 1984, remaining a small remnant of the former empire still ruled by the [[House of Bolkiah]], which has governed the nation throughout almost its entire existence.
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1918–1925).svg}} During the [[Russian Civil War]], the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] served as a rump state of the [[Russian Empire]] and, formally, of the short-lived [[Russian Republic]].
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of Austria.svg}} The [[Republic of German-Austria]] was created in 1918 as the initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking population within what had been the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Magocsi |first1=Paul Robert |title=Historical atlas of Central Europe: Third Revised and Expanded Edition |date=2018 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9781487523312 |page=128}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|First Republic of Armenia}} The [[First Republic of Armenia|Republic of Armenia]] became a rump state in 1920 following the Ankara Government victory in the [[Turkish–Armenian War]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Mikaberidze|first=Alexander |title=Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KanOEAAAQBAJ|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2019|isbn=9798216117292|editor-last1= Tucker|editor-link1=Spencer C. Tucker |editor-first1=Spencer C. |language=English}}</ref><ref>Mirzoyan, Alla (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RYbGAAAAQBAJ Armenia, the Regional Powers, and the West: Between History and Geopolitics], Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 188—189</ref><ref>[[Richard G. Hovannisian|Hovannisian Richard G.]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=d4NtAAAAMAAJ&q=Richard+G.+Hovannisian+rump+state Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia], p. 430</ref>
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg}} In 1918-1919, after World War I, a succession of several short-lived rump states existed within the historical territory of Hungary: the [[First Hungarian Republic]] (1918–1919), the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] (March – August 1919),<ref>{{cite book|author=John C. Swanson|title=Tangible Belonging: Negotiating Germanness in Twentieth-Century Hungary|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]]|year=2017|page=80|isbn=9780822981992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqyzDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT80|access-date=7 August 2020|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317121442/https://books.google.com/books?id=YqyzDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT80|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)|Hungarian Republic]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Romsics |first=Ignác |title=Magyarország története a XX. században |year=2004 |publisher=Osiris Kiadó |location=Budapest |language=hu |isbn=963-389-590-1 |page=136}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} The [[Second Czechoslovak Republic]] was the result of the events following the [[Munich Agreement]], where [[Czechoslovakia]] was forced to cede the German-populated [[Sudetenland]] region to [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] on 1 October 1938. The state existed for 169 days during which it lost the region of [[Carpathian Ruthenia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Rychlík|first1 = J.|last2 = Rychlíková|first2 = M.|date = 2016|title = Podkarpatská Rus v dějinách Československa, 1918–1946|language = cs|location = Prague|publisher = Vyšehrad|isbn = 9788074295560}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} [[Vichy France]], a collaborationist state with [[Nazi Germany]], was a rump state{{Synthesis inline|date=March 2025|sure=y}} of the [[French Third Republic]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071212&dateTexte=20090620 |title=Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental – Version consolidée au 10 août 1944 |trans-title=Law of 9 August 1944 Concerning the reestablishment of the legally constituted Republic on the mainland – consolidated version of 10 August 1944 |date=9 August 1944 |website=gouv.fr |publisher=Legifrance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716040542/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071212&dateTexte=20090620 |archive-date=16 July 2009 |access-date=21 October 2015 |quote=Article 1: The form of the government of France is and remains the Republic. By law, it has not ceased to exist. <br /> Article 2: The following are therefore null and void: all legislative or regulatory acts as well as all actions of any description whatsoever taken to execute them, promulgated in Metropolitan France after 16 June 1940 and until the restoration of the Provisional Government of the French Republic. This nullification is hereby expressly declared and must be noted.<br />Article 3. The following acts are hereby expressly nullified and held invalid: The so-called "Constitutional Law of 10 July 1940; as well as any laws called 'Constitutional Law';...}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=March 2025}} It existed as an independent state under partial occupation from 1940 to 1942, was fully occupied by Germany until 1944, and operated as a [[government-in-exile]] until 1945.{{Original research inline|date=March 2025|certain=y}}
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of Italy.svg}} The fascist [[Italian Social Republic]], a [[List of World War II puppet states#Germany|German puppet state]] led by [[Benito Mussolini]], was a rump state of the [[Kingdom of Italy]] 1943–1945.<ref>James Hartfield, ''Unpatriotic History of the Second World War'', {{isbn|178099379X}}, 2012, p. 424</ref><ref>Eric Morris, ''Circles of Hell: The War in Italy 1943-1945'', {{isbn|0091744741}}, 1993, p. 140</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Neville |first1=Peter |title=Mussolini |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317613046 |page=199 |edition=2nd}}</ref>{{Dubious|Dubious: Kingdom of Italy and Italian Social Republic|date=November 2024|reason=This phrasing appears to suggest Fascist legitimacy over the Badoglio government (commonly referred to as the "Kingdom of the South"). De jure and de facto, the Kingdom of Italy continued to exist in Southern Italy.}}
*{{flagicon|FRY}} The [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (1992–2003) / [[Serbia and Montenegro]] (2003–2006) was often viewed as the rump state left behind by the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (1945–1992) after it [[breakup of Yugoslavia|broke up]].<ref name="Sudetic_1991-10-24">{{Citation |last=Sudetic |first=Chuck |date=1991-10-24 |title=Top Serb Leaders Back Proposal To Form Separate Yugoslav State |journal=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/24/world/top-serb-leaders-back-proposal-to-form-separate-yugoslav-state.html |access-date=2018-03-07 |postscript=.}}</ref> SFR Yugoslavia itself was considered the 'rump Yugoslavia' for its last ten months, between [[Independence of Slovenia|Slovenian]] and [[Independence of Croatia|Croatian declarations of independence]] on 25 June 1991 and [[Constitution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|the legal dissolution of Yugoslavia]] on 27 April 1992.<ref>{{cite book |last=Woodward |first=Susan L. |author-link=Susan L. Woodward |date=April 1995 |title=Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After the Cold War |page=285 |publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]] |isbn=9780815722953 |oclc=476203561}}</ref>
*{{Flag icon|Taiwan}} [[Taiwan]] under the [[Kuomintang]] rule was the [[Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|rump state of the Republic of China]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Jack |title=Taiwan's Environmental Struggle |last2=Ch'ang-yi |first2=David |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-44723-2 |edition=1st |series=Routledge Contemporary Asia Series |page=18 |quote=Taiwan was now the rump state of the 'Republic of China', under the Kuomintang (KMT) or 'Nationalist' party rule, 'temporarily' in exile on the island [...]}}</ref> The current status of Taiwan is disputed and varies based on the observer's perspective.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Jack F. |title=Taiwan's Struggle: Voices of the Taiwanese |last2=Lee |first2=Shyu-tu |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4422-2143-7 |page=7 |quote=Exactly what is Taiwan—nation state, de facto nation, rump state, pariah state, renegade province? The answer depends very much on the viewpoint of the observer.}}</ref> {{crossreference|See also [[Political status of Taiwan]].|inline=y}}<!-- This text was added following consensus on the talk page and is supported by reliable sources. Please do not remove it without prior discussion -->
* {{Flag icon|Ottoman Empire}} The [[Republic of Turkey]] was a rump state left over in [[Anatolia]] after the [[dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]] and the consequent loss of its territory in Northern Africa, The Middle East, and Europe (amounting to 89% of its former size).<ref name="Nicolle 2008 162">{{harvnb|Nicolle|2008|p=178}}</ref>
* {{Flag icon|Russia}} The [[Russian Federation]] was the rump state and legal successor of the [[Soviet Union]], following its [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution]] in 1991.<ref>[[Fiona Hill (presidential advisor)|Fiona Hill]],[https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-greatest-catastrophe-of-the-21st-century-brexit-and-the-dissolution-of-the-u-k/ The “greatest catastrophe” of the 21st century? Brexit and the dissolution of the U.K.], June 24, 2016</ref>

==See also==
*[[Exclusive mandate]]
*[[Feudal fragmentation]]
*[[Government-in-exile]]
*[[List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies]]
*[[Power vacuum]]
*[[Puppet state]]
*[[Rival government]]
*[[Secession]]
*[[Separatism]]
*[[Succession of states]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |author=CIA Factbook |author-link=CIA Factbook |year=2017 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei/ |title=The World Factbook – Brunei |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=Margaret W. |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |last3=Huttenback |first3=Robert A. |title=Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh |date=1963 |publisher=Praeger |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanbattleg0000unse/mode/2up |via=archive.org}}
* {{cite book |first=David |last=Nicolle |title=The Ottomans: Empire of Faith |publisher=Thalamus Publishing |others=Illustrated by Roger Kean |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-902886-11-4 |editor-last=Lapworth |editor-first=Warren}}
* {{cite book |last=Shaughnessy |first=Edward L. |author-link=Edward L. Shaughnessy |chapter=Western Zhou History |editor1=Michael Loewe |editor2=Edward L. Shaughnessy |title=The Cambridge History of ancient China - From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C |year=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Cambridge]], [[England]] |isbn=9780521470308 |pages=292–351}}
{{refend}}
{{Colonization}}
[[Category:Political metaphors]]
[[Category:Types of countries]]
[[Category:Rump states| ]]
[[Category:Former countries]]