View source for Rudolf Carl von Slatin

{{Short description|Anglo-Austrian officer, administrator and politician (1857–1932)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2016}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Rudolf Carl von Slatin
| image               = Wenzl Weis - Rudolf Slatin, um 1910.jpg
| caption             = Rudolf von Slatin
| birth_date          = 7 June 1857
| birth_place         = [[Ober Sankt Veit]], [[Vienna]], [[Austrian Empire]]
| death_date          = 4 October 1932
| death_place         = [[Vienna]], [[First Austrian Republic|Austria]]
| allegiance          = [[Austria-Hungary]]
| term_start          = 1881
| term_end            = 26 January 1885
| honorific_prefix    = Major-General
| honorific_suffix    = [[Geheimrat|Geh. Rat]], {{postnominals|country=GBR|sep=,|GCVOmh|KCMGh|CBh}}
| office              = Governor-General of [[Darfur]]
}}

Major-General '''Rudolf Anton Carl [[Freiherr]] von Slatin''', [[Geheimrat|Geh. Rat]], {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCVOmh|KCMGh|CBh}}<ref name="ÖAW" /> (7 June 1857, in [[Ober Sankt Veit]], [[Hietzing]], [[Vienna]] – 4 October 1932, in Vienna) was an [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Anglo]]-[[Austrians|Austrian]] soldier and administrator in [[Sudan]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Großes Handlexikon in Farbe |publisher = [[Bertelsmann|Lexikon-Institut Bertelsmann]] |year = 1979 |location = Gütersloh |language= de |page =983}}</ref><ref name="Der Kreis">{{cite journal|title =Generalleutnant Sir Rudolph Freiherr von Slatin Pascha|language = de|journal =Der Kreis-Rundbrief an alte Pfadfinderfreunde und Förderer der Pfadfinderbewegung-Informationen des ÖPB-Archivs|volume =7|page= 2|date = October 2011 |publisher=Archiv des Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund und Georgs-Gilde Wien}}</ref><ref name="Rotes Kreuz">{{cite web |title = Film: "Slatin Pascha" – ein Wiener in Darfur |publisher = Österreichisches Rotes Kreuz |url = http://www.roteskreuz.at/berichten/aktuelles/news/datum/2012/05/30/film-slatin-pascha-ein-wiener-in-darfur/ |date = 30 May 2012 |language = de |accessdate = 4 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100354/http://www.roteskreuz.at/berichten/aktuelles/news/datum/2012/05/30/film-slatin-pascha-ein-wiener-in-darfur/ |archive-date = 4 March 2016 |url-status = live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rudolf Carl Slatin was born in [[Ober Sankt Veit]] near [[Vienna]],<ref name="Der Kreis"/><ref name="Schwaner">{{Cite web |last = Schwaner |first = Birgit |title = Der Abenteurer aus Ober St. Veit |date = 1 June 2007 |language = de |url = http://www.wienerzeitung.at/Desktopdefault.aspx?TabID=3946&Alias=wzo&lexikon=Afrika&letter=A&cob=286780 |accessdate = 19 January 2008 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070909063406/http://www.wienerzeitung.at/Desktopdefault.aspx?TabID=3946&Alias=wzo&lexikon=Afrika&letter=A&cob=286780 |archive-date = 9 September 2007 |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Pircher"/><ref name="Meyers">{{cite book |title = Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon |publisher = [[Bibliographisches Institut]] |year = 1909 |location = Leipzig |language = de |page = 538 |url = http://www.zeno.org/Meyers-1905/A/Slatin+Pascha |accessdate = 7 September 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121022234313/http://www.zeno.org/Meyers-1905/A/Slatin+Pascha |archive-date = 22 October 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref> the fourth child of the merchant Michael Slatin, who had converted from [[Judaism]] to [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]],<ref name="Schwaner"/> and his second wife, Maria Anna Feuerstein.<ref name="Schwaner"/><ref name="Brook-Shepherd">{{cite book|author= Gordon Brook-Shepherd |title = Slatin Pascha-Ein abenteuerliches Leben |publisher = Verlag Fritz Molden |year = 1972 |location = Vienna-Munich-Zürich |language= de}}</ref>{{rp|14–15}} Their other children were the twins Maria and Anna (born in 1852), Heinrich (1855), Adolf (1861), and Leopoldine (1864).<ref name="Schwaner"/><ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|15}} Their father died on 13 March 1873,<ref name="Schwaner"/><ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|19}} while Rudolf was at the Vienna ''Handelsakademie'' (commercial academy).<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|18}}<ref name="Reichspost"/> While there, he heard that a German bookseller in [[Cairo]] was looking for an assistant.<ref name="Schwaner"/><ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|18}} Rudolf traveled to [[Trieste]] and five days after that to [[Alexandria]].<ref name="Schwaner"/>  He worked in the bookstore<ref name="Pircher"/> until he travelled with the German businessman and consul Rosset to [[Khartoum]].<ref name="Schwaner"/><ref name="Jadu">{{cite book |author = Dr. A. Berger |title = Der heilige Nil. Mit 16 Bildern nach eigenen Aufnahmen des Verfassers. |publisher = Wegweiser Verlag |year = 1924 |location = Berlin |language = de |url = http://www.jadu.de/jaduland/afrika/nil/index/slatin-pascha(14).html |accessdate = 28 December 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090520105611/http://www.jadu.de/jaduland/afrika/nil/index/slatin-pascha(14).html |archive-date = 20 May 2009 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>

From Khartoum, Slatin went through [[Kordofan]]<ref name="Jadu"/> to [[Nuba Mountains|Dar Nuba]], exploring the mountains of that region with the German explorer and ornithologist [[Theodor von Heuglin]]. He was forced to return to Khartoum, when the local population rebelled against the Egyptian government. There, Slatin met Dr. Schnitzer, later famous as "[[Emin Pasha]]", and with him intended to visit General [[Charles George Gordon]]<ref name="Jadu"/> at [[Lado, Sudan|Lado]], Gordon at that time being Governor of the Equatorial Provinces. Slatin, however, was obliged to return to Austria without accomplishing his desire, though Emin did go to Lado and at Slatin's request recommended the young traveller to Gordon for employment in Sudan.<ref name="Schwaner"/><ref name="Pircher"/><br />Slatin left Africa in order to serve his [[conscription]] order in the Austrian army.<ref name="Meyers"/><ref name="Klagenfurt"/><ref name="Steinwandtner"/><ref name="Fasol"/><ref name= "Schmidl"/> On 25 September 1876 he joined his unit the 12. Feldjägerbatallon as recruit, and one year later, he was promoted to lieutenant in the reserves of the 19th Infantry Regiment of the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]].<ref name="ÖAW"/><ref name="Schwaner"/><ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|21}}

In 1878, while Slatin was serving as a lieutenant in [[Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria|crown prince Rudolf]]'s regiment in the [[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian]] campaign.<ref name="Meyers"/><ref name="Fasol"/><ref name= "Schmidl">{{cite web |author= Erwin A.Schmidl |title= Österreicher in Afrika |publisher= TRUPPENDIENST-Zeitschrift für Ausbildung, Führung und Einsatz im Österreichischen Bundesheer |url= http://www.bmlv.gv.at/truppendienst/ausgaben/artikel.php?id=767 |language= de |accessdate= 28 December 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110927024336/http://www.bmlv.gv.at/truppendienst/ausgaben/artikel.php?id=767 |archive-date= 27 September 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref> he received a letter from Gordon inviting him to Sudan, where Gordon had become the [[List of governors of pre-independence Sudan|Governor-General]].<ref name="ÖAW"/><ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|21}}<ref name="Jadu"/> At the close of the campaign, Slatin received permission to go to Africa. He started his travel via train and ship<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|22}} on 1 December 1878 and arrived in [[Khartoum]] in January 1879. After a brief period as financial inspector,<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|28}}<ref name="Jadu"/> Slatin was appointed Mudir (governor) of Dara, the south-western part of [[Darfur]],<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|28–29}}<ref name="Jadu"/><ref name= "Schmidl"/> a post he held until early in 1881, when he was promoted Governor-General of Darfur by [[Muhammad Rauf Pasha]] and given the rank of [[bey]].

== Surrender of Dara ==
[[File:Slatin Pasha as a Dervish (1906) - TIMEA.jpg|thumb|230px|left|Slatin photographed in Mahdist clothing in 1906, by [[Paul Dittrich]].]]
While administering Dara, Slatin conducted a successful campaign against one of the Darfur princes in revolt and later, as governor of Darfur.<ref name="Der Kreis"/> Early in 1882 the [[Rizeigat]] tribesmen of Southern Darfur rebelled, led by Sheikh [[Madibbo ibn Ali]], a convert to the cause of the religious leader known as the Mahdi [[Muhammad Ahmad]]. Slatin gallantly defended his province and though he fought many successful battles, he gradually lost ground. At Om Waragat he lost 800 of his men in the first 20 minutes of the battle and was himself wounded three times but managed to fight his way back to Dara. Believing his troops attributed their failure in battle to the fact that he was a [[Christians|Christian]], Slatin publicly adopted [[Islam]] in 1883 and took the Islamic name, [[Abdul Qadir|
Abd al Qadir]].<ref name="ÖAW"/>

The Mahdists then captured [[El-Obeid|el Obeid]], the capital of Kordofan, severing all Slatin's links with Khartoum. When [[William Hicks (British soldier)|Hicks Pasha's]] expedition was annihilated at the [[Battle of Shaykan]] in 1883, Slatin finally surrendered to his old enemy the Mahdist Emir Madibbo, refusing to make any further sacrifice of life in a hopeless cause. When the Mahdists reached Khartoum, an attempt was made to use him to induce the commander [[Charles George Gordon]], now Governor-General of Sudan, to surrender. This failing, Slatin was placed in chains and on the morning of 26 January 1885, an hour or two after the fall of Khartoum, Gordon's head was brought to the camp and shown to the captive. After the sudden death of the Mahdi the same year, Slatin was kept at [[Omdurman]] by his successor, the [[Abdallahi ibn Muhammad|Khalifa Abdullahi]], being treated alternately with savage cruelty and comparative indulgence. During his captivity, he worked as adviser and interpreter for the Khalifa and was made to serve in his personal retinue of bodyguards.<ref name="ÖAW"/>

== Escape from captivity ==
[[File:Slatins_Reisen_im_Reich_des_Mahdi.jpg|thumb|Slatin's travels in 19th cent. Sudan]]
At length, after over eleven years captivity, he was able to escape,<ref name="Gastgeber"/> with the help of [[Francis Reginald Wingate|Sir Reginald (then Major) Wingate]] of the Egyptian Intelligence Department and {{Citation needed span|text=a local [[Sheikh]] of the Ababda tribe|date=April 2010}},<ref>Salih, Tayeb. ''Season of Migration to the North'', 1966 : "His father was from the Ababda, the tribe living between Egypt and the Sudan. It was they who helped Slatin Pasha escape when he was the prisoner of the Khalifa El-Ta'aishap." : p 54.</ref> in a perilous 1000&nbsp;km and three-week journey across the desert, reaching [[Aswan, Egypt]] in March 1895.<ref name="Der Kreis"/> In a remarkable book, ''Fire and Sword in the Sudan'', written in the same year and issued in [[English language|English]] and [[German language|German]] in 1896, Slatin gave not only a personal narrative of fighting and serving the Mahdists but a comprehensive account of the Sudan under the rule of the Khalifa.<ref name="Meyers"/><ref name="Görlich"/> The book, edited by F. R. Wingate, became a bestseller.<ref name="Rotes Kreuz"/><ref name= "Schmidl"/> The German version was published by the Brockhaus Verlag in [[Leipzig]] entitled "''Feuer und Schwert im Sudan. Meine Kämpfe mit den Derwischen, meine Gefangenschaft und Flucht.1879–1895.''"<ref name= "Pircher">{{cite journal |last = Pircher |first = Astrid |title = Ein Österreicher im Sudan-Die Geschichte von Rudolph Karl Slatin, genannt Slatin Pascha |journal = Global View |issue = 2 |pages = 12 |year = 2002 |url = http://www.afa.at/globalview/2002-II.pdf |language = de |access-date = 19 January 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081214174115/http://www.afa.at/globalview/2002-II.pdf |archive-date = 14 December 2008 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Panbuch-Österreichisch Sudanesische Gesellschaft |publisher = Dachverband aller österreichisch-ausländischen Gesellschaften – PaN |url = http://www.dachverband-pan.org/panbuch/398-539.pdf |pages= 62–63 |accessdate =19 January 2008 |language= de |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070730193922/http://www.dachverband-pan.org/panbuch/398-539.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 30 July 2007}}</ref> His book became an important inspiration for the German author [[Karl May]] and his trilogy "Im Lande des Mahdi".<ref>{{cite web |author = Roman Loimeier |title = Edward Said und der deutschsprachige Orientalismus: Eine kritische Würdigung |publisher = University of Vienna |url = http://www.univie.ac.at/ecco/stichproben/Nr2_Loimeier.pdf |page = 66 |language = de |accessdate = 29 December 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121108091309/http://www.univie.ac.at/ecco/stichproben/Nr2_Loimeier.pdf |archive-date = 8 November 2012 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> He also published another book entitled "Elf Jahre in der Gefangenschaft des Mahdi".<ref name="Reichspost"/>

Raised to the rank of Pasha by the [[Khedive]],<ref name="ÖAW"/><ref name="Der Kreis"/><ref name="Meyers"/> Slatin was appointed an honorary [[Order of the Bath|Companion of the Order of the Bath]] by [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26670 |date=11 October 1895 |page=5585}}</ref> In autumn 1895, he was granted an audience with Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]].<ref name= "Schmidl"/> Queen Victoria made him an honorary Member (fourth class) of the [[Royal Victorian Order]] in 1896.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26799 |date=1 December 1896 |page=7101}}</ref>

On the eve of his surrender to the Mahdi at Christmas 1883, he had resolved, if he regained his liberty, to use the knowledge he would acquire while in captivity for the eventual benefit of the country, and after a year's rest he took part, as an officer on the staff of the Egyptian army, in the campaigns of 1897–98 which ended in the capture of [[Omdurman]].<ref name="Gastgeber"/><ref name="Görlich"/>

== Further service ==
[[File:Rudolf Carl von Slatin Vanity Fair 15 June 1899.jpg|thumb|right|"Salatin"<br>Slatin as caricatured by Spy ([[Leslie Ward]]) in ''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', June 1899]]
For his services in these campaigns, he was created an honorary Knight Commander of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] by [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] in 1898<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27023 |date=15 November 1898 |page=6689}}</ref> and in 1899 was knighted by [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]].<ref name="ÖAW"/><ref name="Steinwandtner"/><ref name="Ringhoffer"/> Also in 1899, he was made a [[brigadier-general]] in the British Army.<ref name= "Klagenfurt"/><ref name="Steinwandtner"/><ref name="Fasol"/> In 1900 he was appointed inspector-general of the Sudan,<ref name="ÖAW"/><ref name= "Klagenfurt"/><ref name="Fasol"/><ref name="Der Volks-Brockhaus"/> in which capacity his mastery of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and his profound knowledge of the land and peoples proved invaluable in the work of reconstruction undertaken by the Anglo-Egyptian government in that country.<ref name="Pircher"/> He was a close friend of the governor-general, F. R. Wingate, and was free to define his role as inspector-general without much interference from his colleagues and superiors. Never before or since did any official hold the title of inspector-general. He was a frequent guest of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]].<ref name="Pircher"/>

In 1906, he was ennobled by Franz Joseph I of Austria.<ref name="ÖAW"/><ref name="Ringhoffer"/> He was since styled "[[Freiherr]] von Slatin".<ref name= "Reichspost">{{cite news|author=M.G.K.|title=Slatin Pascha gestorben.| newspaper =Reichspost|page=7|language=de|date= 5 October 1932}}</ref><ref name="Fasol"/>
In 1907, he was made an honorary [[major-general]] in the British army<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28058 |date=10 September 1907 |page=6152}}</ref> and in 1909 he was created an honorary Knight Commander of the [[Royal Victorian Order]] by King [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28286 |date=7 September 1909 |page=6745}}</ref>
His rank in the Austro-Hungarian Army always remained [[Lieutenant|Leutnant]] [[Reservist|d.R.]]<ref name="Fasol"/><ref name= "Schmidl"/>

His position as inspector-general of the Sudan terminated in 1914 due to the commencement of hostilities in [[World War I]] between [[Great Britain]] and [[Austria-Hungary]].<ref name="ÖAW">{{cite web |title = Slatin Rudolf (Anton Carl) Pascha |publisher = [[Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften]] |url = http://www.oeaw.ac.at/oebl/bios/57lfg/slatin_rudolf.htm |accessdate = 19 January 2008 |language = de |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090611072506/http://www.oeaw.ac.at/oebl/bios/57lfg/slatin_rudolf.htm |archive-date = 11 June 2009 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Gastgeber">{{cite web |author = Christian Gastgeber |title = Naher Osten: Einfluss und Wirkung des Habsburger |publisher = ORF ON Science |url = http://sciencev1.orf.at/gastgeber/145582.html |language = de |accessdate = 28 December 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110718110855/http://sciencev1.orf.at/gastgeber/145582.html |archive-date = 18 July 2011 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Der Volks-Brockhaus">{{cite book |title = Der Volks-Brockhaus |url = https://archive.org/details/dervolksbrockhau00fabr |url-access = registration |publisher = [[Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus AG|F.A.Brockhaus]] |year = 1959 |location = Wiesbaden |language= de |page =[https://archive.org/details/dervolksbrockhau00fabr/page/734 734]}}</ref>

He then headed the prisoners-of-war section of the [[Austrian Red Cross]].<ref name="ÖAW"/><ref name="Klagenfurt">{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/kultdoku/kataloge/50/html/3480.htm |title= Pascha Sir Rudolf Anton Karl Slatin |accessdate= 19 January 2008 |language= de |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080207135911/http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/kultdoku/kataloge/50/html/3480.htm |archive-date= 7 February 2008 |df= dmy-all }}
</ref><ref name="Fasol"/><ref name= "Schmidl"/><ref name="Ringhoffer"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.s/s620576.htm |title= Slatin, Rudolf Karl |accessdate= 19 January 2008 |language= de |archive-url= https://archive.today/20121231013943/http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.s/s620576.htm |archive-date= 31 December 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Das Kleine Blatt"/> He was awarded with the title [[Geheimrat]] by Franz Joseph I of Austria in December 1914.<ref name="Pircher"/><ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|274}}<ref name= "Steinwandtner">
{{cite web |url= http://www.a1133.at/index.php?menu=geschichte&inc=personen/slatin/slatin |title= Er war ein General.... |accessdate= 19 January 2008 |author= Felix Steinwandtner |year= 2002 |language= de |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927140206/http://www.a1133.at/index.php?menu=geschichte&inc=personen%2Fslatin%2Fslatin |archive-date= 27 September 2007 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}
</ref><ref name="Ringhoffer"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Amtlicher Teil | newspaper=Wiener Zeitung|page=1|language=de|date=19 December 1914}}</ref>

He was involved in the plans of [[Charles I of Austria]] to get a separate peace with Great Britain and France.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|281–284}}<ref name="Steinwandtner"/><ref name="Fasol">{{cite web |author= Karl Heinz Fasol |title= Das abenteuerliche Leben des Rudolf Slatin (1857–1932) |publisher= Rotary Club Bochum-Hellweg |url= http://www.rotary-bochum-hellweg.de/vortraege/Slatin%20Pascha |format= doc |language= de |accessdate= 19 January 2008 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Later life ===
He received absolution from the Pope for his conversion to Islam, which he had reversed.<ref name="Schwaner"/>

During the years he served the British Empire, he became acquainted with [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Robert Baden-Powell]] and became his friend.<ref name="Der Kreis"/><ref name= "Görlich">{{cite journal|author=Ernst Joseph Görlich|title =Ein großer Österreicher: Rudolf Slatin Pascha|journal = Unser Ziel-Monatsschrift für Führer und Mitarbeiter|publisher= [[Pfadfinder Österreichs]]|pages =21–22|language = de|date=October 1957}}</ref> So it was not surprising that he was asked to serve within the new founded Austrian Scout organisation. From 1914 to 1918, he was the Honorary Chief Scout of the [[Boy Scouts and Girl Guides of Austria|Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund]].<ref name="Der Kreis"/><ref name="Pribich"/>{{rp|278}}<ref>{{cite journal|title =1.Präsident des Österreichischen Pfadfinderbundes Sektionschef a.D. Emilo Freiherr von Parisini|language = de|journal =Jugend am Lagerfeuer-Bubenzeitschrift der Pfadfinder Österreichs |volume =12/1960|page= 238|date = December 1960 |publisher=Pfadfinder Österreichs}}</ref> In January 1929, a letter of Rudolf Carl von Slatin is published under the title Ehrenbundesfeldmeister (National Chief Scout) in the Austrian Scout Magazine "Unser Weg".<ref>{{cite journal|title =Kleine Nachrichten|language = de|journal =Unser Weg-Ein Blatt für Österreichs Jugend |volume =1/1929|page= 1|date = January 1929|publisher=Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund}}</ref>

He was also an honorary member of the [[Royal Geographical Society]].<ref name="Ringhoffer">{{Cite web |author= Ringhoffer, E. |title= Slatin |language= de |url= http://www.coresno.com/adelslexikon/133-boehmen/2225-lex-slatin.html |accessdate= 28 December 2009 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033514/http://www.coresno.com/adelslexikon/133-boehmen/2225-lex-slatin.html |archive-date= 4 March 2016 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

In 1918, on behalf of the Austrian government led by [[Karl Renner|Renner]], he was instrumental, through his British contacts, in ensuring the supply of food and coal from Czechoslovakia for the beleaguered and starving inhabitants of Vienna.<ref name="Rotes Kreuz"/><ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|289–293,295}}<ref name="Steinwandtner"/> For this he was made an [[honorary citizen]] of Vienna in June 1932.<ref name="Pircher"/><ref name="Steinwandtner"/><ref name="Görlich"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Rudolf Slatin Pascha|newspaper =Das kleine Blatt |page=6|language=de|date= 7 June 1932}}</ref>

In 1919, he was a member of the Austrian delegation in [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|St. Germain]].<ref name="ÖAW"/><ref name="Der Kreis"/><ref name="Rotes Kreuz"/><ref name="Klagenfurt"/><ref name="Steinwandtner"/><ref name="Fasol"/><ref name= "Schmidl"/> and was responsible for the repatriation of Prisoners of War.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|295–298}}<ref name="Klagenfurt"/><ref name="Ringhoffer"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Die Mitglieder der deutschösterreichischen Friedensabordnung | newspaper= Neue Freie Presse|page=5|language=de|date= 10 May 1919}}</ref>

In 1919, a [[Scout group]] of the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund in [[Klosterneuburg]] was named Slatin Pascha.<ref name="Pribich">{{cite book |author= Kurt Pribich |author-link= Kurt Pribich |title = Logbuch der Pfadfinderverbände in Österreich |publisher = [[Pfadfinder-Gilde-Österreichs]] |year = 2004 |location = Vienna |language = de }}</ref>{{rp|57}}

In November 1918, after the war, Slatin moved to Switzerland.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|288–289,296,300–301}} In 1922 after the early death of his wife he moved to the South Tyrol and lived in a villa in [[Obermais]] a quarter of [[Meran]].<ref name="ÖAW"/><ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|319–320}}<ref name="Klagenfurt"/><ref name= "Afrikanistik">{{cite web |author= Erich Sommerauer |title= Die Entwicklung der Afrikanistik in Österreich-Rudolf Cral Freiherr von Slatin (Slatin Pascha) |publisher= Geschichte der Afrikanistik in Österreich |url= http://www.afrikanistik.at/pdf/personen/slatin_rudolf.pdf |page= 6 |language= de |accessdate= 3 October 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706085846/http://www.afrikanistik.at/pdf/personen/slatin_rudolf.pdf |archive-date= 6 July 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref>
Every summer, with his daughter, he would visit his old Sudan comrades in England.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|323}}

In November and December 1926, he visited the Sudan once again.<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|323}}

In June 1932, he and his daughter Anne Marie were guests of [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]].<ref name="Steinwandtner"/>

==Personal life==
[[Image:Rudolf Carl von Slatin.jpg|thumb|right|Rudolf Carl von Slatin in the early 1900s]]
On 21 June 1914, Rudolf Carl von Slatin married Baroness [[Alice von Ramberg]].<ref name="ÖAW"/><ref name= "Schmidl"/> The wedding took place in the [[Votivkirche]] in Vienna. Together, they were the parents of:<ref name="Brook-Shepherd"/>{{rp|287}}

* Baroness Anne Marie von Slatin (1916–2007), who married Prince George Vladimirovitch Galitzine (1916–1992), son of Prince [[Vladimir Galitzine]], in [[London]] in 1943.

He died on 4 October 1932,<ref name="Görlich"/> during an operation for cancer in Vienna<ref name="Schwaner"/><ref name="Pircher"/><ref name="Fasol"/><ref name= "Das Kleine Blatt">{{cite news|title=Der "Gefangene des Mahdi" ist tot...-Freiherr von Slatin-Pascha in einem Wiener Sanatorium verstorben | newspaper =Das kleine Blatt |page=6|language=de|date= 5 October 1932}}</ref> and was buried on 6 October in the cemetery of Ober St. Veit, a suburb of Vienna.<ref name="Der Kreis"/> The Austrian government lauded him as a historical statesman and ordered a state funeral.<ref name="Steinwandtner"/> His headstone lists his name as "Rudolf Statin Pascha".<ref name="Pircher"/>

== Memory and legacy ==
In 1936, a drinking fountain was erected in Khartoum in his memory, but the bronze portrait plaque and dedication were removed in 1956 by the Sudanese government, after Sudan became independent.<ref name="Fasol"/> A Commemorative plaque is placed on his former house in Khartoum.<ref>{{Cite journal|author =Florian Gasser|title =Ein Wiener Hallodri im Sudan|language =de|journal =Datum-Seiten der Zeit|volume =2/2011|date =1 February 2011|url =http://www.datum.at/artikel/ein-wiener-hallodri-im-sudan/|accessdate =30 December 2011|url-status =dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120612092735/http://www.datum.at/artikel/ein-wiener-hallodri-im-sudan/|archive-date =12 June 2012|df =dmy-all}}</ref>

The Spitzvilla in Upper Austria near Traunkirchen is a memorial site for Rudolf Carl von Slatin. He bought it in 1897 and there entertained many grand persons of his epoch.

In 1967 the public-service German television channel [[ZDF]] produced a movie in two parts about Rudolf Carl von Slatin.<ref name="IMDb"/> It was titled ''Slatin Pascha''.<ref name= "IMDb">{{cite web |title = Slatin Pascha (1967) |date = 19 May 1967 |publisher = IMDb |url = http://www.imdb.de/title/tt0871952/ |language = de |accessdate = 7 September 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721091755/http://www.imdb.de/title/tt0871952/ |archive-date = 21 July 2011 |url-status = live }}</ref> A documentary film about Slatin Pascha, Sudanese history and Sudan today was produced by Thomas Macho for the Austrian company Fischer Film in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=FEUER UND SCHWERT IM SUDAN – SLATIN PASHA-Dokumentarfilm von THOMAS MACHO – 90 Min., A|website=www.fischerfilm.com|url=http://www.fischerfilm.com/produktionen/in-produktion/feuer-und-schwert-im-sudan-slatin-pasha/|language=de|accessdate=29 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121033631/http://www.fischerfilm.com/produktionen/in-produktion/feuer-und-schwert-im-sudan-slatin-pasha/|archive-date=21 January 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title = Filme in Vorbereitung: Feuer und Schwert im Sudan – Slatin Pascha |publisher = Österreichisches Filminstitut |url = http://www.filminstitut.at/de/menu162/filme397/ |language= de |accessdate =7 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= Thomas Macho |title= Slatin Pascha (1857–1932):Feuer und Schwert im Sudan-Eine Lebensgeschichte und ein Film |url= http://work.gfx.hu/customers/Interpress/%D6sterreich%20in%20Geschichte/28-37.pdf |language= de |accessdate= 29 December 2011 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film, entitled ''Slatin Pasha: On Her Majesty's Service'' ({{langx|de|link=no|Slatin Pascha – Im Namen Ihrer Majestät}}) started in the Austrian Cinemas on 1 June 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Slatin Pascha erobert die Kinoleinwand|author=Edmund Brandner|newspaper=Oberösterreichische Nachrichten|language=de|date=31 May 2012|url=http://www.nachrichten.at/oberoesterreich/salzkammergut/art71,896100|accessdate=4 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601132757/http://www.nachrichten.at/oberoesterreich/salzkammergut/art71,896100|archive-date=1 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Filminfo zu Slatin Pascha – Im Auftrag Ihrer Majestät |publisher = Skip-Das Kinomagazin |url = http://www.skip.at/film/16296/ |language = de |accessdate = 4 June 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120618221212/http://www.skip.at/film/16296/ |archive-date = 18 June 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Neu im Kino Spurensuche im Sudan|author=Isabella Reicher|newspaper=Der Standard|language=de|date=1 June 2012|url=http://derstandard.at/1336698491840/Neu-im-Kino-Spurensuche-im-Sudan?_lexikaGroup=1|accessdate=4 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608021605/http://derstandard.at/1336698491840/Neu-im-Kino-Spurensuche-im-Sudan?_lexikaGroup=1|archive-date=8 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the Austrian [[National Jamboree]] in 1961 a Subcamp was named Slatin Pascha.<ref name="Pribich"/>{{rp|190}}

An Old Scouts Guild, affiliated with the Pfadfinder-Gilde Österreichs is named Slatin Pascha.<ref>{{cite web |title = Distrikte-Wien |publisher = Pfadfinder-Gilde-Österreichs |url = http://www.pfadfinder.at/gilde/distrikte/wien.html |language = de |accessdate = 19 January 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110706094218/http://www.pfadfinder.at/gilde/distrikte/wien.html |archive-date = 6 July 2011 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title =Bericht über die Tätigkeiten der österreichischen Gilden 2001|language = de | journal = Der Gildenweg|page =4| year= 2001|publisher=Pfadfinder-Gilde Österreichs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title =Bericht über die Tätigkeiten der österreichischen Gilden 2002|language = de | journal = Der Gildenweg|pages =2–3| year= 2002|publisher=Pfadfinder-Gilde Österreichs}}</ref>
An Old Scout Group, belonging to the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund in Vienna is named Slatin Pascha.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hans Popotnig |title =Bundesverlautbarung Nr.180-Gruppen:Umschichtungen, Zusammenlegungen und Stillegungen|language = de|journal = Unser Weg-Die Pfadfinderzeitung des ÖPB|volume =4/1980|page= 15|year = 1980|publisher=Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Bärbel Engelhart |title =FM Kurt Berger|language = de|journal = Unser Weg-Die Pfadfinderzeitung des ÖPB|volume =2/2009|page= 16|year = 2009|publisher=Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund}}</ref>
A Scout Group in Vienna, belonging the National Scout Organisation Pfadfinder Österreichs, was also named Slatin Pascha.<ref>{{cite book |title = Führer- und Mitarbeiterverzeichnis |publisher = Pfadfinder Österreichs |date = 1 July 1970 |location = Vienna |language= de |page = 45}}</ref>

In October 2011 a stamp was issued commemorating Slatin Pascha, [[Emmerich Teuber]] and the Viennese Scoutleader Kara Barteis.<ref>{{Cite journal|title =1912 bis 2012: 100 Jahre Wiener Pfadfinderkorps im ÖPB|language = de | journal = Der Gildenweg|volume=3/2011 |page =3| date= October 2011}}</ref>

His captivity and escape inspired the comics creators [[Mino Milani]] and [[Sergio Toppi]] for a comic story with the title "L'Uomo del Nilo" (The man of the Nile) in a series with the title "Un uomo un'avventura" (A man, an adventure) by [[Sergio Bonelli Editore]]<ref name="CEPIM">{{cite web | url=http://www.sergiobonelli.it/news/the-70s/18323/Un-uomo-un-avventura.html | title=Un uomo un'avventura | publisher=Sergio Bonelli Editore | accessdate=7 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094106/http://www.sergiobonelli.it/news/the-70s/18323/Un-uomo-un-avventura.html | archive-date=2 April 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sergio Toppi">{{cite web | url=http://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/toppi_sergio.htm | title=Sergio Toppi | publisher=Lambiek Comiclopedia | accessdate=7 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110095638/http://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/toppi_sergio.htm | archive-date=10 January 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Slatin, Sir Rudolf Carl von}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Gordon Brook-Shepherd]], ''Between Two Flags: The Life of Baron Sir Rudolph von Slatin Pasha, G.C.V.O., K.C.M.G., C.B.'' (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972)

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Rudolf Slatin}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=40942}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Rudolf Carl von Slatin}}
* {{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Slatin, Sir Rudolf Carl von |short=x}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/029626}}

{{Portal|Scouting}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slatin, Rudolf Carl}}
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