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{{short description|American academic, homeopathic physician, and politician}}
{{redirect|Royal Copeland|another person|Royal Copeland (Canadian football)}}
{{redirect|Senator Copeland}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|image         = Dr. Royal S. Copeland, 3-7-23 LCCN2016847330 (cropped).jpg
|caption       = Copeland in 1923
|jr/sr         = United States Senator
|state         = [[New York (state)|New York]]
|term_start    = March 4, 1923
|term_end      = June 17, 1938
|preceded      = [[William M. Calder]]
|succeeded     = [[James M. Mead]]
|office2       = [[List of mayors of Ann Arbor, Michigan|Mayor]] of [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]
|term_start2   = 1901
|term_end2     = 1903
|preceded2     = Gottlob Luick
|succeeded2    = Arthur Brown
|birth_name    = Royal Samuel Copeland
|birth_date    = {{birth date|1868|11|7}}
|birth_place   = [[Dexter, Michigan]], U.S.
|death_date    = {{death date and age|1938|6|17|1868|11|7}}
|death_place   = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
|resting_place = Mahwah Cemetery, [[Mahwah, New Jersey]]
|party         = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (before 1922)<br>[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (1922–1938)
|education     = [[Eastern Michigan University]]<br/>[[University of Michigan]]
}}

'''Royal Samuel Copeland''' (November 7, 1868{{spaced ndash}}June 17, 1938), a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from New York from 1923 until 1938, was an academic, [[homeopathy|homeopathic]] physician, and [[politician]]. He held elected offices in both [[Michigan]] (as a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) and [[New York (state)|New York]] (as a [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]]).<ref name=obit/>

==Early life and medical career==
Born in [[Dexter, Michigan]], to parents Roscoe P. Copeland and Frances J. Holmes, Royal Copeland graduated from [[Dexter High School (Michigan)|Dexter High School]] in 1885 and attended Michigan State Normal College (now [[Eastern Michigan University]]).<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite book |editor1-last=Downs |editor1-first=Winfield Scott |date=1940 |title=Encyclopedia of American Biography |volume=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kpoMAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA75 |location=New York, NY |publisher=The American Historical Company |page=80 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In 1888, he taught school in [[Sylvan Township, Washtenaw County, Michigan|Sylvan Township, Michigan]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=New York Medical College Board of Trustees |date=January 1909 |title=Complimentary Dinner Tendered to Royal S. Copeland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpU1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA243 |magazine=The Chironian |volume=XXV |issue=7 |location=New York, NY |publisher=New York Medical College |pages=243–244 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

He graduated in 1889 from the [[University of Michigan]] in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] with a degree in medicine.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> After graduate studies in Europe, Copeland practiced medicine in [[Bay City, Michigan]], from 1890 to 1895.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> Copeland was admitted to the Homeopathy Society of Michigan on May 21, 1890, and was made secretary of the society in October 1893.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> He was a professor of [[Ophthalmology]] and [[Otology]] in the [[University of Michigan Medical School|University of Michigan Medical School's]] Homeopathic Department from 1895 until 1908.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/>

==Political career in Michigan==
During his time as a medical professor in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]], Copeland was active in municipal politics.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> A [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], he served as [[Mayor of Ann Arbor, Michigan|mayor of Ann Arbor]] from 1901 to 1903.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/>  He was president of the Ann Arbor Board of Education from 1907 to 1908.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> He also served for several years as president of the Ann Arbor Board of Park Commissioners.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/>

==New York==
On July 15, 1908, Copeland married Frances Spalding. The same year, Copeland moved to [[New York City]] to take a position as dean at the [[New York Medical College|New York Homeopathic Medical College and Flower Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news |title=New York Homeopathic Medical College and Flower Hospital |url=https://archive.org/stream/independen79v80newy#page/n41/mode/1up |newspaper=The Independent |date=Jul 6, 1914 |access-date=August 1, 2012}}</ref> Copeland left his position as dean in 1918 in order to serve as President of the [[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|New York City Board of Health]]. He was appointed to this position by Mayor [[John Hylan]] in May 1918.<ref name="Toole1" />

In September 28, Copeland acknowledged that the [[Spanish flu]] outbreak was seriously impacting the city, and possibly an [[epidemic]].<ref name="Toole1">{{cite web |last1=Toole |first1=Pauline |title=The Flu Epidemic of 1918 |url=https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2018/3/1/the-flu-epidemic-of-1918 |website=NYC Department of Records & Information Services |access-date=22 August 2021 |date=1 March 2018}}</ref> However, he decided to permit motion picture theaters to remain open. He considered closing the theaters to have little effect in reducing the epidemic as long as the crowded transportation lines continued to operate.<ref name="Toole1"/><ref>[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/idx/f/flu/2730flu.0016.372/1/--letter-from-royal-s-copeland-md-to-national-association?rgn=subject;view=image;q1=Hylan%2C+John+F. "Letter, from: Royal S. Copeland, MD, to: National Association of the Motion Picture Industry, December 17, 1918", ''Influenza Encyclopedia'', University of Michigan]{{PD-notice}}</ref> Copeland also left the city's schools open, arguing it was better, "to have the children under the constant observation of qualified persons than to close the schools". New York City, [[Chicago]] and [[New Haven, Connecticut]] were the notable exceptions of most cities closing their own schools during the epidemic.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldrop |first1=Theresa |title=Here's what happened when students went to school during the 1918 pandemic |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/19/us/schools-flu-pandemic-1918-trnd/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=22 August 2021 |date=19 August 2020}}</ref>

In December 1918, he amended the city health code to require that landlords maintain heat in apartments they rented.<ref name=":1">{{Cite thesis |last=Copeland |first=Sara Katherine |date=2000 |title="Down with the landlords" : tenant activism in New York City, 1917-1920 |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/65254 |journal=Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. Of Urban Studies and Planning|hdl=1721.1/65254 }}</ref>{{Rp|page=25}} This had been a major issue in light of coal shortage earlier that year, numerous eviction cases around failure to provide heat, and the widespread [[1918-1920 New York City rent strikes|1918&ndash;1920 New York City rent strikes]].<ref name="rent wars">{{Cite book |last=Fogelson |first=Robert Michael |date=2013 |title=The great rent wars: New York, 1917-1929 |url=https://academic.oup.com/yale-scholarship-online/book/18895 |location=New Haven (Conn.) |publisher=Yale University press |doi=10.12987/yale/9780300191721.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-300-19172-1}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite thesis |last=Copeland |first=Sara Katherine |date=2000 |title="Down with the landlords" : tenant activism in New York City, 1917-1920 |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/65254 |journal=Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. Of Urban Studies and Planning|hdl=1721.1/65254 }}</ref>{{Rp|page=25}}

During the epidemic, Copeland organized a system of emergency health districts to provide localized care. If individuals who lived in apartments or private residences contracted the virus, they were [[quarantined]] and care was provided to them in their house. However, if individuals who lived in [[tenement]]s or [[boarding house]]s contracted the virus, they were moved to city hospitals.<ref name="Toole1"/> Hospitals soon became overcrowded and Copeland then worked with New York's most famous public health nurse, [[Lillian Wald]], to extend home care to the tenement neighborhoods as well.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cimino |first1=Eric |title=The Supervisors are Carrying the Bag: The Nurses' Emergency Council, Settlement Houses, and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New York City |journal=New York History |date=Winter 2023–2024 |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=296–314 |doi=10.1353/nyh.2023.a918265 |url=https://www.academia.edu/116044936}}</ref>

Copeland served a total of five terms of the New York City Board of Health, before taking office as a United States senator in 1923.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glass |first1=Andrew |title=Senators vote to knock out walls, May 11, 1928 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/05/senators-vote-to-knock-out-walls-may-11-1928-223028 |website=POLITICO |access-date=22 August 2021 |language=en |url-access=subscription |date=5 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Copeland |first1=Royal S. |title=YOUR HEALTH |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/412887289 |website=Newspapers.com |publisher=The Montgomery Advertiser |access-date=22 August 2021 |language=en |url-access=subscription |date=13 January 1926}}</ref>

==United States Senate==
In [[1922 United States Senate election in New York|1922]], Copeland ran as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] for the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]], defeating first-term [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Senator [[William M. Calder]]. [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] served as his honorary campaign manager for this election.<ref name="Robins">{{cite book |first= Natalie |last=Robins |title=Copeland's Cure: Homeopathy and the War Between Conventional and Alternative Medicine |url= https://archive.org/details/copelandscure00nata |url-access= registration |year=2005 | quote=New York did come out better than any other city in the nation |pages= [https://archive.org/details/copelandscure00nata/page/154 154–166] |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=9780375410901 }}</ref><ref>Robert Dallek, ''Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 14.</ref>  Copeland was re-elected in [[1928 United States Senate election in New York|1928]] over Republican challenger [[Alanson B. Houghton]], the U.S. ambassador to Britain and a former [[U.S. Representative]]. Copeland was again re-elected in [[1934 United States Senate election in New York|1934]], this time defeating future U.S. Congressman [[E. Harold Cluett]].<ref>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000535 Congressional Biography of E. Harold Cluett].</ref>

During his three terms in the Senate, Copeland served as chairman of the [[U.S. Senate Committee on Rules and Administration]] from 1933 to 1936 and chairman of the Committee on Commerce from 1935 to 1938. In 1935-1936 Copeland served as chairman of the highly controversial [[Copeland Committee]], which gave a scathing review of air traffic safety and the operation of the Bureau of Air Commerce. Copeland served as primary author and sponsor of the [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]] of 1938 which entrenched special protections for [[homeopaths]].  He was the primary sponsor of the [[Copeland "Anti-kickback" Act]], which targeted [[kickback (bribery)|kickbacks]] to federal contractors, subcontractors and officials from construction employees.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://wlstorage.net/file/crs/94-408.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106021607/http://wlstorage.net/file/crs/94-408.pdf | url-status=usurped | archive-date=November 6, 2011 | title=The Davis-Bacon Act: Institutional Evolution and Public Policy | publisher=United States Congressional Research Service | work=CRS report no. 94-408 | date=November 30, 2007 | access-date=October 26, 2012 |author=Whittaker, William G. | pages=14–15, 41}}</ref>

Copeland was close to the regular Democratic organization in New York, the boss-led [[Tammany Hall]]. He was a conservative Democrat and not especially supportive of the [[New Deal]] policies of his fellow New Yorker, [[Franklin Roosevelt]]. He was also a friend of [[Harry S. Truman]] when they both served in the U.S. Senate. Copeland was known for his successful efforts to bring [[air conditioning]] to the Senate.

In July 1937, Copeland proposed two rider amendments to the Interstate Commerce Act which would add an anti-lynching bill to the legislation. Both failed to pass due to the majority of Senate Democrats voting to table them.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/75-1/s43 TO TABLE AN AMENDMENT TO S. 69, THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT. THE AMEND. OFFERED BY SENATOR COPELAND WHICH WOULD HAVE ADDED HOUSE BILL 1507, THE ANTILYNCHING BILL, TO S. 69, A BILL LIMITING THE SIZE OF TRAINS IN INTERSTATE COMMERCE.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved September 13, 2021.</ref><ref>July 27, 1937. [https://www.nytimes.com/1937/07/27/archives/antilynching-bill-rejected-as-rider-senate-by-vote-of-41-to-34.html ANTI-LYNCHING BILL REJECTED AS RIDER; Senate by Vote of 41 to 34 Defeats It as Amendment to Freight Car Measure]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved September 13, 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/75-1/s58 TO TABLE AN AMENDMENT TO S. 2475. OFFERED BY SENATOR COPELAND WHICH WOULD HAVE ADDED THE ANTILYNCHING BILL AS PERFECTED BY THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY TO THE PENDING LEGISLATION.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved September 13, 2021.</ref>

In [[1937 New York City mayoral election|1937]] he lost the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nomination for [[Mayor of New York City]] to Judge [[Jeremiah T. Mahoney]], and the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nomination to incumbent Republican Mayor [[Fiorello LaGuardia]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090213141221/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,771942,00.html "Perplexing Primary", TIME Magazine, Monday, September 27, 1937] (free access on May 28, 2008.)</ref>

==Death==
Copeland died at his apartment in [[Washington, DC]] on June 17, 1938.<ref name=obit>{{cite news |title=Senator Copeland Dies In Washington. Overwork Factor. Suffered Circulatory Collapse After Leaving Floor Just Before Adjournment |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F00EFDE1338EE3ABC4052DFB0668383629EDE&legacy=true |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=June 18, 1938 }}</ref> According to news reports, he died of a [[circulatory collapse]] brought on by overwork during the longer than usual Senate session that ended on the day of his death.<ref name=obit/>  His funeral was at his home in [[Suffern, New York]].<ref name="Funeral"/>  He was buried at Mahwah Cemetery in [[Mahwah, New Jersey]].<ref name="Funeral">{{cite news |title=Funeral to Be Held in Flower Garden on Suffern Estate. Burial in Mahwah, N. J. |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9901E2DD1338EE3ABC4152DFB0668383629EDE&legacy=true |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=June 19, 1938 }}</ref>

==Election results==
{{s-start}}
!bgcolor=#CCCCCC |Year
!bgcolor=#CCCCCC |Office
!
!bgcolor=#CCCCCC |Subject
!bgcolor=#CCCCCC |Party
!bgcolor=#CCCCCC |Votes
!bgcolor=#CCCCCC |Portion
!
!bgcolor=#CCCCCC |Opponent
!bgcolor=#CCCCCC |Party
!bgcolor=#CCCCCC |Votes
!bgcolor=#CCCCCC |Portion
|-
|1922
|[[U.S. Congressional Delegations from New York|U.S. Senator (Class 1) from New York]]
|
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Royal S. Copeland
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |1,276,667
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |49.5%
|
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |[[William M. Calder]]
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |995,421
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |38.6%
|-
|1928
|[[U.S. Congressional Delegations from New York|U.S. Senator (Class 1) from New York]]
|
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Royal S. Copeland
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |2,084,273
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |46.7%
|
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |[[Alanson B. Houghton]]
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |2,034,014
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |45.6%
|-
|1934
|[[U.S. Congressional Delegations from New York|U.S. Senator (Class 1) from New York]]
|
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Royal S. Copeland
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |2,046,377
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |52.0%
|
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |[[E. Harold Cluett]]
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |1,363,440
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |34.7%
|-
|rowspan="2"|1937
|Democratic nomination for [[Mayor of New York City]]
|
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Royal S. Copeland
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |c. 200,000
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |2/5
|
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Jeremiah T. Mahoney
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |c. 400,000
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |3/5
|-
|Republican nomination for [[Mayor of New York City]]
|
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |Royal S. Copeland
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 1/3
|
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |[[Fiorello H. LaGuardia]]
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |
|bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 2/3
|-

{{s-end}}

==Honors and society memberships==

Copeland was a member of several honor societies and fraternal organizations, including the  [[Pi Gamma Mu]] international honor society in social sciences, which he served in various positions, [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]], the [[New York Athletic Club]], the National Democratic Club, the [[Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks|Elks]], the [[Freemasons]], the Ann Arbor Commandery No. 13, Knights Templar and Moslem Shrine Temple of the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, both in Ann Arbor, the [[Shriners]], the [[Friendly Sons of St. Patrick]], the [[Sons of the American Revolution]] and the Eugenics Committee of the United States of America.{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Genocide |author=Israel W. Charny; Rouben Paul Adalian; Steven L. Jacobs; Eric Markusen; Marc I. Sherman |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Oxford |year=1999 |pages=220 |isbn=9780874369281 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q30HcvCVuIC&pg=PA220 }}

At various times Copeland served as president, vice president, and secretary of the Michigan Homeopathic Society; president, the American Ophthalmological, Otological, and Laryngological Society; president, American Institute of Homeopathy; vice president, the American Public Health Association; member, the National Board of Control of [[Epworth League]]; president, the Michigan Epworth League; member, the Tuberculosis Commission of Michigan; trustee, Michigan State Tuberculosis Sanitarium; and three-time elected member, the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

== Publications ==
* {{cite journal |author=Copeland |title=In defence of the attenuated drug |journal=Medical Century |volume=12 |issue=9 |date=September 1904 |pages=257–264 |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?q1=copeland;id=mdp.39015082609036;view=1up;seq=271;start=1;sz=10;page=search;num=257#view=1up;seq=271 }}
* {{cite book |author=Copeland, R. S. |year=1906 |title=Refraction, including muscle imbalance and the adjustment of glasses |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Boericke & Tafel |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002089454/Home }}
* {{cite book |title=The scientific reasonableness of homoeopathy |author=Copeland, Royal S. |location=New York |date=May 1909 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015071593936 }}
* {{cite book |title=The crisis in Palestine reports of Hearst Unofficial Senatorial Commission |author=Royal S Copeland; Warren Robinson Austin; Daniel Oren Hastings; Hearst Unofficial Senatorial Commission |publisher=Hearst |location=New York |year=1936 |oclc=569942876 }}
* {{cite book |title=Doctor Copeland's home medical book |author=Royal S. Copeland |publisher=John C. Winston |location=Philadelphia |year=1935 |oclc=4758731 }}

== See also ==
* [[List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Royal S. Copeland}}
* {{CongBio|C000769|name=COPELAND, Royal Samuel|inline=1}}
* [http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/ofc/annarbor.html Mayors of Ann Arbor page] at ''PoliticalGraveyard.com''
* {{cite book |title=Society of the Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick in the City of New York; James J. Hoey|contribution=Royal S. Copeland |pages=176–189 |date=17 March 1938 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015071170461?urlappend=%3Bseq=180 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015071170461?urlappend=%3Bseq=180 |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite book |title=Royal Samuel Copeland, Late a Senator from New York |author1=US Senate |year=1939 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |hdl=2027/mdp.39015030009727 }}
* [https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/110610 Royal S. Copeland recordings] at the [[Discography of American Historical Recordings]].

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{{s-bef|before=[[William F. McCombs]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[List of United States Senators from New York|U.S. Senator]] from [[New York (state)|New York]]<br />([[Classes of United States Senators|Class 1]])|years=[[1922 United States Senate election in New York|1922]], [[1928 United States Senate election in New York|1928]], [[1934 United States Senate election in New York|1934]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James M. Mead]]}}
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{{succession box |
  before= [[Gottlob Luick]] |
  title= [[Mayor of Ann Arbor, Michigan]] |
  years= 1901–1903 |
  after= [[Arthur Brown (politician)|Arthur Brown]]  }}
{{s-par|us-sen}}
{{U.S. Senator box |
  state=New York |
  class=1|
  before= [[William M. Calder]] |
  years= 1923–1938 |
  after= [[James M. Mead]]|
  alongside=[[James Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr.|James W. Wadsworth, Jr.]], [[Robert F. Wagner]]}}
{{s-end}}

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{{Ann Arbor Mayors}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Copeland, Royal S.}}
[[Category:Mayors of Ann Arbor, Michigan]]
[[Category:New York (state) Democrats]]
[[Category:University of Michigan faculty]]
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1938 deaths]]
[[Category:Eastern Michigan University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Sons of the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Democratic Party United States senators from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Michigan Republicans]]
[[Category:University of Michigan Medical School alumni]]
[[Category:People from Dexter, Michigan]]
[[Category:American homeopaths]]
[[Category:Commissioners of health of the City of New York]]
[[Category:Deaths from circulatory collapse]]
[[Category:20th-century United States senators]]
[[Category:American Eugenics Society members]]