View source for Rosemary

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{for-multi|the given name|Rosemary (given name)|other uses}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Rosemary
| image =  Rosemary in bloom.JPG
| genus = Salvia
| species = rosmarinus
| authority = [[Fridolin Karl Leopold Spenner|Spenn.]]<ref name="POWO_457138-1" /><ref name="Drew17">{{cite journal |last1=Drew |first1=Bryan T. |last2=González-Gallegos |first2=Jesús Guadalupe |last3=Xiang |first3=Chun-Lei |last4=Kriebel |first4=Ricardo |last5=Drummond |first5=Chloe P. |last6=Walker |first6=Jay B. |last7=Sytsma |first7=Kenneth J. |journal=Taxon |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=133–145 |title=''Salvia'' united: The greatest good for the greatest number |year=2017 |doi=10.12705/661.7 |bibcode=2017Taxon..66..133D |s2cid=90993808 }}</ref>
| synonyms_ref=<ref name="POWO_457138-1">{{cite web |title=''Salvia rosmarinus'' Spenn. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:457138-1 |access-date=2019-10-07 }}</ref>
| synonyms=
{{Species list
|Rosmarinus angustifolius|Mill.
|Rosmarinus communis|Noronha
|Rosmarinus flexuosus|Jord. & Fourr.
|Rosmarinus latifolius|Mill.
|Rosmarinus ligusticus|Gand.
|Rosmarinus officinalis|L.
|Rosmarinus palaui|(O.Bolòs & Molin.) Rivas Mart. & M.J.Costa
|Rosmarinus prostratus|Mazziari
|Rosmarinus rigidus|Jord. & Fourr.
|Rosmarinus tenuifolius|Jord. & Fourr.
|Salvia fasciculata|Fernald
}}
}}

'''''Salvia rosmarinus''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|l|v|i|ə|_|ˌ|r|ɒ|s|m|ə|ˈ|r|aɪ|n|ə|s}}),<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Salvia}}</ref><ref name="cal">{{cite web |url=http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/rosemary.html |title=Rosemary |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=California Plant Names |publisher= |access-date=December 19, 2022 |quote=}}</ref> commonly known as '''rosemary''', is a shrub with fragrant, [[evergreen]], needle-like leaves and purple or sometimes white, pink, or blue flowers. It is a member of the sage family, [[Lamiaceae]].

The species is [[Native plant|native]] to the [[Mediterranean Region|Mediterranean region]], as well as [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]]. It has a number of cultivars, and its leaves are commonly used as a [[flavoring]].

==Description==
[[File:RosemarySprig.jpg|thumb|rosemary leaves]]
[[File:Rosmarinus officinalis prostratus.jpg|thumb|upright|''S. rosmarinus'' 'Prostratus']]
[[File:Salvia rosmarinus MHNT.BOT.2023.13.45.jpg|thumb|''Salvia rosmarinus'' ([[MHNT]])]]
Rosemary has a [[fibrous root system]].<ref name="cabi">{{cite web |date=3 January 2018 |title=''Rosmarinus officinalis'' (rosemary) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/47678 |access-date=1 April 2023 |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]}}</ref> It forms an aromatic [[evergreen]] shrub with leaves similar to ''[[Tsuga]]'' needles. Forms range from upright to trailing;<ref name="cabi" /> the upright forms can reach between {{Convert|4–6|ft|order=flip}} tall.<ref name="Mahr">{{Cite web |last=Mahr |first=Susan |title=Rosemary, Rosemarinus officinalis |url=https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/rosemary-rosemarinus-officinalis/ |access-date=May 2, 2024 |website=Wisconsin Horticulture}}</ref> The leaves are evergreen, {{convert|2|-|4|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} long and {{cvt|2|–|5|mm|in|frac=16}} broad, green above, and white below, with dense, short, woolly hair.<ref name="cabi" />

This plant flowers in spring and summer in [[temperate climate]]s, but the plants can be in constant bloom in warm climates; flowers are white, pink, purple, or deep blue.<ref name="cabi" /> The branches are dotted with groups of 2 to 3 flowers down their length.<ref name="Mahr" /> Rosemary also tends to flower outside its normal flowering season; it has been known to flower as late as early December, and as early as mid-February (in the Northern Hemisphere).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thegardenist.com.au/2012/06/the-good-graces-of-rosemary/|title=The good graces of rosemary|last1=McCoy|first1=Michael|date=27 June 2012|website=The Gardenist|access-date=10 April 2015|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116071803/http://thegardenist.com.au/2012/06/the-good-graces-of-rosemary/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The plant can live as long as 35 years.<ref>[[Federal Register]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=X76Gnk7Ug4QC&dq=%22Mature+rosemary+approaches+senescence+at+an+age+of+30-35+years%22&pg=PA2228 Volume 52, Issues 13-20 - Page 2228]. Retrieved on 6 Oct. 2023. "Mature rosemary approaches senescence at an age of 30-35 years…it releases toxic chemicals into the soil that inhibit or prevent the growth of most other plants, resulting in areas of relatively bare, open sand between the shrubs."</ref>

=== Similar species ===
''[[Salvia jordanii]]'' (formerly ''Rosmarinus eriocalyx'') is a closely related species native to [[Iberia]] and the [[Maghreb]] of [[Africa]].<ref name="powo">{{cite web |title=''Salvia jordanii'' J.B. Walker |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77161673-1 |accessdate=1 April 2023 |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Rosemary Plant.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Rosemary plant]]
''Salvia rosmarinus'' is now considered one of many hundreds of species in the genus ''[[Salvia]]''.<ref name="Drew17"/> Formerly it was placed in a much smaller genus, ''[[Rosmarinus]]'', which contained only two to four species including ''Rosmarinus'' ''officinalis ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|r|ɒ|s|m|ə|ˈ|r|aɪ|n|ə|s|_|ə|ˌ|f|ɪ|s|ɪ|ˈ|n|eɪ|l|ɪ|s}}),''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rosselló|first1=J. A.|last2=Cosín|first2=R.|last3=Boscaiu|first3=M.|last4=Vicente|first4=O.|last5=Martínez|first5=I.|last6=Soriano|first6=P.|year=2006|title=Intragenomic diversity and phylogenetic systematics of wild rosemaries (''Rosmarinus officinalis'' L. s.l., Lamiaceae) assessed by nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences (ITS)|journal=[[Plant Systematics and Evolution]]|volume=262|issue=1–2|pages=1–12|doi=10.1007/s00606-006-0454-5|jstor=i23655428|bibcode=2006PSyEv.262....1R |s2cid=25645455}}</ref>''<ref name="cal" />'' which is now considered a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]].<ref name="Drew17" /> Both the original and current genus names of the species were applied by the 18th-century [[naturalist]] and founding taxonomist [[Carl Linnaeus]].<ref name=Linn>{{cite book |first=Carolus |last=Linnaeus |title=Species Plantarum |volume=1 |page=23 |date=1753 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84235#page/39/mode/1up |accessdate=1 April 2023 }}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
[[Elizabeth Kent (writer)|Elizabeth Kent]] noted in her ''Flora Domestica'' (1823), "The botanical name of this plant is compounded of two [[Latin]] words [{{lang|la|ros marinus}}], signifying Sea-dew; and indeed Rosemary thrives best by the sea."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kent |first=Elizabeth |title=Flora Domestica, or the Portable Flower-Garden |publisher=Taylor and Hessey |year=1823 |pages=330}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA150 |title=A Dictionary of True Etymologies |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-415-03060-1 |page=150}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wedgwood |first=Hensleigh |author-link=Hensleigh Wedgwood |year=1855 |title=On False Etymologies |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=76 |journal=Transactions of the Philological Society |issue=6 |pages=66}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Rosemary, ca 1500.jpg|thumb|upright|Illustration from an Italian [[herbal]], ''circa'' 1500]]
It is [[Native plant|native]] to the [[Mediterranean Region|Mediterranean region]],<ref name="cabi" /> as well as Portugal and northwestern Spain.<ref name="Mahr" />  The herb was naturalized in China as early as 220 CE,<ref name="cabi" /> during the late [[Han dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Han dynasty {{!}} Definition, Map, Culture, Art, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Han-dynasty|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

Rosemary came to England at an unknown date, though it is likely that the Romans brought it when they [[Roman conquest of Britain|invaded Britain]] in 43 CE. Even so, there are no viable records containing rosemary in Britain until the 8th century CE. This mention was in a document which was later credited to [[Charlemagne]], who promoted the general usage of herbs and ordered rosemary specifically to be grown in monastic gardens and farms.<ref>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fruits, Vegetables, and Herbs: History, Botany by Deborah Madison, 2017, p.266</ref>

There are no records of rosemary being properly naturalized in Britain until 1338, when cuttings were sent to [[Philippa of Hainault|Queen Philippa]] by her mother, [[Joan of Valois, Countess of Hainaut|Countess Joan of Hainault]].<ref>{{Cite ODNB |title=Philippa [Philippa of Hainault] (1310x15?–1369), queen of England, consort of Edward III |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-22110 |access-date=2023-06-26 | year=2004 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/22110 | last1=Vale | first1=Juliet }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keiser |first=George R. |date=2005 |title=A Middle English Rosemary Treatise in Verse and Prose |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/ANQQ.18.1.9-18 |journal=ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.3200/ANQQ.18.1.9-18 |issn=0895-769X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It was then planted in the garden of the old palace of Westminster. Since then, rosemary can be found in most English herbal texts.<ref>A Brief History of Thyme and other Herbs by Miranda Seymour, 2002, p.96</ref> 

Rosemary finally arrived in the Americas with early European settlers in the beginning of the 17th century, and was soon spread to South America and distributed globally.<ref name="cabi" />

It is reasonably hardy in cool climates. Special cultivars like 'Arp' can withstand winter temperatures down to about {{cvt|−20|°C}}.<ref name="Tucker 1986">{{Cite journal |last1=Tucker |first1=Arthur O. |last2=Maciarello |first2=Michael J. |date=September 1986 |title=The essential oils of some rosemary cultivars |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |language=en |volume=1 |issue=4–5 |pages=137–142 |doi=10.1002/ffj.2730010402}}</ref> It can withstand droughts, surviving a severe lack of water for lengthy periods.<ref name="GardenAction">{{cite web |title=How to Grow Rosemary |url=http://www.gardenaction.co.uk/fruit_veg_diary/fruit_veg_mini_project_july_3_rosemary.asp |access-date=10 November 2011 |website=Garden Action}}</ref> It is considered a potentially [[invasive species]] and its seeds are often difficult to start, with a low germination rate.<ref>Shepherd, Lizz. The Complete Guide to Growing Vegetables, Flowers, Fruits, and Herbs from Containers. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7fUz7UHL2DkC&dq=rosemary+tough+start+seeds+germination+slow&pg=PA127 Page 127]. Retrieved on 6 Oct. 2023. "Rosemary seeds can be hard to start, with a slow germinating time and a low germination rate, which means many seeds do not develop into plants."</ref>

== Cultivation ==
Since it is attractive and drought-tolerant, rosemary is used as an ornamental plant in gardens and for [[xeriscape]] landscaping, especially in regions of [[Mediterranean climate]].<ref name="cabi" /> It is considered easy to grow and pest-resistant. Rosemary can grow quite large and retain attractiveness for many years, can be pruned into formal shapes and low hedges, and has been used for [[topiary]]. It is easily grown in pots. The [[groundcover]] cultivars spread widely, with a dense and durable texture.<ref name="cabi" />

In order to harvest from the plant, the bush should be matured 2–3 years to ensure it is large enough to withstand it. .<ref name="Mahr" /> The amount harvested should not exceed 20% of the growth in order to preserve the plant.<ref name="Mahr" />

=== Cultivars ===
{{refimprovesect|date=October 2023}}
Numerous [[cultivars]] have been selected for garden use.
* 'Albus' – white flowers
* 'Arp' – leaves light green, lemon-scented and especially cold-hardy
* 'Aureus' – leaves speckled yellow
* 'Benenden Blue' – leaves narrow, dark green
* 'Blue Boy' – dwarf, small leaves
* 'Blue Rain' – pink flowers
* 'Golden Rain' – leaves green, with yellow streaks
* 'Gold Dust' – dark green leaves, with golden streaks but stronger than 'Golden Rain'
* 'Haifa' – low and small, white flowers
* 'Irene' – low and lax, trailing, intense blue flowers
* 'Lockwood de Forest' – procumbent selection from 'Tuscan Blue'
* 'Ken Taylor' – shrubby
* 'Majorica Pink' – pink flowers
* 'Miss Jessopp's Upright' – distinctive tall [[Wiktionary:fastigiate|fastigiate]] form, with wider leaves.
* 'Pinkie' – pink flowers
* 'Prostratus' – lower groundcover
* 'Pyramidalis' (or 'Erectus') – fastigiate form, pale blue flowers
* 'Remembrance' (or 'Gallipoli') – taken from the Gallipoli Peninsula<ref>[http://gardenclinic.com.au/in_the_vegie_patch/rosemary/ Rosemary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422020916/http://gardenclinic.com.au/in_the_vegie_patch/rosemary/|date=2012-04-22}}. Gardenclinic.com.au. Retrieved on 2014-06-03.</ref>
* 'Roseus' – pink flowers
* 'Salem' – pale blue flowers, cold-hardy similar to 'Arp'
* 'Severn Sea' – spreading, low-growing, with arching branches, flowers deep violet
* 'Sudbury Blue' – blue flowers
* 'Tuscan Blue' – traditional robust upright form
* 'Wilma's Gold' – yellow leaves

The following cultivars have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:<ref>{{cite web |date=July 2017 |title=AGM Plants - Ornamental |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |access-date=10 October 2018 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |page=93}}</ref>
* '[[Benenden]] Blue'<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Rosmarinus officinalis'' (Angustifolia Group) 'Benenden Blue' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/386321/Salvia-rosmarinus-(Angustifolia-Group)-Benenden-Blue-(Ro)/Details |access-date=5 March 2021 |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]]}}</ref>
* 'Miss Jessopp's Upright'<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Rosmarinus officinalis'' 'Miss Jessopp's Upright' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/384683/Salvia-rosmarinus-Miss-Jessopp-s-Upright-(Ro)/Details |access-date=5 March 2021 |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]]}}</ref>
* 'Severn Sea'<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Rosmarinus officinalis'' 'Severn Sea' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/386349/Salvia-rosmarinus-Severn-Sea-(Ro)/Details |access-date=5 March 2021 |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]]}}</ref>
* '[[Sissinghurst]] Blue'<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Rosmarinus officinalis'' 'Sissinghurst Blue' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/386350/Salvia-rosmarinus-Sissinghurst-Blue-(Ro)/Details |access-date=5 March 2021 |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]]}}</ref>

== Uses ==
[[File:Koeh-258.jpg|thumb|upright|Illustration from ''[[Köhler's Medicinal Plants]]'']]
[[File:Rosmarinus officinalis MHNT.BOT.2008.1.19.jpg|thumb|Seeds – [[MHNT]]]]
===Culinary===
[[File:Rosemary (রোজমেরী).JPG|thumb|Dried leaves]]
Rosemary leaves are used as a flavoring in foods, such as [[stew]]s, [[stuffing]], roasted meats, and [[marinade]]s.<ref name="cabi"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Herb Rosemary and Uses|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/all-about-rosemary-3050513|access-date=2021-01-29|website=The Spruce Eats|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ProChef">{{Cite book |last=The Culinary Institute of America |author-link=The Culinary Institute of America |title=The Professional Chef |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-470-42 135-2 |edition=9th |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |page=180}}</ref><ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/rosemary.html| title=Rosemary|publisher=Drugs.com|date=24 June 2024|access-date=22 March 2025}}</ref> 

Fresh or dried leaves are used in traditional [[Mediterranean cuisine]], having an [[odor|aroma]] of pine which complements many cooked foods. <ref name="ProChef" /><ref name=drugs/> [[Herbal tea]] can be made from the leaves. In some cooking, the woody stem, stripped of its leaves, is used as a [[skewer]]. <ref name="ProChef" />

===Fragrance===
[[File:RosemaryEssentialOil.png|thumb|upright|Essential oil]]
[[Hungary water]], dating to the 14th century, was one of the first alcohol-based perfumes in Europe, and was primarily made from distilled rosemary.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sullivan |first=Catherine |date=1994-03-01 |title=Searching for nineteenth-century Florida water bottles |journal=Historical Archaeology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=78–98 |doi=10.1007/BF03374182 |issn=0440-9213 |s2cid=162639733}}</ref> Rosemary oil is used in perfumes, shampoos, cleaning products, and [[aromatherapy]].<ref name=cabi/><ref name=drugs/>

===Phytochemicals===
Rosemary [[essential oil]] contains about 150 [[phytochemical]]s, including [[rosmarinic acid]], [[camphor]], [[A-pinene]], [[caffeic acid]], [[ursolic acid]], [[betulinic acid]], [[carnosic acid]], and [[carnosol]].<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pmid24518346">{{cite journal|last1=Vallverdú-Queralt|first1=Anna|last2=Regueiro|first2=Jorge|last3=Martínez-Huélamo|first3=Miriam|last4=Rinaldi Alvarenga|first4=José Fernando|last5=Leal|first5=Leonel Neto|last6=Lamuela-Raventos|first6=Rosa M.|display-authors=3|year=2014|title=A comprehensive study on the phenolic profile of widely used culinary herbs and spices: Rosemary, thyme, oregano, cinnamon, cumin and bay|journal=Food Chemistry |volume=154 |pages=299–307|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.106|pmid=24518346}}</ref> Rosemary essential oil contains 10–20% camphor.

Rosemary [[extract]], specifically the type mainly consisting of carnosic acid and carnosol, is approved as a food preservative in several countries, having [[E number]] E392.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Birtić |first1=Simona |last2=Dussort |first2=Pierre |last3=Pierre |first3=François-Xavier |last4=Bily |first4=Antoine C. |last5=Roller |first5=Marc|display-authors=3 |date=2015-07-01 |title=Carnosic acid |journal=Phytochemistry |language=en |volume=115 |pages=9–19 |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.12.026 |pmid=25639596 |issn=0031-9422|doi-access=free |bibcode=2015PChem.115....9B }}</ref>

== In culture ==
Rosemary was considered sacred to ancient Egyptians, Romans, and Greeks.<ref name=drugs/> It was written about by [[Pliny the Elder]] (23–79 CE)<ref>Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, trans. John Bostock (London: Taylor and Francis, 1855)</ref> and [[Pedanius Dioscorides]] (c. 40 CE to c. 90 CE), a Greek botanist (amongst other things). The latter talked about rosemary in his most famous writing, ''[[De Materia Medica]]'', one of the most influential herbal books in history.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pedanius Dioscorides of Anazarbos |title=De materia medica: Being an herbal with many other medicinal matters. Written in Greek in the first century of the common era |date=2000 |publisher=IBIDIS |isbn=0-620-23435-0 |editor1-last=Osbaldeston |editor1-first=Tess Anne |location=Johannesburg}}</ref>

Several Shakespeare plays refer to the use of rosemary in burial or memorial rites. In [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] ''[[Hamlet]]'', [[Ophelia (character)|Ophelia]] says, "There's rosemary, that's for remembrance. Pray you, love, remember."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/doc/Ham_Q1M/scene/13/|last=Shakespeare|first=William|title=Hamlet, Scene 13|publisher=Internet Shakespeare|date=11 January 2019}}</ref> It likewise appears in Shakespeare's [[The Winter's Tale|''Winter's Tale'']] in Act 4 Scene 4, where Perdita talks about "Rosemary and Rue".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shakespeare |first1=William |title=The Winter's Tale |date=2005 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=139}}</ref> In Act 4 Scene 5 of ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', Friar Lawrence admonishes the Capulet household to "stick your rosemary on this fair corse, and as the custom is, and in her best array, bear her to church."{{cn|date=March 2023}} It is also said that "In the language of flowers it means 'fidelity in love.'"<ref>Brewer, E. Cobham, ''Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.'' 14th ed., London: Cassel, Petter, Galpin, and Co., no date [1880 per Google Books], p. 765.</ref>

In ''[[Don Quixote]]'' (Part One, Chapter XVII), the fictional hero uses rosemary in his recipe for [[fierabras|balm of fierabras]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Capuano |first=Thomas M. |year=2005 |title=Las huellas de otro texto médico en Don Quijote: Las virtudes del romero |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Las+huellas+de+otro+texto+medico+en+don+Quijote%3a+las+Virtudes+del...-a0194333526 |journal=Romance Notes |language=es |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=303–310}}</ref>

Rosemary is one of the four herbs mentioned in the refrain of the folk song "[[Scarborough Fair (ballad)|Scarborough Fair]]."

In the Spanish fairy tale [[The Sprig of Rosemary]], the heroine touches the hero with the titular sprig of rosemary in order to restore his magically lost memory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lang|first1=Andrew|title=The Pink Fairy Book |date=1897 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Co |page=237}}</ref>

The plant has been used as a symbol for remembrance during war commemorations and funerals in Europe and Australia.<ref name="Gallipoli">{{cite web|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/commemoration/customs/rosemary.asp|title=Rosemary|publisher=[[Australian War Memorial]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219155712/https://www.awm.gov.au/commemoration/customs/rosemary.asp|archive-date=19 December 2013|access-date=10 November 2011}}</ref> Mourners would throw it into graves as a symbol of remembrance for the dead. In Australia, sprigs of rosemary are worn on [[ANZAC Day]] and sometimes [[Remembrance Day]] to signify remembrance; the herb grows wild on the [[Gallipoli Peninsula]], where many Australians died during World War I.<ref name="Gallipoli"/>

Rosemary is used in [[Danube Swabians|Danube Swabian]] culture for christenings, weddings, burials and festivals; for example, an apple with a sprig of rosemary in it is used for [[Kirchweih]] celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rosemary in the Life of the Danube Swabians by Hans Gehl |url=https://www.dvhh.org/heritage/Tullius/rosemary-life-DS-Gehl~Tullius.htm |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=www.dvhh.org}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Four thieves vinegar]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Rosmarinus officinalis}}
{{cookbook}}

* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Rosemary |volume= XX | page=851 |short=1 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041119180436/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=873 Rosemary List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's)]

{{Herbs & spices}}
{{Medicinal herbs & fungi}}
{{Transient receptor potential channel modulators}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q102240169|from2=Q122679}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Salvia|rosmarinus]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant plants]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Matorral shrubland]]
[[Category:Flora of the Mediterranean basin]]
[[Category:Mediterranean cuisine]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants used in bonsai]]
[[Category:E-number additives]]
[[Category:Subshrubs]]