View source for Rongo

{{Short description|Māori god of cultivated plants}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=March 2017}}
{{About|the Māori god|the historic catamaran sailboat|Rongo (catamaran)|the town in Kenya|Rongo, Kenya|the village in India|Rongo, Kalimpong}}
{{distinguish|Rongorongo}}
{{Infobox deity
| image = File:Image from page 290 of "History and traditions of the Maoris of the west coast, North Island of New Zealand prior to 1840" (1910).jpg
| type = Polynesian
| name = Rongo
| god_of = [[Māori people|Māori]] god of [[Sweet potato#New Zealand|kūmara]] and cultivated plants,<br>Mangaian god of agriculture and war
| other_names = Rongo-hīrea, Rongo-mā-Tāne, Rongo-marae-roa, Rongo-marae-roa-a-Rangi
| cult_centre = Orongo marae ([[Mangaia]])
| symbol = <!-- or | symbols = -->
| consort = Te-po-tatango, Tavake (Mangaia)
| parents = [[Rangi and Papa]] ([[Arawa (canoe)|Arawa]] tribes), or [[Vatea]] and [[Papa (mythology)|Papa]] ([[Geography of the Cook Islands#Southern Cook Islands|southern Cook Islands]]), or [[Tāne]] ([[Ngāti Awa]] tribe)
| siblings = [[Rehua]], [[Urutengangana]], [[Haumia-tiketike|Haumia]], [[Tāne]], [[Tangaroa]], [[Tāwhirimātea]], [[Tūmatauenga|Tū]], [[Rūaumoko]]
| offspring = Tavake, Rangi, Mokoiro, Akatauira (Mangaia)
| gender = Male
| equivalent1_type = 
| equivalent1 = 
| equivalent2_type = 
| equivalent2 = 
| region = [[Polynesia]]
| ethnic_group = [[Māori people|New Zealand Māori]],<br>Southern [[Cook Islanders#Ethnicity|Cook Islands Māori]], particularly Mangaians
}}
In [[Māori mythology]], '''Rongo''' or '''Rongo-mā-Tāne''' (also '''Rongo-hīrea''', '''Rongo-marae-roa''',<ref>{{cite web| url=https://maoridictionary.co.nz/word/6895| title=Māori Dictionary search results for 'Rongo-marae-roa'| publisher=John C Moorfield| accessdate=3 May 2018}}</ref> and '''Rongo-marae-roa-a-Rangi'''<ref>{{cite web| url=https://maoridictionary.co.nz/word/6894| title=Māori Dictionary search results for 'Rongo-mā-Tāne'| publisher=John C Moorfield| accessdate=3 May 2018}}</ref>) is a major god (''[[atua]]'') of cultivated plants, especially [[Sweet potato#New Zealand|kūmara]], a vital crop. Other crops cultivated by Māori in traditional times included [[taro]], [[Dioscorea alata|yams]] (''uwhi''), [[cordyline]] (''tī''), and [[Calabash|gourds]] (''hue''). Because of their tropical origin, most of these crops were difficult to grow except in the far north of the [[North Island]], hence the importance of Rongo in [[New Zealand]].

He was also an important [[agricultural deity|god of agriculture]] and [[god of war]] in the southern [[Cook Islands]], especially on [[Mangaia]] where the Akaoro marae and Orongo marae were centres of his worship;<ref name="MangaianSociety174">{{cite book|author=Te Rangi Hiroa|date=1934|title=Mangaian Society|publisher=Museum Honolulu, Hawaii|page=174}}</ref> where cooked taro was offered to him<ref name="MangaianSociety176cite6">{{cite book|author=Gill, W. W.|date=1876|title=Myths and songs of the South Pacific|url=https://archive.org/details/mythsandsongsfr00mlgoog}} cited in {{cite book|author=Te Rangi Hiroa|date=1934|title=Mangaian Society|publisher=Museum Honolulu, Hawaii|page=176}}</ref><ref name="MangaianSociety176">{{cite book|author=Te Rangi Hiroa|date=1934|title=Mangaian Society|publisher=Museum Honolulu, Hawaii|page=176}}</ref> to assure success in battle and the fertility of land.

A legend concerning Rongo flying the first kite is told in the waiting room of [[Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room]], in which Rongo is voiced by Ernest Tavares. <!-- Why is this relevant? It certainly does not deserve to be in the first part of the page. -->

==Separation of the primordial parents==
In the creation story of the tribes of the [[Arawa (canoe)|Arawa canoe]], Rongo, with his brothers [[Tūmatauenga|Tū]], [[Tāne]], [[Tangaroa]], and [[Haumia-tiketike]], agreed that the primordial parents [[Rangi and Papa]] needed to be separated to allow daylight into the world. A sixth brother, [[Tāwhirimātea]], the god of storms, did not consent to this and afterwards attacked his brothers with unrelenting fury. Rongo and Haumia, the god of wild food, took refuge in the body of Papa, mother earth, who hid them until the storm passed (Grey 1956:7, Tregear 1891:424, Orbell 1998:121).

==Kūmara==
[[File:Kumara (taputini, ipomoea batatas).jpg|thumb|220px|left|Taputini, a pre-European cultivar kūmara]]
{{see|Sweet potato cultivation in Polynesia}}

He would have had more of an association with the small, yellow-skin, finger-sized variety known as ''hutihuti'', ''rekamaroa'',<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210411034346/https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_56_1947/Volume_56,_No._4/Original_kumara,_by_Enid_Tapsell,_p_325-332/p1 "Original Kumera"], Enid Tapsell, TJPS</ref> and ''taputini'',<ref>[http://www.openpolytechnic.ac.nz/assets/Marketing/Research/Current-working-papers/MaoriKumara.pdf "A Guide to Growing Pre-European Māori Kumara"], Burtenshaw, M. (2009), The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand</ref> which the Māori had brought with them from eastern [[Polynesia]], rather than larger varieties brought by later sealers, traders, and whalers in the early 19th century.

In the [[Māori language]], ''rongo'' can mean 'peace' (after war).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://maoridictionary.co.nz/word/6887| title=Māori Dictionary search results for 'rongo'| publisher=John C Moorfield| accessdate=3 May 2018}}</ref> Rongo is generally portrayed as the creator of the kūmara, a plant associated with peace; probably because the intense cultivation it needed was best performed in times of peace.

In [[Ngāti Awa]] traditions, Rongo is a son of Tāne and father of the kūmara, but a man named Rongo-māui travels to [[Vega|Whānui]], from whom he steals the kūmara and returns to Earth with it.<ref>[https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/TPRSNZ1899-32.2.4.1.34#image-tab "Origin of Theft"], Royal Society of New Zealand, 1899</ref>

Small statues representing Rongo were once placed alongside kūmara fields.<ref>[http://teaohou.natlib.govt.nz/journals/teaohou/issue/Mao41TeA/c19.html "Kumaras and Kumara Magic"], Te Ao Hou, 1962</ref>

==Rongo in the Cook Islands==
In southern [[Cook Islands mythology]], Rongo was the god of agriculture and one of the children of [[Vatea]] (sky father) and [[Papa (mythology)|Papa]] (earth mother). His twin brother was [[Tangaroa]], the god of the sea. Rongo was the principal deity of Mangaia.

In the Mangaian legend of origin, Rongo's sons by his wife Tavake (his daughter by his wife Te-po-tatango), Rangi, Mokoiro, and Akatauira, lifted the island of Mangaia up out of the [[underworld]], becoming the first settlers and the ancestors of the [[Nga Ariki (Mangaian tribe)|Nga Ariki]] tribe,<ref>{{cite book|author=Alphons M.J. Kloosterman|date=1976|title=Discoverers of the Cook Islands and the Names they Gave|publisher=Cook Islands Library and Museum|page=16}}</ref> with Rangi becoming the first [[paramount chief|chief]]. The traditional name of the island was ''A'u A'u'', which literally means 'terraced', short for ''A'u A'u Nui o Rongo ki te Ao Marama'' ('Great Terraced Land of Rongo in the Land of Daylight').<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Mangaia|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/rarotonga-and-the-cook-islands/mangaia/history|publisher=Lonely Planet|accessdate=8 February 2014|archive-date=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505070152/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/rarotonga-and-the-cook-islands/mangaia/history|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Image:Taro leaves --by tom burke.jpg|right|thumb|220px|[[Taro]]]]
In Mangaian society, the ritual system to become the principal chief, ''Te Mangaia'', emphasized the worship of Rongo. The installation of a new ''Te Mangaia'' after a war of conquest of the ''puna'' lands required a human sacrifice to Rongo. He was both the god of war and god of taro [[irrigation]]; his regular peacetime offerings were parcels of cooked taro. The ideological linkages between Rongo, war, taro, and human sacrifice were complex: Rongo assured success in war and fertility of the land, but these required continual sacrifices in both human bodies and taro in an endless cycle.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Jared Diamond |editor2=James A. Robinson|date=2010|title=Natural Experiments of History|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=28–29|isbn=978-0674035577}}</ref> He would feast on the souls of those who died in battle.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220504165744/https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Volume119/JPS_119_4_02.pdf#page=358 "A Prehistory of the Mangaian Chiefdom"], Richard Walter and Michael Reilly (2010), University of Otago</ref>

Principal places of Rongo's Mangaian worship were at two ''[[marae]]'' in the Keia district; the inland Akaoro marae, and the coastal Orongo marae,<ref name="MangaianSociety174"/><ref name="MangaianSociety175">{{cite book|author=Te Rangi Hiroa|date=1934|title=Mangaian Society|publisher=Museum Honolulu, Hawaii|page=175}}</ref> which was arguably the most important of all ''marae'' on the island, and constructed at the site of an abandoned village of the same name.<ref>[http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Volume119/JPS_119_4_02.pdf#page=349 "A Prehistory of the Mangaian Chiefdom"], Richard Walter and Michael Reilly (2010), University of Otago</ref> Both have since been destroyed along with many other symbols of old gods with the introduction of [[Christianity]] in the early 19th century. They were presided over by two hereditary High Priests of Rongo. At the Orongo marae a human sacrifice was laid on a smooth block of [[limestone]] or [[sandstone]] in front of Rongo's image.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gill, W. W.|date=1876|title=Life in the southern isles}} cited in {{cite book|author=Te Rangi Hiroa|date=1934|title=Mangaian Society|publisher=Museum Honolulu, Hawaii|page=173}}</ref> Human bone fragments can still be found among the remnants at the site. At the Akaoro marae, it is evident that a platform of [[Pandanus tectorius|hala]] wood was erected for human sacrifice, although no traces of raised platforms have been found.<ref name="MangaianSociety176cite6"/> In the Ivirua district was also Ivanui marae,<ref name="MangaianSociety175"/> but this was abandoned in favour of Orongo marae; it was referred to in an ''eva'' dance:

:{|
| '''Cook Islands Māori'''
| '''Translation'''

|-
| 
'''Aore oa te paepae o Rongo e taea,''<br/>
''E paepae tuatinitini tuamanomano,''<br/>
''Kota'i 'ua e tae''<br/>
''O te 'i'iri, o te rarama.''
| 
The platform of Rongo cannot be ascended,<br/>
A platform open to the thousands and to myriads,<br/>
One only can reach it,<br/>
Wisdom and learning<ref name="MangaianSociety176"/>
|}

A reference to Rongo is such:

:{|
| '''Cook Islands Māori'''
| '''Translation'''

|-
| 
'''A va te ua i ta'aruku''<br/>
''A tomo a Rongo i roto i tona 'are,''<br/>
''E 'are turu ariki.''

| 
When the rain is heard on the leaves,<br/>
Rongo enters into his house,<br/>
A house of chiefly prestige.<ref name="MangaianSociety177">{{cite book|author=Te Rangi Hiroa|date=1934|title=Mangaian Society|publisher=Museum Honolulu, Hawaii|page=177}}</ref>

|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Mythology|New Zealand}}
*[[Laka]]
*[[Lono]]
*[[Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* [[George Grey|G. Grey]], ''Polynesian Mythology'', Illustrated edition, reprinted 1976. (Whitcombe and Tombs: Christchurch), 1956.
* M. Orbell, ''The Concise Encyclopedia of Māori Myth and Legend'' (Canterbury University Press: Christchurch), 1998.
* [[Edward Tregear|E.R. Tregear]], ''Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary'' (Lyon and Blair: Lambton Quay), 1891.
* Patrick V. Kirch, "Natural Experiments of History" anthology edited by Jared Diamond and James A. Robinson, Chapter one "Controlled Comparison and Polynesian Cultural Evolution" by Patrick V. Kirch, pages 28 & 29, (The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England), 2010.

[[Category:Agricultural gods]]
[[Category:Cook Islands mythology]]
[[Category:Mangaia mythology]]
[[Category:Māori gods]]
[[Category:Māori mythology]]
[[Category:Polynesian gods]]
[[Category:War gods]]