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{{Short description|Historian, economist, writer, translator, civil servant, politician}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name           = Romesh Chunder Dutt
| image          = Romesh Chunder Dutt photo.jpg
| image_size     = 
| caption        = Romesh Chunder Dutt, {{circa|1911}}
| birth_date     = {{Birth date|df=yes|1848|8|13}}
| birth_place    = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date     = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1909|11|30|1848|8|13}}
| death_place    = [[Baroda State]], British India
| occupation     = Historian, economist, linguist, civil servant, politician
| nationality    = Indian
| party          = [[Indian National Congress]] 
| alma_mater     = [[University of Calcutta]]<br>[[University College London]] 
| parents        = 
| spouse         = Manomohini Dutt (''[[née]]'' [[Bose (surname)|Bose]])
}}

'''Romesh Chunder Dutt''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CIE}} ({{langx|bn|রমেশচন্দ্র দত্ত}}; 13 August 1848 – 30 November 1909) was an Indian civil servant, [[economic history|economic historian]], translator of ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]''. He was one of the prominent proponents of Indian economic nationalism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahir |first=Rajiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=history+of+modern+india+rajiv+ahir |title=A Brief History of Modern India |date=2018 |publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited |isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Dutt was born into a distinguished Bengali Maulika [[Kayastha]] family.  His parents were Thakurmani Devi and Ishwar Chandra Dutt, a Deputy Collector in Bengal, whom Romesh often accompanied on official duties. He was educated in various [[Bengali language|Bengali]] District schools, then at [[Hare School]], Calcutta. After his father's untimely death in a boat accident in eastern Bengal, his uncle, Shoshee Chunder Dutt, an accomplished writer, became his guardian in 1861. He wrote about his uncle, "He used to sit at night with us and our favorite study used to be pieces from the works of the English poets."<ref>R. C. Dutt (1968) [https://archive.org/details/RomeshChenderDutt  ''Romesh Chunder Dutt''], Internet Archive, Million Books Project. p. 10.</ref> He was a relative of [[Toru Dutt]], one of [[nineteenth century Bengal]]'s most prominent poets.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

He entered the [[University of Calcutta]], [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] in 1864. He passed the First Arts examination in 1866, ranking second in order of merit and won a scholarship. While still a student in the B.A. class, without his family's permission, he and two other friends, [[Behari Lal Gupta]] and [[Surendranath Banerjee]], left for England in 1868.<ref name="lifeandworkofromeshchandradutt, cie,">Jnanendranath Gupta, ''Life and Works of Romesh Chandra Dutt, CIE'', (London: J.M.Dent and Sons Ltd., 1911); while young Romesh came out unnoticed, Beharilal, possibly his closest friend ever, was chased all the way down to the Calcutta docks by his "poor" father, who could not, however, successfully persuade his son to return to the safety of his parental home. Later, in England, both the friends took the civil service examination successfully, becoming the 2nd and 3rd Indians to join the ICS. The third person in the group, Surendranath Banerjee, also cleared the test, but was incorrectly disqualified, as being over-age.</ref>

At that time, only one other Indian, [[Satyendranath Tagore|Satyendra Nath Tagore]], had qualified for the [[Indian Civil Service]]. Dutt aimed to emulate Tagore's feat. For a long time, before and after 1853, the year the ICS examination was introduced in England, only British officers were appointed to covenanted posts.<ref>Nitish Sengupta (2002) ''History of the Bengali-speaking People'', UBS Publishers' Distributors Pvt. Ltd. p. 275.  {{ISBN|81-7476-355-4}}.</ref>

At [[University College London]], Dutt continued to study British writers. He qualified for the Indian Civil Service in the open examination in 1869,<ref name=r1>[http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poet/373.html "Selected Poetry of Romesh Chunder Dutt (1848–1909)"], University of Toronto (2002).</ref> taking the third place.<ref name=Ratcliffe>[[S. K. Ratcliffe]] (1910) [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/dutt/duttintr.htm A Note on the Late Romesh C. Dutt], in the [[Everyman's Library]] edition ''The [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]] Condensed into English Verse''. London: J.M. Dent and Sons and New York: E.P. Dutton. p. ix.</ref>
He was called to the bar by the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple on 6 June 1871.<ref name="middletemple">Renu Paul (2010-10-07) [http://hosted.law.wisc.edu/wordpress/sharafi/files/2010/07/Middle-5.01.pdf South Asians at the Inns: Middle Temple]. law.wisc.edu</ref>

His wife was Manomohini Dutt and his children were Bimala Dutt, married to Bolinarayan Bora, the first civil engineer from Assam, Kamala Dutt, married to [[Pramatha Nath Bose]], Sarala Dutt, married to Jnanendranath Gupta, ICS, and Ajoy Chandra Dutt, an Oxonian, who was a Professor of Law at Calcutta University and later a Member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly in 1921. His grandsons were Indranarayan Bora, [[Modhu Bose]] and Major Sudhindranath Gupta, who retired as the first Indian Commercial Traffic Manager of the [[Bengal Nagpur Railway|BNR]].

==Career==
===Civil service===
====Pre-retirement====
He entered the [[Indian Civil Service]] as an assistant magistrate of [[Alipore|Alipur]] in 1871. A famine in [[Meherpur]] district of Nadia in 1874 and another in Dakhin Shahbazpur ([[Bhola District]]) in 1876, followed by a disastrous cyclone, required emergency relief and economic recovery operations, which Dutt managed successfully. He served as administrator for [[Barisāl Division|Backerganj]], [[Mymensingh]], [[Burdwan]], [[Danapur|Donapur]], and [[Midnapore]]. He became Burdwan's District Officer in 1893, Commissioner (''offtg''.) of [[Burdwan Division]] in 1894, and Divisional Commissioner (''offtg''.) for [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] in 1895. Dutt was the first Indian to attain the rank of [[divisional commissioner]].<ref name=Ratcliffe/>

====Post-retirement====
Dutt retired from the ICS in 1897. In 1898 he returned to England as a lecturer in Indian History at [[University College, London]] where he completed his famous thesis on [[economic nationalism]]. He returned to India as [[dewan]] of [[Baroda State]], a post he had been offered before he left for Britain. He was extremely popular in Baroda where the king, [[Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III]], along with his family members and all other staff members used to call him ‘Babu Dewan’, as a mark of personal respect. In 1907, he also became a member of the [[History of panchayati raj in India|Royal Commission on Indian Decentralisation]].<ref>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1907/aug/26/royal-commission-on-indian  ''Hansard'', HC Deb 26 August 1907 vol 182 c149]</ref><ref name=r1/>

===Politics===
He was the president of [[Indian National Congress]] in 1899. He was also a member of the [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]].{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

===Academics===
[[File:Romesh Chunder Dutt 1973 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Dutt on a 1973 stamp of India]]

====Literature====
He served as the first president of [[Bangiya Sahitya Parishad]] ({{langx|bn|বঙ্গীয় সাহিত্য পরিষদ}}) in 1894, while [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Nabinchandra Sen|Navinchandra Sen]] were the vice-presidents of the society.<ref name="bp">{{cite book |last=Mozammel |first=Md Muktadir Arif |year=2012 |chapter=Vangiya Sahitya Parishad |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Vangiya_Sahitya_Parishad |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

His ''[[The Literature of Bengal]]'' presented "a connected story of literary and intellectual progress in Bengal" over eight centuries, commencing with the early [[Sanskrit poetry]] of [[Jayadeva]]. It traced [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]]'s [[religious reforms]] of the sixteenth century, [[Raghunatha Siromani]]'s school of [[formal logic]], and [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]'s brilliance, coming down to the intellectual progress of the nineteenth century Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Literature of Bengal
|author=Romesh Chunder Dutt
|year=1895
|publisher=T. Spink & Co. (London); Constable (Calcutta)
|isbn=
|url=https://archive.org/details/literaturebenga00duttgoog
|quote=the literature of bengal.
}}; 3rd ed., ''Cultural Heritage of Bengal''  Calcutta, Punthi Pustak (1962).</ref>
This book was presented by [[Thacker, Spink & Co.]] in [[Calcutta]] and [[Archibald Constable]] in [[London]] in 1895, but the idea had formed earlier in Dutt's mind while he managed famine relief and economic recovery operations in [[Dakhin Shahbazpur]]. It had appeared originally under the disguise of an assumed name in 1877. It was dedicated to his esteemed uncle, [[Rai Shashi Chandra Dutt Bahadur]].

====History====
He was a major economic historian of India of the nineteenth century. His thesis on [[de-industrialization of India]] under the [[British rule]] remains forceful argument in [[Indian historiography]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} To quote him:

<blockquote>India in the eighteenth century was a great manufacturing as well as great agricultural country, and the products of the Indian loom supplied the markets of Asia and of Europe. It is, unfortunately, true that the East Indian Company and the British Parliament ... discouraged Indian manufactures in the early years of British rule in order to encourage the rising manufactures of England . . . millions of Indian artisans lost their earnings; the population of India lost one great source of their wealth.<ref>[http://assets.cambridge.org/052157/0425/excerpt/0521570425_excerpt.pdf The Economic History of India Under Early British Rule, vol. 1, 2nd ed. (1906) pp. vi–vii, quoted by Prasannan Parthasarathi, "The Transition to a Colonial Economy: Weavers, Merchants and Kings in South India 1720–1800", Cambridge U. Press. On line, excerpt.]</ref></blockquote>

He also directed attention to the deepening internal differentiation of Indian society appearing in the abrupt articulation of local economies with the world market, accelerated urban-rural polarisation, the division between [[intellectual]] and [[manual labour]], and the toll of recurrent devastating [[famine]]s.<ref>[http://boundary2.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/32/2/201.pdf Manu Goswami, "Autonomy and Comparability: Notes on the Anticolonial and the Postcolonial", ''Boundary 2'', Summer 2005; 32: 201 – 225 Duke University Journals.]</ref>

According to [[Tirthankar Roy]], while Dutt’s ideas influenced Marxist and “left-nationalist” thinking into the 1980s, their salience declined as historians studying Indian economic history established that these were at odds with empirical evidence and data.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Trithankar  |title=The Economic History of India, 1875–2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780190128296 |pages=13}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Order of the Indian Empire|Companionship of the Indian Empire]] (1892)<ref name=Ratcliffe/>

==Death==
While still in office, he died in Baroda at the age of 61 on 30 November 1909.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |id=32943 |title=Dutt, Romesh Chunder [Rameshchandra Datta]}}</ref>

==Works==
{{Refbegin|40em}} 
* {{cite book
|title=Three Years in Europe, 1868 to 1871
|author=Romesh Chunder Dutt
|year=1896
|publisher=S. K. Lahiri
|isbn=
|url=https://archive.org/details/threeyearsineur00duttgoog
|quote=Dutt +Three Years in Europe.
}}
* {{cite book
|title=The Peasantry of Bengal
|author=Romesh Chunder Dutt
|year=1874
|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co.
|isbn=
|url=https://archive.org/details/peasantrybengal00duttgoog
|quote=the peasantry of bengal.
}}; ed. Narahari Kaviraj, Calcutta, Manisha (1980)
* {{cite book
|title=The Literature of Bengal
|author=Romesh Chunder Dutt
|year=1895
|publisher=T. Spink & co.
|isbn=
|url=https://archive.org/details/literaturebenga00duttgoog
|quote=the literature of bengal.
}}; 3rd ed., ''Cultural Heritage of Bengal''  Calcutta, Punthi Pustak (1962).
* ''Mādhabī kaṅkaṇa'' in Bengali (1879)
* ''Rajput jivan sandhya'' (1879); ''Pratap Singh: The Last of the Rajputs, A Tale of Rajput Courage and Chivalry, '' tr. Ajoy Chandra Dutt. Calcutta: Elm Press (1943); Allahabad, Kitabistan, (1963)
* ''Rig Veda'' translation into Bengali (1885):  ''R̥gveda saṃhitā / Rameśacandra Dattera anubāda abalambane; bhūmikā, Hiraṇmaẏa Bandyopādhyāẏa'', Kalakātā, Harapha (1976).
* ''Hinduśāstra : naẏa khaṇḍa ekatre eka khaṇḍe / Rameśacandra Datta sampādita'', Kalikātā, Satyayantre Mudrita, 1300; Niu Lāiṭa, 1401 [1994].
* ''A History of Civilization in Ancient India, Based on Sanscrit Literature.'' 3 vols. Thacker, Spink and Co.; Trübner and Co., Calcutta-London (1890) Reprinted, Elibron Classics (2001).
* ''A Brief History of Bengal'', S.K. Lahiri (1893).
* [https://archive.org/details/laysancientindi00goog ''Lays of Ancient India: Selections from Indian Poetry Rendered into English Verse.''] London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner (1894); Rupa (2002). {{ISBN|81-7167-888-2}}
* ''Reminiscences of a Workman's Life: verses'' Calcutta, Elen Press, for private circulation only (1896); Calcutta: n.p. (1956).
* ''England and India: a record of progress during a hundred years, 1785–1885'' (1897); New Delhi, India : Mudgal Publications, 1985.
* ''[[Mahabharata]]: the epic of India rendered into English verse'', London: J. M. Dent and Co., 1898.  [http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/6/3/19630  ''Maha-bharata, The Epic of Ancient India Condensed into English Verse'' Project Gutenberg, on line.]
* ''The [[Ramayana]]: the epic of Rama rendered into English verse'', London: J.M. Dent and Co., 1899.
* ''The Ramayana and the Mahabharata: the great epics of ancient India condensed into English verse'', London: J.M. Dent and Co., 1900. [[Everyman's Library]] reprint (London: J.M. Dent and Sons; New York: E.P. Dutton, 1910). xii, 335p. [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/dutt/index.htm Internet Sacred Texts Archive.]
* ''Shivaji; or the morning of Maratha life'', tr. by Krishnalal Mohanlal Jhaveri. Ahmedabad, M. N. Banavatty (1899).  Also: tr. by Ajoy C. Dutt. Allahabad, Kitabistan (1944).
* [https://archive.org/details/civilizationofin00dutt ''The Civilization of India'' (1900)]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=tsAicU8XDNQC  ''Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India'', London, Trübner (1900); 2005 ed.  Adamant Media Corporation, Elibron Classics Series] {{ISBN|1-4021-5115-2}}.
* [https://archive.org/stream/indianfaminesthe00duttrich#page/n1/mode/2up  ''Indian Famines, Their Causes and Prevention''   Westminster, P. S. King (1901)]
* ''The lake of palms. A story of Indian domestic life'', translated by the author. London, T.F. Unwin (1902); abridged by P.V. Kulkarni, Bombay, n.p. (1931).
* [http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/dutt/EcHisIndia1.pdf  ''The Economic History of India Under Early British Rule.  From the Rise of the British Power in 1757 to the Accession of Queen Victoria in 1837.'' Vol. I. London, Kegan Paul, Trench Trübner (1902) 2001 edition by Routledge], {{ISBN|0-415-24493-5}}. On line, McMaster {{ISBN|81-85418-01-2}}
* [http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/dutt/EcHisIndia2.pdf  ''The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age.  From the Accession of Queen Victoria in 1837 to the Commencement of the Twentieth Century'', Vol. II. London, Kegan Paul, Trench Trübner (1904) On line. McMaster] {{ISBN|81-85418-01-2}}
* ''Indian poetry. Selected and Rendered into English by R.C. Dutt'' London: J. M. Dent (1905).
* [https://archive.org/details/historyofindia01jack ''History of India'', Volume 1 (1907)] 
* ''The Slave Girl of Agra: An Indian Historical Romance'', Based on Madhavikankan.  London: T.F. Unwin (1909); Calcutta, Dasgupta (1922).
* ''Vanga Vijeta''; in translation, ''Todar Mull: The Conqueror of Bengal'', trans. by Ajoy Dutt. Allahabad: Kitabitan, 1947.
* ''Sachitra Guljarnagar'', tr. by Satyabrata Dutta, Calcutta, Firma KLM (1990)
{{Refend}}

==See also==
*[[Bengal renaissance]]
*[[Economic History of India]]
*[[Indian National Congress]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Romesh Chunder Dutt}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=8787| name=Romesh Chunder Dutt}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Romesh Chunder Dutt}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1942}}
* [[S. K. Ratcliffe]], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/dutt/duttintr.htm A Note on the Late Romesh C. Dutt], ''The Ramayana and the Mahabharata condensed into English Verse'' (1899) at Internet Sacred Texts Archive
* [http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Life%20and%20Work%20of%20Romesh%20Chunder%20Dutt%20C.I.E&author1=J.N.Gupta&subject1=GEOGRAPHY.%20BIOGRAPHY.%20HISTORY&year=0%20&language1=english&pages=554&barcode=2990100070832&author2=&identifier1=&publisher1=J.M.Dent%20and%20Sons%20Ltd%20New%20Yark&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=ttd,%20s.v%20digital%20library&slocation1=NONE&sourcelib1=CPBL%20Kadapa&scannerno1=0&digitalrepublisher1=Digital%20Library%20Of%20India&digitalpublicationdate1=2005-09-10&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=&copyrightowner1=&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=Tagged%20Image%20File%20Format%20&url=/data_copy/upload/0070/837 J. N. Gupta, ''Life and Works of Romesh Chunder Dutt'', (1911) Digital Library of India, Bangalore, barcode 2990100070832 On line.]
* {{cite book |last=Islam |first=M Mofakharul |year=2012 |chapter=Dutt, Romesh Chunder |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dutt,_Romesh_Chunder |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* [https://archive.org/details/RomeshChenderDutt R. C. (Rabindra Chandra) Dutt, ''Romesh Chunder Dutt'', (1968) Internet Archive, Million Books Project]
* [http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/romesh_chunder_dutt.htm Bhabatosh Datta, "Romesh Chunder Dutt", Congress Sandesh, n.d.]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/177660 Shanti S. Tangri, "Intellectuals and Society in Nineteenth-Century India", ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'', Vol. 3, No. 4 (Jul., 1961), pp. 368–394.]
* Pauline Rule, ''The Pursuit of Progress: A Study of the Intellectual Development of Romesh Chunder Dutt, 1848–1888'' Editions Indian (1977)

{{Indian National Congress Presidents}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutt, Romesh Chunder}}
[[Category:1848 births]]
[[Category:1909 deaths]]
[[Category:Historians from British India]]
[[Category:Linguists from British India]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]
[[Category:Administrators in the princely states of India]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of London]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Economic historians]]
[[Category:Hare School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Indian dewans]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian economists]]