View source for Roman Catholic Diocese of Sion

{{Short description|Catholic diocese in Switzerland}}
{{morerefs|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Diocese
| name              = Sion
| latin             = Dioecesis Sedunensis
| local             = {{native name|de|Bistum Sitten}}<br/>{{native name|fr|Diocèse de Sion}}
| image             = 
| image_size        = 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
| coat              = Wappen Bistum Sitten.png
| coat_size         = 
| coat_alt          = 
| coat_caption      = 
<!---- Locations ---->
| country           = 
| territory         = 
| province          = <!-- Ecclesiastical province -->
| metropolitan      = Immediately Subject to the Holy See
| deaneries         = 
| headquarters      = 
| coordinates       = <!-- Use {{coord}} -->
<!---- Statistics ---->
| area_km2          = 5589
| area_sqmi         = 2158
| area_footnotes    = 
| population        = 358,213
| population_as_of  = 2020
| catholics         = 260,971
| catholics_percent = 72.9
| parishes          = 157
| churches          = <!-- Number of churches in the diocese -->
| congregations     = <!-- Number of congregations in the diocese -->
| schools           = <!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese -->
| members           = <!-- Number of members in the diocese -->
<!---- Information ---->
| denomination      = [[Catholic]]
| sui_iuris_church  = [[Latin Church]]
| rite              = [[Roman Rite]]
| established       = 4th century
| dissolved         = 
| cathedral         = [[Sion Cathedral|Cathédrale Notre-Dame du Glarier]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = <!-- Patron saint(s) of the diocese (or archdiocese) -->
| patron_title      = <!-- Use to override the default label "Patron saint" -->
| priests           = <!-- Number of priests in the diocese -->
<!---- Current leadership ---->
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} <!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change -->
| bishop            = [[Jean-Marie Lovey]]
| bishop_title      = <!-- Type of ordinary: i.e. Bishop or Archbishop. Default is Bishop -->
| metro_archbishop  = <!-- Name of the Metropolitan Archbishop of the Ecclesiastical Province -->
| coadjutor         = 
| suffragans        = <!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration); use | suffragan = for one -->
| auxiliary_bishops = <!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) -->
| apostolic_admin   = 
| vicar_general     = 
| episcopal_vicar   = 
| judicial_vicar    = 
| archdeacons       = <!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use | archdeacon = for one-->
| emeritus_bishops  = [[Norbert Brunner (bishop)|Norbert Brunner]]
<!---- Map ---->
| map               = Bistuemer CH 2006 Sitten.svg
| map_size          = 250px
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = Map of the modern diocese of Sion within [[Switzerland]]
<!---- Website ---->
| website           = [https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060422/http://www.cath-vs.ch/pages/default.asp Website of the Diocese]
| footnotes         = 
}}

The '''Diocese of Sion''' ({{langx|la|Dioecesis Sedunensis}}, {{langx|fr|Diocèse de Sion}}, {{langx|de|Bistum Sitten}}) is a [[Latin Church|Latin]] [[Catholic]] ecclesiastical territory in the canton of [[Valais]], [[Switzerland]]. It is the oldest bishopric in the country and one of the oldest north of the Alps. The history of the Bishops of Sion, of the '''[[Abbey of St. Maurice]]''', and of Valais as a whole are inextricably intertwined.

==History==
===Early history===
The see was established at Octodurum, now called [[Martigny, Switzerland|Martigny]], the capital of the Roman province of [[Alpes Poeninae]].
The first authentically historical bishop was Saint Theodore/Theodolus (died in 391), who was present at the [[Council of Aquileia, 381|Council of Aquileia]] in 381. He founded the [[Agaunum|Abbey of Saint-Maurice]], with a small church in honor of [[Saint Maurice]], martyred there c. 300, when he united the local hermits in a common life, thus beginning the Abbey of Saint-Maurice, the oldest north of the Alps. Theodore rebuilt the church at Sion, which had been destroyed by Emperor [[Maximinus II|Maximinus]] at the beginning of the 4th century. At first the new diocese was a suffragan of the [[archdiocese of Vienne]]; later it became suffragan of Tarentaise.

In 589 the bishop, St. Heliodorus, transferred the see to Sion, leaving the low-lying, flood-prone site of Octodurum, where the [[Drance]] joins the [[Rhone River|Rhone]]. Though frequently the early bishops were also abbots of Saint-Maurice, the monastic community was jealously watchful that the bishops should not extend their jurisdiction over the abbey. Several of the bishops united both offices: [[Wilcharius]] (764-780), previously [[Archbishop of Vienne]], whence he had been driven by the [[Al-Andalus|Moors]]; St. Alteus, who received from the pope a bull of exemption in favor of the monastery (780); Aimo II, son of Count [[Humbert I of Savoy]], who entertained [[Pope Leo IX|Leo IX]] at Saint-Maurice in 1049.

===Prince-bishops===
[[File:041122Cathedrale.jpg|thumb|[[Sion Cathedral|The Cathedral of Notre Dame du Glarier]] ]]
{{further|List of Bishops of Sion#Prince-bishops }}
About 999, the last king of [[Upper Burgundy]], [[Rudolph III, King of Burgundy|Rudolph III]], granted the [[Count]]ship of Valais to Bishop Hugo (998-1017); this union of the spiritual and secular powers made the [[prince-bishop]] the most powerful ruler in the valley of the Upper Rhone, the region called the Valais. Taking this donation as a basis, the bishops of Sion extended their secular power, and the religious metropolis of the valley became also the political centre. However, the union of the two powers was the cause of violent disputes in the following centuries. For, while the spiritual jurisdiction of the bishop, as Bishop of Sion, extended over the whole valley of the Rhone above [[Lake Geneva]], the Countship of Valais included only the upper part of the valley, reaching to the confluence of the Trient and the Rhone. The attempts of the bishops of Sion to carry their secular power farther down the Rhone were bitterly and successfully opposed by the abbots of Saint-Maurice, who had obtained large possessions in Lower Valais.

The medieval bishops of Sion were generally appointed from the younger sons of noble families of Savoy and Valais and often drew the resources of the see into the feuds of these families. Moreover, the bishops were vigorously opposed, as a matter of principle, by the petty feudal nobles of Valais, each in their fortified castle on rocky heights, seeking to evade the supremacy of the bishop who was at the same time count and prefect of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Especially in the 14th and 15th centuries, the benefactors in these traditional struggles were often the rich peasant communities of Upper Valais, which were called later the ''[[Seven Tithings|Sieben Zehnden]]'' (the "seven tithings"), who exacted increasing political rights as the price of support, beginning with the success of the [[Raron affair|rebellion of 1415&ndash;1420]].  
Bishop William IV of Raron (1437-1457) was obliged to relinquish civil and criminal jurisdiction over the ''sieben Zehnten'' by the [[Treaty of Naters]] in 1446, while a revolt of his subjects compelled Bishop Jost of Silinen (1482-1496) to flee from the diocese. In 1428-1447, the [[Valais witch trials]] raged through the area.

The bishops of Sion minted their own money from earliest times, possibly from as early as the [[Carolingian era]], and certainly from the 11th century. In the early 17th century, the Seven Tithings began to mint their own coin, which was vigorously opposed by the bishops until they finally had to cede temporal power to the Republic in 1634.<ref>[[Gottlieb Emanuel von Haller]], ''Beschreibung der eydgenößischen Schau- und Denkmünzen nach den Kantonen und zugewandten Orten'' vol. 2, Berne (1795), [https://books.google.com/books?id=2PtlAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA357 357ff.]</ref>

Sion and the district of the Valais were constantly drawn into wider struggles. Walter II of Supersaxo (1457-1482) had taken part in the battles of the Swiss against [[Charles the Bold]] of Burgundy and his ally, the [[Duke of Savoy]], and in 1475 they drove the House of Savoy from Lower Valais. 
Linked to the [[Old Swiss Confederacy]] since the 15th century, the Valais region was for long divided between the French party (typified by [[Georg of Supersaxo]]) and the Burgundian-Milanese alliance, to which a powerful personage, Cardinal [[Matthaeus Schiner]] (1465-1522), bishop of Sion, had thrown his support. 
Schiner feared French supremacy enough to place the military force of the diocese at the disposal of the pope and in 1510 brought about an alliance for five years between the Swiss Confederacy and the Roman Church, only to end up as one of the biggest losers in the Swiss defeat at [[Battle of Marignano|Marignano]] in 1515, in which the bishop fought himself.  In return for his support, [[Pope Julius II|Julius II]] made Schiner a cardinal and in 1513 accepted direct control of the see, which gave the Bishops of Sion much of the authority of an [[archbishop]]. The defeat at Marignano and the arbitrary rule of his brothers led to a revolt of Schiner's subjects; in 1518 he was obliged to flee the diocese.

===Reformation===
The new doctrines of the Reformation found little acceptance in Valais, although preachers were sent into the canton from [[Bern]], [[Zürich]], and [[Basel]]. In 1529 Bishop Adrian I of Riedmatten (1529-1548), the cathedral chapter, and the ''sieben Zehnten'' formed an alliance with the Catholic cantons of the Confederation, to maintain and protect the Catholic faith against the efforts of the Reformed cantons. On account of this alliance Valais aided in gaining the victory of the Catholics over the followers of [[Zwingli]] at [[Kappel am Albis]] in 1531; this victory saved the remaining possessions of the Catholic Church in Switzerland. The abbots of Saint-Maurice opposed all religious innovations as energetically as did Bishops Adrian I of Riedmatten, Hildebrand of Riedmatten (1565-1604), and Adrian II of Riedmatten (1604-1613), so that the whole of Valais remained ostensibly Catholic. Both Adrian II and his successor Hildebrand Jost (1613-1638) were again involved in disputes with the ''sieben Zehnten'' in regard to the exercise of the rights of secular supremacy, which were finally settled in 1630, when the Bishops relinquished their territorial rule.

===Impact of the French Revolution===
The secular power of the bishops was brought to an end by the French Revolution. In 1798 Valais, after a struggle against the supremacy of France, was incorporated into the [[Helvetic Republic]], and Prince-bishop [[Joseph Anton Blatter]] (1745-1807) went into exile in [[Novara]]. During the sway of Napoleon the Valais was separated from Switzerland in 1802 as the [[Rhodanic Republic]], and in 1810 [[Department of Simplon|was annexed by France]].

===19th century===
In 1814 Valais threw off French supremacy, when the Allies entered the territory; in 1815 it joined Switzerland as one of the cantons. As partial compensation for the loss of his secular power, the bishop received a post of honour in the Diet of the canton and the right to four votes. Disputes often arose as the Constitution of 1815 of the canton gave Upper Valais political predominance in the cantonal government, notwithstanding the fact that its population was smaller than that of Lower Valais. This led in 1840 to a civil war with Lower Valais, where the "Young Swiss" party, hostile to the Church, was in control. The party friendly to the Church prevailed, and the influence of the Church over teaching was, at first, preserved, but on account of the defeat of the [[Sonderbund]], with which Valais had united, a radical Government gained control in 1847. The new administration at once showed itself unfriendly to the Church, secularized many church landed properties, and wrung large sums of money from the bishop and monasteries. When in 1856 the moderate party gained the cantonal election, negotiations were begun with Bishop Peter Joseph von Preux (1843-1875), and friendly relations were restored between the diocese and the canton. In 1880 the two powers came to an agreement as to the lands taken from the Church in 1848; these, so far as they had not been sold, were given back for their original uses.

===Recent history===
In modern times the bishop and the government have been on friendly terms, under the Constitution of 1907 that, while it declared the Catholic religion to be the religion of the canton, forbade any union of spiritual and secular functions.

==Library of the cathedral chapter==
The library of Sion is known above all for its 120 medieval [[Codex|codices]], dating from the mid-9th century to the late 15th century, some richly illuminated, published by Josef Leisibach and Albert Jörger. The library was in the care of the [[sacristan]] of the cathedral chapter of canons. He also was responsible for the security of the treasury. From the 12th century, the chapter was responsible for the Bishop's chancelry and kept the archives; doubtless there was a modest [[scriptorium]]. The library was enriched by donations from canons and in the 15th century from bishops: Guillaume VI de Rarogne (1437-1451), Jost de Silenen (1482-1496) and above all Walter Supersaxo (1457-1482) who possessed a rich library of canon law.<ref>http://www.zb.unizh.ch/HBHCH/webpages/staticPages/k000918.htm</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Bishops of Sion]]
*[[Prince-Bishopric of Basel]]
*[[Prince-Bishopric of Chur]]
*[[Prince-Bishopric of Lausanne]]
*[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienne]]
*[[Duchy of Savoy]]
*[[History of the Valais]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14014d.htm Sion] in the ''[[Catholic Encyclopaedia]]''
*[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/473236.html ''The Beggar and the Professor''], by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie — excerpt evocatively describes [[Thomas Platter]]'s tour to Sion in 1563
*[http://www.zb.unizh.ch/HBHCH/webpages/staticPages/k000918.htm Cathédrale de Sion] (link dead, {{As of|2007|alt=as at}} July 24, 2007)
*{{BBKL|t/theodor_v_oc|band=11|autor=Kirsten Groß-Albenhausen|artikel=Theodor (Theodolus, Theodulus, St. Joder, Jodern, frz. Théodule, rätoroman. Sogn Gioder), Bischof von Octodurus (Martigny, Martinach)|spalten=881-884}}
*[http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2014/07/08/0506/01126.html]

{{Catholicism in Switzerland}}
<!-- The Prince-Bishopric -->

{{Authority control}}

{{coord|46.2339|N|7.3589|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sion, Diocese (Roman Catholic)}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Sion| ]]
[[Category:Valais]]
<!-- The Prince-Bishopric -->
[[Category:Former republics]]<!-- The République des Sept Dizains -->
[[Category:Dioceses established in the 4th century]]
[[Category:1628 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in Switzerland]]