View source for Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros

{{Short description|Lost archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church}}
{{About||the present-day Lutheran diocese|diocese of Nidaros|the present-day Catholic area|Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Trondheim}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Former Archdiocese<!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese -->
| name              = Nidaros
| latin             = Archidioecesis Nidrosiensis
| local             = Nidaros Erkebispedømme 
<!-- Name in the native language --> 
| image             = Nidaros cathedral Trondheim 2009 1.JPG
| image_size        = frameless 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           =  Nidaros Cathedral, Trondheim, Norway
<!---- Locations ---->
| country           = [[Norway]]
| metropolitan      = [[Nidaros]], [[Trondheim]], [[Sør-Trøndelag]]
| territory         = 
| province          = Nidaros 
| coordinates       = {{Coord|63.4269|10.3969|region:NO-50|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
<!---- Statistics ---->
| area_km2          = <!-- Area in square kilometers, automatically converted --> 
| population        = 
| population_as_of  = 
| catholics         = 
| catholics_percent = 
| parishes          = <!-- Number of parishes in the diocese -->
| churches          = <!-- Number of churches in the diocese -->
| congregations     = <!-- Number of congregations in the diocese -->
| schools           = <!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese -->
| members           = <!-- Number of members in the diocese -->
<!---- Information ---->
| denomination      = [[Catholic]]
| rite              = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
| established       = 1152–1537  (Diocese 1030–1152,<br>[[Evangelical Lutheran]] diocese<ref>[[Diocese of Nidaros]]</ref> since 1537)
| cathedral         = [[Nidaros Cathedral]]
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = 
| priests           = <!-- Number of priests in the diocese -->
<!---- Current leadership ---->
| pope              = 
| bishop            = 
| apostolic_admin   = 
| metro_archbishop  = 
| coadjutor         = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| vicar_general     = 
| emeritus_bishops  = 
<!---- Map ---->
| map               = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = 
<!---- Website ---->
| website           =  
| footnotes         = 
}}  
The '''Archdiocese of Nidaros''' (or '''Niðaróss''') was the [[metropolitan see]] covering [[Norway]] in the later [[Middle Ages]]. The see was the [[Nidaros Cathedral]], in the city of [[Nidaros]] (now [[Trondheim]]). The archdiocese existed from the middle of the twelfth century until the [[Protestant Reformation]].

==History==
In Norway, the kings who introduced Christianity which first became known to the people during their martial expeditions.<ref>[[Joseph Hergenröther]], "Kirchengeschichte", 1879, II, 721.</ref> The work of Christianization begun by [[Haakon the Good]] (d. 961 in the [[Battle of Fitjar]]) was carried on by [[Olaf Tryggvason]] (d. 1000 in the [[Battle of Svolder]]) and [[Olaf II of Norway|Olaf Haraldsson]] (St. Olaf, d. 1030 in the [[Battle of Stiklestad]]). Both were converted Vikings, the former having been baptized at [[Andover, Hampshire|Andover]], England, by [[Ælfheah of Canterbury|Aelfeah]], [[Bishop of Winchester]], and the latter at [[Rouen]] by Archbishop Robert.<ref>Bang, "Den norske Kirkes Historie under Katholicismen", Christiania, 1887, 44, 50.</ref>

In 997, Olaf Tryggvason founded at the mouth of the river [[Nidelva]] the city of Nidaros (now Trondheim) where he built a [[Kongsgård|Kongsgård estate]] and a church; he laboured to spread Christianity in Norway, the [[Orkney]] and [[Shetland Islands]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Iceland]], and [[Greenland]].<ref>Maurer, op. cit., I, iii, 462.</ref> King Olaf Haraldsson created an episcopal see at Nidaros, installing the monk [[Grimkell|Grimkill]] as bishop. Moreover, many English and German bishops and priests came to Norway. The Norwegian bishops were at first dependent on the [[Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen]], and afterwards on the [[Archbishop of Lund]], Primate of Scandinavia. As the Norwegians wanted an archbishop of their own, [[Pope Eugene III]], resolving to create a metropolitan see at Nidaros, sent thither as legate (1151) Cardinal [[Nicholas of Albano]] (Nicholas Breakspeare), afterwards Adrian IV. The legate installed Jon Birgerson, previously [[Bishop of Stavanger]], as Archbishop of Nidaros. The bishops of [[Ancient Diocese of Bergen|Bergen]] (bishop about 1068), [[Ancient Diocese of the Faroe Islands|Faroe Diocese]] (1047), [[Gardar, Greenland|Garðar, Greenland]] (1126), [[Ancient Diocese of Hamar|Hamar]] (1151), [[Hólar|Hólar, Iceland]] (1105), [[Bishop of Orkney|Orkney]] (1070; suffragan till 1472), [[Diocese of Oslo#History|Oslo]] (1073), [[Skálholt|Skálholt, Iceland]] (1056), and [[Ancient Diocese of Stavanger|Stavanger]] (1130) became suffragans.

[[File:StEystein erkebispegården.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Eysteinn Erlendsson|St.Eystein]], the second Archbishop of Nidaros holding a model of the [[Nidaros Cathedral]]]]
Archbishop Birgerson was succeeded by [[Eysteinn Erlendsson]] (Beatus Augustinus, 1158–88), previously royal secretary and treasurer, a man of intellect, strong will, and piety.<ref>Daae, "Norges Helgener", Christiania, 1879, 170-6.</ref> King [[Sverre]] wished to make the Church a tool of the temporal power, and the archbishop was compelled to flee from Norway to England. He was able to return, and a reconciliation took place later between him and the king, but on Eystein's death King Sverre renewed his attacks, and Archbishop Eric had to leave the country and take refuge with [[Absalon]], Archbishop of Lund. At last, when King Sverre attacked the papal legate, [[Pope Innocent III]] laid the king and his partisans under interdict.<ref>[[Baluze]], "Epp. Innocentii III", Paris, 1682, I, i, 226, 227.</ref>

King [[Haakon III]] (1202), son and successor of King Sverre, hastened to make peace with the Church. Pope Innocent III gave Thorer, Archbishop of Drontheim, authority over all Scandinavian territory, including Greenland and Vinland, the Norse name for North America.  To regulate ecclesiastical affairs, which had suffered during the struggles with Sverre, [[Pope Innocent IV]] in 1247 sent Cardinal [[William of Sabina]] as legate to Norway. He intervened against encroachments on the part of the bishops, reformed various abuses, and abolished the [[ordeal by hot iron]]. Owing in great measure to the papal legates, Norway became more closely linked with the supreme head of Christendom at Rome. Secular priests, [[Benedictines]], [[Cistercians]], [[Augustinians]], [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] and [[Franciscans]] worked together for the prosperity of the Church. Archbishops Eilif Kortin (d. 1332), Paul Baardson (d. 1346), and Arne Vade (d. 1349) were zealous churchmen. Provincial councils were held, at which serious efforts were made to eliminate abuses and to encourage Christian education and morality.<ref>Bang, op. cit., 297.</ref>

In 1277, the Tønsberg Concord (''Sættargjerden in Tønsberg'') was signed between King [[Magnus VI of Norway]] and [[Jon Raude]], the Archbishop of Nidaros confirming certain privileges of the clergy, the freedom of episcopal elections and similar matters. Nidaros (Trondheim), the metropolis of the ecclesiastical province, was also the capital of Norway. The residence of the kings until 1217, it remained until the [[Reformation]] the heart and centre of the spiritual life of the country. There was situated the tomb of St. Olaf, and around the patron of Norway, "Rex perpetuus Norvegiae", the national and ecclesiastical life of the country was centred. The feast of St. Olaf on 29 July was a day or reunion for "all the nations of the Northern seas, Norwegians, Swedes, Goths, [[Cimbri]]ans, Danes and Slavs", to quote an old chronicler,<ref>"Adami gesta pontificum Hammaburgensium", Hanover, 1876, II, 82.</ref> in the cathedral of Nidaros, where the [[reliquary]] of St. Olaf rested near the altar. Built in Roman style by King [[Olaf Kyrre]] (d. 1093), the cathedral had been enlarged by Archbishop Eystein in [[Gothic architecture|Gothic style]]. It was finished only in 1248 by Archbishop Sigurd Sim. Although several times destroyed by fire, the ancient cathedral was restored each time until the [[Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein|Reformation in Norway]]. Then Archbishop Eric Walkendorf was exiled (1521), and his successor, [[Olaf Engelbertsen]], who had been the instrument of the royal will in the introduction of [[Lutheranism]], had also, as a partisan of [[Christian II]], to fly from [[Christian III of Denmark|Christian III]] (1537). The reliquaries of St. Olaf and St. Augustine (Eystein) were taken away, sent to [[Copenhagen]] and melted. The bones of St. Olaf were buried in the cathedral, and the place forgotten.

== Ecclesiastical province of Nidaros ==
[[File:Ecclesiastical province of Nidaros.svg|500px|thumb|Map of ecclesiastical province of Nidaros (1153-1387)]]
{{anchor|bishops}}
The Archdiocese of Nidaros headed an [[ecclesiastical province]] which included the following [[suffragan diocese]]s.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Diocese
!class="unsortable"|Territory
!Cathedral
!Founded
|-
|[[Ancient Diocese of Bergen|Bjørgvin (earlier Selje)]]
|
|[[Christ Church, Bergen|Christ Church]]
|<span style="display:none">1068</span>1068
|-
|[[Diocese of Oslo|Oslo]]
|
|St. [[Hallvards Cathedral]]
|<span style="display:none">1068</span>1068
|-
|[[Ancient Diocese of Hamar|Hamar]]
|
|[[Cathedral Ruins in Hamar|Hamar Cathedral]]
|<span style="display:none">1152</span>1152
|-
|[[Ancient Diocese of Stavanger|Stavanger]]
|
|[[Stavanger Cathedral]]
|<span style="display:none">1125</span>1125
|-
|[[Ancient Diocese of the Faroe Islands|Kirkjubøur]]
|[[Faroe Islands]]
|St. [[Magnus Cathedral]]
|<span style="display:none">1100</span>c. 1100
|-
|[[Bishop of Orkney|Kirkjuvagr]]
|[[Orkney]] and [[Shetland]]
|[[St. Magnus Cathedral]]
|<span style="display:none">1035</span>c. 1035
|-
|[[Diocese of the Isles|Suðreyjar]]
|[[Isle of Man]], [[Islands of the Clyde]] and the [[Hebrides]]
|[[Peel Cathedral]]
|<span style="display:none">1154</span>1154
|-
|[[List of Skálholt bishops|Skálholt]]
|Southern [[Iceland]]
|[[Skálholt Cathedral]]
|<span style="display:none">1056</span>1056
|-
|[[List of Hólar bishops|Hólar]]
|Northern [[Iceland]]
|[[Hólar Cathedral]]
|<span style="display:none">1106</span>1106
|-
|[[Gardar, Greenland|Garðar]]
|[[Greenland]]
|[[Garðar Cathedral Ruins|Gardar Cathedral]]
|<span style="display:none">1124</span>1124
|}
{{Clear right}}

==Episcopal ordinaries==
{{Wide image|Palacio del Arzobispo, Trondheim, Noruega, 2019-09-06, DD 134-146 PAN.jpg|600|Archbishop's Palace, Trondheim.|5=right}}
(all [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])

;''Suffragan Bishops of Nidaros''
#1015: Sigurd III
#[[Grimketel|Grimkjell]]
#Jon
#Rudolf
#1028–1030: Sigurd IV
#Ragnar
#Kjetil
#Åsgaut
#Sigurd V
#Tjodolf
#1070: Sigurd VI, [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
#1080: Adalbrikt
#–1139: Simon
#1140: Ivar Kalfsson (Skrauthanske)
#1140–1151: Reidar

;''Metropolitan Archbishops of Nidaros (before the Reformation)''
#1152/1153–1157: [[Jon Birgersson, Archbishop of Nidaros|Jon Birgersson]]
#1161–1188: [[Eysteinn Erlendsson]]
#1189–1205: Eirik Ivarsson
#1206–1214: Tore (Thorer) Gudmundsson
#1215–1224: Guttorm
#1225–1226: Peter Brynjulfsson
#1227–1230: Tore II "''den Trøndske'' [the Trønder]"
#1231–1252: Sigurd Eindridesson Tafse
#1253–1254: Sørle
#1255–1263: Einar Smjørbak Gunnarsson
#1263–1265: Einar (rejected by [[Pope Clement IV]] in 1265)
#1267: Håkon
#1268–1282: [[Jon Raude]]
#1288–1309: Jørund
#1311–1332: Eilif Arnesson Kortin
#1333–1346: Paul Baardson (Páll Bárðarson / [https://nbl.snl.no/P%C3%A5l_B%C3%A5rdsson Pål Bårdsson]<ref>Audun Dybdahl. "[https://nbl.snl.no/P%C3%A5l_B%C3%A5rdsson Pål Bårdsson]". ''Norsk Biografisk Leksikon''. Retrieved on March 23, 2024.</ref>)
#1346–1349: [[Arne Einarsson Vade]]
#1350–1370: Olav
#1371–1381: Trond Gardarsson
#1382–1386: Nicolas Jacobsson Rusare 
#1387–1402: Vinald Henriksson
#1404–1428: Eskill
#1430–1450: [[Aslak Bolt]]
#1452–1458: [[Henrik Kalteisen]], [[Dominican Order|O.P.]]
#1459–1474: [[Olav Trondsson]]
#1475–1510: Gaute Ivarsson
#1510–1522: Eric Walkendorf (Erik Axelsson Valkendorf)
#1523–1537: [[Olav Engelbrektsson]] (the last Catholic archbishop)

==Rite of Nidaros==
The texts of the Mass as it was celebrated in Norway and the other lands of the Metropolitan Province of Nidaros before the Protestant Reformation survives in a copy of the printed Missal of 1519 and in three manuscript texts, B (c. 1300), C (13th century) and D (c. 1200). Helge Fæhn in his analysis of each of these texts sums up the character of these texts as follows:

'''The Missal of 1519:''' Manuscript A seems to have been influenced mainly from Normandy and England and shows several parallels to late medieval [[Sarum Use]]. There is nothing which decisively indicates Dominican influence. Belonging to the 16th century A may be characterized as rather conservative. In the [[Canon of the Mass|canon]] in Communicantes, Xystus is replaced by Silvester—possibly by a misinterpretation of Innocens III.

'''Manuscript B:''' B is especially influenced from France—in parts particularly from the leading Seez group. Some tails in B—mostly in the rubrics—are obviously dependent on the explanation of the mass in [[Micrologus]], but most remarkable in perhaps that B seems to imply that the congregation is taking an active part in the offertory. B taken as a whole belongs to the second part of the 12th century.

'''Manuscript C:''' C is without doubt dependent on French and Italian tradition. The canon is evidently influenced by the specific Roman missal of the 11th—13th century, and on the whole C may be ascribed to the beginning of the 13th century.

'''Manuscript D:''' In D everything before the canon is lacking, but in return this part exhibits close relationship to Irish and especially old Roman tradition: the last is undoubtedly because D evidently is influenced by the order of the mass in Micrologus. D is the oldest of the four ''ordines misse'' and must be assigned to the 12th century.

Of these four orders of the mass, A and B seem to have most in common. If this can be taken as a further indication that B gives the substance of the rite of Nidaros in the 13th century, then this provides basis from which to determine the most important alterations in the rite of this see in the last 250 years before the Reformation.<ref>Fire Norske Messeordninger fra Middelalderen 
Utgitt med innledning og Analyse av Helge Fæhn.
 Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi I Oslo
H. Hist.-Filos.  Klasse.  1952.  No. 5
</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Catholic dioceses in Norway]]
* [[Pilgrim's Route]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources and external links ==
* {{Catholic|wstitle=Ancient See of Trondhjem}}

;Other Bibliography
*[[P.A.Munch|Munch, P.A.]] ''Throndhjems Domkirke'' (Christiania, 1859) 
*Krefting, O. ''Om Throndhjems Domkirke'' (Trondhjem, 1885) 
*Schirmer, ''Kristkirken; Nidaros'' (Christiania, 1885)
*Mathiesen, Henry ''Det gamle Throndhjem'' (Christiani, 1897)

{{Catholic dioceses in the Nordic countries}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History of Trondheim]]
[[Category:Christianity in medieval Norway]]
[[Category:Former Catholic dioceses in Norway|Nidaros]]
[[Category:Pre-Reformation dioceses in Nordic Europe|Nidaros]]
[[Category:1152 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in Norway]]