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{{Short description|1886 novel by Jules Verne}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{infobox book | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->
| name          = Robur the Conqueror
| title_orig    = Robur-le-Conquérant
| translator    =
| image         = 'Robur the Conqueror' by Léon Benett 01.jpg
| caption       = Frontispiece by [[Léon Benett]]
| author        = [[Jules Verne]]
| illustrator   = [[Léon Benett]]
| cover_artist  =
| country       = France
| language      = French
| series        = ''[[Voyages extraordinaires|The Extraordinary Voyages]]'' No. 29<br>Robur the Conqueror #1
| genre         = [[Science fiction]] novel
| publisher     = [[Pierre-Jules Hetzel]]
| release_date  = 1886
| english_pub_date = 1887
| media_type    = Print (hardback)
| pages         =
| preceded_by   = [[The Lottery Ticket]]
| followed_by   = [[Texar's Revenge, or, North Against South]]
}}

'''''Robur the Conqueror''''' ({{langx|fr|link=no|Robur-le-Conquérant}}) is a science fiction novel by [[Jules Verne]], published in 1886. It is also known as '''''The Clipper of the Clouds'''''. It has a sequel, ''[[Master of the World (novel)|Master of the World]]'', which was published in 1904.

== Plot summary ==

The story begins with strange lights and sounds, including blaring trumpet music, reported in the skies all over the world. Then black flags with gold suns mysteriously appear atop tall historic landmarks such as the [[Statue of Liberty]] in New York, the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] in Egypt, and the [[Eiffel Tower]] in Paris. These events are all the work of the mysterious Robur (the [[Specific name (botany)|specific epithet]] for the English oak (''[[Quercus robur]]'') and figuratively taken to mean "strength"), a brilliant inventor who intrudes on a meeting of a flight-enthusiasts' club called the Weldon Institute in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]].

Members of the Weldon Institute are all firm believers that mankind shall master the skies using [[Balloon (aeronautics)|"lighter than air" craft]], and that [[Aerodynamic Flight|"heavier than air"]] craft such as [[airplanes]] and [[helicopters]] would be unfeasible. The institute has been constructing a giant [[dirigible]] called the ''Go-ahead''. During a heated discussion over where to place its propeller ([[tractor configuration|in front to pull it]], or [[Pusher configuration|behind to push it]]), Robur appears at the meeting and is admitted to speak. He chastises the group for being balloon-boosters when "heavier than air" flying apparatuses are the future. When asked if Robur himself has "made conquest of the air", he states that he has, leading to him accepting the title "Robur the Conqueror". During his short time at the Weldon Institute, Robur so incites the members that they chase him outside. Just as they are about to attack him, Robur appears to vanish into the mob, but he has actually been borne away by a flying machine.

Later that night Robur kidnaps the Weldon Institute's [[President (corporate title)|president]], Uncle Prudent; his [[secretary]], Phil Evans; and [[valet]], Frycollin. He takes them on board his ship, a huge, battery-powered "{{linktext|aeronef}}" called the ''Albatross'', which has many vertical [[airscrew]]s to provide [[Lift (force) |lift]], and two horizontal airscrews in a [[push-pull configuration]] to drive the vessel forward. It bears the same black flag with golden sun that has been sighted on many landmarks, and a crewmen playing a trumpet accounts for the music in the sky. To demonstrate the vessel's superiority, Robur takes his captives around the world in the course of three weeks. Prudent and Evans are angry at Robur for kidnapping them and unwilling to admit that the ''Albatross'' is a fantastic vessel, or that their notions of "lighter than air" superiority are wrong. They demand that Robur release them, but he is aloof and always says that they shall remain as long as he desires it. Fearing they will be held captive forever, the two formulate plans both to escape and to destroy the ''Albatross''.

After the horizontal propellers are damaged in a storm, the ''Albatross'' anchors over the [[Chatham Islands]] for repairs. While the crew is busy at work, Prudent and Evans light a fuze and make their escape. They try to bring Frycollin with them but cannot find him, only later discovering that he had already escaped without them. The ''Albatross'' explodes and its wreckage, along with Robur and his crew, plunges towards the ocean. Meanwhile, the three escapees are safe on a small but inhabited island and are later rescued by a ship; they then make a long journey back to Philadelphia.

The Weldon Institute members return, and rather than describe their adventures or admit that Robur had created a flying machine greater than their expectations of the ''Go-ahead'', they simply conclude the argument the group was having during their last meeting. Rather than have only one propeller to their dirigible, they decide to have [[Push-pull configuration|one propeller in front and another behind]], similar to Robur's design.

Seven months after their return the ''Go-ahead'' is completed and making its maiden voyage with the president, secretary, and an aeronaut. The speed and maneuverability of the dirigible impress a huge crowd, but are trivial compared to Robur's ''Albatross''. Suddenly, out of the sky there appears the ''Albatross''. It is revealed that when the ''Albatross'' exploded, enough of it was intact so that at least some of the propellers [[Autorotation (helicopter) |operated and slowed its descent]], saving the crew. The crew used the remains of the ''Albatross'' as a raft until they were rescued by a ship. Later, Robur and the crew made it back to his secret X Island, where the original ''Albatross'' had been built. Robur has built a new ''Albatross'' and now intends to exact revenge by showing that it is superior to the Weldon Institute's ''Go-ahead''.

The entirety of the final scene is described from the crowd's point of view. The ''Albatross'' begins circling the ''Go-ahead''; the ''Go-ahead'' drops [[ballast]] and rises to fourteen thousand feet. The ''Albatross'' follows, still a circling menace. The ''Go-ahead'' is at the mercy of the ''Albatross'' because the ''Albatross'' is both faster and more maneuverable. Finally, the ''Go-ahead'' exceeds her [[pressure height |pressure-height]] limit, whereupon her gas bags rupture. Losing her buoyant gases, the ''Go-ahead'' drops out of the sky like a rapidly descending kite. The ''Albatross'' stays alongside of the ''Go-ahead'' as she falls, signalling the pilot and passengers of the ''Go-ahead'' to come on board the ''Albatross''. They refuse, but then the crew of the ''Albatross'' seizes them and brings them aboard.

Having demonstrated his rule over the skies, Robur returns the three men to the ground. In a short speech, Robur says that nations are not yet fit for union. He cautions the crowd that it is ''evolution'', not revolution, that they should be seeking. He leaves with the promise that he will one day return to reveal his secrets of flight. The people of Philadelphia subject Prudent and Evans to unrelenting ridicule for the rest of their lives.

== Influences ==

=== Film ===

The story was adapted into a 1961 film, ''[[Master of the World (1961 film)|Master of the World]]'', starring [[Vincent Price]] as Robur. The film retained the novel's the basic concept but added elements of intrigue and a romantic [[subplot]].

In this version, Robur is an idealist who intends to conquer the world in order to end tyranny and war. He plans to use his airship, the ''Albatross'' to bomb the military forces of the world until all nations concede to his demands. (In contrast, the novel's Robur has no such aims, and bombs only one ground target: an African coronation where a mass [[human sacrifice]] is about to take place.)

Instead of the Weldon Institute members, he kidnaps Mr. Prudent of Philadelphia, an armaments manufacturer, along with his daughter Dorothy and her fiancé Phillip Evans. [[Charles Bronson]] plays Strock, the reluctant hero who comes to admire Robur, but not enough to allow him to carry out his plans.

The name ''Albatross'' is retained, though the novel's description and early illustrations that suggest a flush-decked [[clipper ship]] with propellers on its masts instead of sails, is replaced by a more contemporary design resembling a classic airship, or dirigible; though still given propellers for lift. The vessel is described in the film as being a 'heavier than air machine of several tons,' a statement later explained as the vessel 'is made entirely of straw paper, mixed with dextrin and clay, and squeezed in a hydraulic press...'

This construction also enables the ''Albatross'' to fly high enough to be impervious to contemporary weapons fire.  When flown low to the ground, though, ''Albatross'' was heavily damaged while within the blast radius of one of its own bombs, and was finally damaged beyond repair and sank into the ocean when the gunpowder in its armory exploded due to sabotage by the passengers.

=== Novels ===

* In [[Kim Newman]]'s [[alternate history]] novel ''[[The Bloody Red Baron]]'', Robur (along with other such characters as [[Rotwang]], [[Count Orlok]], and [[Doctor Mabuse]]) works for [[Count Dracula]] during [[World War I]].
* In [[Kevin J. Anderson]]'s ''[[Captain Nemo: The Fantastic History of a Dark Genius]]'', Robur is an official of the [[Ottoman Empire]] locked in a power struggle against his rival, [[From the Earth to the Moon|Barbicane]].
* In T.E. MacArthur's ''The Volcano Lady: Volume One and Volume Two'', Robur carries out many of his activities from the original novel as a minor character as the novel follows the adventures of Dr. Leticia Gantry, the "Volcano Lady."

=== Comics ===

* ''Robur the Conqueror'' was adapted to comic book form in 1961 as ''[[Classics Illustrated]]'' No. 162. [https://www.mycomicshop.com/search?TID=396851] [http://www.kelvi.net/books/comics/index.php?album=classics-illustrated%2FRobur+The+Conqueror]
* A [[graphic novel]] trilogy by writers [[Jean-Marc Lofficier]] and [[Randy Lofficier]] and artist [[Gil Formosa]]:
** Volume 1 ''De la Lune à la Terre'' (Albin Michel, 2003) (''From the Moon to the Earth'', ''[[Heavy Metal (magazine)|Heavy Metal]]'', December 2003)
** Volume 2 ''20.000 Ans sous les Mers'' (Albin Michel, 2004) (''20,000 Years Under the Seas'', ''Heavy Metal'', Fall 2005)
** Volume 3 ''Voyage au Centre de la Lune'' (Albin Michel, 2005) (''Journey to the Center of the Moon'')
::In it, Robur (who is also an [[pseudonym|alias]] of [[Captain Nemo]]) is the leader of the resistance when [[H. G. Wells]]' Selenites invade the [[Earth]]. Other fictional characters which appear in the series include [[Fantômas]], [[Josephine Balsamo]], [[The Shadow]] and [[The First Men In The Moon|Professor Cavor]].

* A character similar to Robur, named "Alexandre LeRoi", appears in ''[[Gotham by Gaslight#Batman:Master of the Future|Batman: Master of the Future]]'', by [[Brian Augustyn]] and [[Eduardo Barreto]], an early entry in [[DC Comics]]' [[Elseworlds]] series. The story mixes a [[Victorian-era]] [[Batman]], with the film ''[[Master of the World (1961 film)|Master of the World]]''.{{cn|date=April 2025}}
* Robur is mentioned several times in the first three volumes of ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]'', by [[Alan Moore]] and [[Kevin O'Neill (comics)|Kevin O'Neill]]. He is first mentioned in Volume 1 corresponding with [[Der Luftpirat und sein lenkbares Luftschiff|Captain Mors]], the "Sky Pirate", a German fictional air-based character. An entry in the supplementary ''The New Traveller's Almanac'' in the back of Volume 2 indicates that Robur is conscripted to lead ''Les Hommes Mysterieux'' ("The Mysterious Men"), which is a French analogue to the British team. Their fateful encounter with the League is detailed in ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier]]''.  Robur also appears as a (losing) square in the attached Game of Extraordinary Gentlemen.

== See also ==

{{commons category|Robur the Conqueror}}
* [[Mystery airship]]
* [[Arthur Krebs|Arthur Constantin Krebs]], one of the many inspirations, with [[Charles Renard]], for this novel, with their [[Timeline of aviation - 19th century|first fully controlled free-flight]] 8 August 1884.

== External links ==

* {{wikisource-inline}}
* ''[http://gil.formosa.free.fr/robur.html ROBUR comics official web site]'' from [[Gil Formosa]]
* ''[http://jv.gilead.org.il/wolcott/Roburb/ Robur the Conqueror]'' from JV.Gilead.org.il
* ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3808/3808-h/3808-h.htm Robur the Conqueror]'' (English)
* [http://www.sil.si.edu/imagegalaxy/imageGalaxy_MoreImages.cfm?book_id=SIL28-091 Gallery of images], from the 1886 edition, from the [[Smithsonian Institution]].
* [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/transition/v010/10.3lindqvist.html "Bombing the Savages"] by [[Sven Lindqvist]] (political analysis of the Robur book)
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/verne-jules-robur-le-conquerant.html/ ''Robur le Conquérant'', audio version] [[Image:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]]

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[[Category:1886 French novels]]
[[Category:1886 science fiction novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Jules Verne]]
[[Category:French novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:French science fiction novels]]
[[Category:Science fiction novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Air pirates]]
[[Category:Aviation novels]]
[[Category:Fiction about airships]]
[[Category:Fictional aviators]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into comics]]
[[Category:Novels set in Egypt]]
[[Category:Novels set in New York City]]
[[Category:Novels set in Paris]]