View source for Robert Forke

{{Short description|Canadian politician (1860–1934)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2010}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =Robert Forke.jpg
| imagesize = |
| name = Robert Forke
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1860|4|6}}
| birth_place =[[Gordon, Berwickshire]], [[Scotland]] 
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1934|2|2|1860|4|6}}
| death_place=[[Winnipeg, Manitoba]], Canada
| residence = 
| office = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]] 
| constituency =[[Brandon (electoral district)|Brandon]]
| term_start = 1921
| term_end = 1929
| predecessor =[[Howard P. Whidden]]
| successor =[[David Wilson Beaubier]]
| office3=Canadian [[Senate of Canada|Senator]] for Manitoba
| term_start3=1929
| term_end3=1934
| appointed3=[[William Lyon Mackenzie King]]
| party = [[Progressive Party of Canada|Progressive]] (1921-1926), [[Liberal-Progressive]] (1926-1934)
| religion =
| occupation =
|honorific-prefix=[[The Honourable]]}}
'''Robert Forke''', {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|PC}} (April 6, 1860 &ndash; February 2, 1934) was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] politician. He was elected as [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Brandon (electoral district)|Brandon]] in 1921. In 1922, he replaced [[Thomas Crerar]] as leader of the [[Progressive Party of Canada]]. Forke served as a [[cabinet minister]] in the government of [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]].

==Life and career==
Forke was born in [[Gordon, Scotland|Gordon]] in [[Berwickshire]], [[Scotland]], and was educated at public school in [[Westruther, Scotland|Westruther]]. He moved to Canada in 1882, and worked as a farmer. Forke was the [[Reeve (Canada)|reeve]] of [[Pipestone, Manitoba|Pipestone]] in Manitoba for twenty years before entering federal politics, and served as Secretary-Treasurer of the Union of Manitoba Municipalities for eleven years.

He was initially a supporter of the [[Liberal Party of Canada]], and campaigned for the [[Legislative Assembly of Manitoba]] as a candidate of the [[Manitoba Liberal Party|provincial Liberal Party]] in a [[by-election]] held on January 9, 1909. He lost to [[Harvey Simpson]] of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba|Conservative Party]] by 206 votes. Forke later became involved in the agrarian political movement, and joined the Progressive Party.

He was first elected to the [[House of Commons of Canada]] in the [[1921 Canadian federal election|1921 election]], defeating his [[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Conservative]] and Liberal opponents in [[Brandon (electoral district)|Brandon]] by a significant majority. The Progressives won 63 seats in a 235-member parliament, and held the potential balance of power in an evenly divided house. Soon after the election, Forke was part of delegation to [[Ottawa]] led by party leader Thomas Crerar, seeking policy concessions from the governing Liberals in return for parliamentary support.{{ref|Morton1}}  He was named parliamentary [[Whip (politics)|Whip]] for the Manitoba Progressives in early 1922.{{ref|Morton2}}

In his classic study of the Progressive Party in Canada, historian W.L. Morton described Forke as "a bluff amiable Scots Canadian of transparent honest and transcendent modesty", and "a western agrarian Liberal who hoped to redeem the federal Liberal party but who thought continued Progressive independence a necessary means to that end".{{ref|Morton3}}  This moderate position was shared by Crerar, but opposed by the more radical wing of the party based in [[Alberta]].

After Crerar proved unable to hold the Progressive Party together, Forke was elected the party's executive chairman and house leader on November 11, 1922. Some reports indicate that he defeated [[Joseph Shaw (Canadian politician)|Joseph Shaw]] in a vote of assembled delegates, though Shaw claimed he withdrew before a vote took place. The change in leadership brought little change in policy direction, and Crerar remained an important organizer for the party.

In 1923, Forke moved an amendment to [[W.S. Fielding]]'s budget, called for dramatic reductions in tariff rates. This was defeated, although two backbench Liberals voted with the Progressives. One year later, Forke refused to support a similar motion from [[J.S. Woodsworth]] which could have brought the government down.{{ref|Morton4}}

Forke served as Progressive Party leader at a time when the party, which never had a strong central organization to begin with, was fragmenting into a series of smaller factions. Several [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Members of Parliament]] left the Progressive caucus between 1922 and 1925, including the radical "Ginger Group" on the left and tacit Liberal Party supporters on the right.{{ref|Morton5}}  Forke attempted to maintain party unity, although the party's internal contradictions may have ultimately made this task impossible.

For the [[1925 Canadian federal election|1925 federal election]], Forke issued a party manifesto which described both of the "old parties" as ineffective, and opposed formal alignment with the Liberals. Forke himself only campaigned in Manitoba and [[Saskatchewan]], and the Progressive effort as a whole was weaker than in 1921.{{ref|Morton6}}  The party fell to 24 seats, all of which located west of Ontario. Forke was personally re-elected in Brandon, though by a greatly reduced margin.

The Conservative Party emerged as the largest parliamentary group in the election but did not win a majority of seats, leaving the Progressives in a kingmaker position. After a series of negotiations, and with Forke's personal encouragement, the Progressive caucus agreed to support the Liberals under Mackenzie King. Forke favoured cabinet representation for his party, but this was rejected by the Alberta wing. Forke was retained as Progressive house leader at a meeting in early 1926, although Alberta representative [[Henry Elvins Spencer]] was chosen as the new party secretary.{{ref|Morton7}}

Morton speculates that Forke and the Manitoba Progressive MPs were reconciled to a [[Liberal-Progressive]] fusion by this time, and argues that it was only the Customs Scandal which prevented this from happening in the 1925-26 parliament. Forke resigned as Progressive house leader on June 30, 1926, one day after Mackenzie King resigned as [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]].{{ref|Morton8}}

Conservative leader [[Arthur Meighen]] was nominated by the [[Governor-General of Canada|Governor-General]] to replace King as Prime Minister, but Meighen's government soon fell on a confidence measure when the Progressive refused to support him. The Progressive Party did not fight the [[1926 Canadian federal election|1926 election]] as a united force, and instead fragmented into a series of provincial organizations which followed different strategies. The Manitoba Progressives forged an electoral alliance with the Liberals, elected seven members on a "[[Liberal-Progressive]]" ticket, and made arrangements in other ridings to avoid vote-splitting against the Conservatives.

Forke was one of the seven Liberal-Progressives returned for Manitoba. This bloc of MPs insisted on remaining a separate parliamentary group, but caucused with the Liberals and were seated as a group on the Liberal benches. The alliance of the two parties was confirmed on September 25, 1926, when Forke was appointed [[Minister of Immigration and Colonization (Canada)|Minister of Immigration and Colonization]] with the consent of the Liberal-Progressive caucus.{{ref|Morton9}}  He held this position for over three years, and was appointed by Mackenzie King to the [[Senate of Canada]] on December 30, 1929.

Forke served as a "Liberal-Progressive" Senator until his death in 1934.

==Notes==

# {{note|Morton1}} W.L. Morton, ''The Progressive Party in Canada'', (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1950, rev. 1967), p.&nbsp;135.
# {{note|Morton2}} Morton, p.&nbsp;152.
# {{note|Morton3}} Morton, pp.&nbsp;164–165.
# {{note|Morton4}} Morton, p.&nbsp;184, 190–191.
# {{note|Morton5}} Morton, pp.&nbsp;194–98, 207.
# {{note|Morton6}} Morton, pp.&nbsp;240, 243.
# {{note|Morton7}} Morton, pp.&nbsp;247–249.
# {{note|Morton8}} Morton, pp.&nbsp;256–257.
# {{note|Morton9}} Morton, p.&nbsp;271

== External links ==
* {{Canadian Parliament links|ID=3797}}
*[http://www.westcan.org/westcan/WSP/WSP1987.htm An article containing primary documents relating to Robert Forke]

{{CA-Ministers of Immigration and Colonization}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Forke, Robert}}
[[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Manitoba]]
[[Category:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada]]
[[Category:Progressive Party of Canada MPs]]
[[Category:Liberal-Progressive MPs]]
[[Category:Liberal-Progressive senators]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Manitoba]]
[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Manitoba Liberal Party politicians]]
[[Category:British emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the Senate of Canada]]